豆类淀粉对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

本文研究了豌豆淀粉、绿豆淀粉和马铃薯淀粉对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。分析了添加不同含量淀粉时,鲢鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度、持水性、蒸煮损失、横向弛豫时间(T2)和微观结构的变化规律。结果表明,添加8%,10%的马铃薯淀粉或绿豆淀粉均可以显著增加鲢鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度、持水性,同时明显降低蒸煮损失。低场核磁共振显示,淀粉对鱼糜凝胶的横向弛豫时间T21和T22影响较小,对T23和T24的影响较大,尤其添加10%的马铃薯淀粉或绿豆淀粉均可以显著降低凝胶的T23和T24,减弱凝胶中不易移动水的流动性。与马铃薯淀粉和绿豆淀粉相比,豌豆淀粉在添加量为4%时便可以显著增强鱼糜制品的凝胶强度和持水性,同时明显降低其蒸煮损失、横向弛豫时间T23和T24。添加马铃薯淀粉(10%)、绿豆淀粉(10%)或者豌豆淀粉(4%)后的鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶均可以形成相当均匀、致密的空间凝胶网络结构。     

面筋蛋白和大米蛋白对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

面筋蛋白和大米蛋白均可以明显提高鲢鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度和持水性,降低其蒸煮损失率和横向弛豫时间(T_2)。但是与大米蛋白相比,面筋蛋白在改善鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性方面效果更加显著。当面筋蛋白添加量为3%时,鱼糜凝胶的破断力、破断距离、凝胶强度和持水性分别为669.0 g、12.2 mm、8 162.0 g·m和89.8%,与对照组(未添加蛋白)相比分别增加了79.8%、37.2%、147.0%、11.6%;而蒸煮损失率为8.51%,与对照组相比降低了19.7%。且此时的凝胶横向弛豫时间T_(23)和T_(24)分别为42.4 ms和156.0 ms。3%的面筋蛋白促使鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶形成十分致密的空间三维网络结构,使其具有较高的凝胶强度和持水性,但是由于面筋蛋白带有浅黄色,所以鱼糜凝胶的白度有轻微下降。     

Characteristics of surimi and kamaboko from sardines

Sardines of varying freshness (1 to 3 days in ice) were manually or mechanically processed into fish mince and surimi using 1 to 3 washing steps. Standard kamaboko gels were prepared by grinding thawed surimi with 3% NaCl and 5% potato starch, stuffing into sausage casings, holding at 37°C for 30 min and cooking at 90°C for 50 min.
Three washing steps decreased the yield of washed fish mince (21-27 g per 100 g of whole fish), and the protein recovery (50-55% of that present in the unwashed mince), but caused efficient lipid removal (80%) leading to surimi containing only 0.2-1.4% lipid. The texture and colour of the final kamaboko were also improved.
The texture parameters (folding score, rigidity, elasticity index and gel strength) of kamaboko prepared from very fresh sardines were markedly enhanced by gel setting during incubation at 37°C for 30 min or 4°C for 24 hr. Incubation at 60°C for 30 min led to soft, coarse gels. Omitting potato starch or replacement by spray dried egg white had little effect on texture.
The texture of kamaboko prepared from less fresh sardines was less firm and elastic, did not improve when incubation was carried out at 37 or 4°C before cooking, and was softer and coarser after incubation at 60°C. Partial or total replacement of potato starch by egg white, soy protein isolate or bovine serum albumin markedly improved the texture. Egg white also increased the colour lightness.     

响应面试验优化超高压制备马铃薯淀粉草鱼鱼糜制品工艺

以草鱼为原料,研究超高压压力、保压时间和马铃薯淀粉含量3 个因素对草鱼鱼糜制品凝胶特性的影响,并应用响应面法对其进行优化。结果表明：超高压处理可明显提高鱼肉肠的凝胶特性,300 MPa条件下样品的凝胶强度最高;白度和持水性均随压力的升高逐渐变大。保压时间10 min以上时,鱼肉肠的凝胶特性无明显变化。添加马铃薯淀粉可明显提高鱼肉肠样品的凝胶强度,其中含量为8%时凝胶强度最大;鱼肉肠的质构特性在马铃薯淀粉含量为4%以上时可得到显著改善。在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面法优化得出草鱼鱼糜制品超高压处理的最优工艺为压力340 MPa、保压时间12 min、马铃薯淀粉含量8%,在此条件下,草鱼鱼糜制品的凝胶强度为（421.07±19.13）g?cm。     

佛手山药粉对白鲢鱼糜制品品质的影响

为提高鱼糜制品的品质,以白鲢冷冻鱼糜为基质,向其中添加佛手山药粉。分析了不同添加量(1%、2%、3%、4%、5%)佛手山药粉对白鲢鱼糜制品的凝胶强度、TPA、持水性、蒸煮损失率、白度值及感官品质的影响。结果显示:当佛手山药粉的添加量为4%时,鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度、硬度、咀嚼性和持水性均增加到最大值,分别为520.90 g.mm、1553.72 g、1211.20 g和78.18%,与空白组相比分别增加了51.11%、33.39%、24.89%和10.77%,蒸煮损失率达到最小值8.47%,与空白组相比降低了3.21%,感官评价各项指标得分均达到最佳值,不同添加量的佛手山药粉对鱼糜凝胶的白度值无显著性影响(P>0.05)。以上结果表明,佛手山药粉添加量为4%时,可以有效改善白鲢鱼糜制品的品质。     

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FISH PROTEINS COOKED WITH STARCHES OR PROTEIN ADDITIVES UNDER OHMIC HEATING

ABSTRACT

The texture, color and microstructure of surimi seafood gels were investigated to determine the interaction effects of fish proteins with starches or protein additives under ohmic heating, and to compare ohmically cooked gels with conventional water‐bath‐cooked gels. Gel properties were affected by the type of additive, concentration and cooking method. The effect of starch on gel texture was more pronounced at low concentrations. Compared to wheat starch, potato starch seemed to slightly improve gel strength; however, it decreased the gel whiteness. All nonfish protein additives resulted in better or equal textural properties of gels, whereas there was a slightly negative effect for gel color. Fast ohmic‐cooked gels mostly exhibited higher gel strength than conventionally cooked gels.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

There is a discrepancy between current gel preparation (slow heating by water bath) and current practice of crabstick manufacturing (fast heating). The use of data generated from slow cooking gel preparation for the manufacture of fast cooking crabstick does not make sense. This study demonstrates how starch and protein additives behave at ohmic heating which mimics the fast cooking crabstick manufacture.

     

Effects of starches on the textural,rheological, and color properties of surimi–beef gels with microbial tranglutaminase

In order to evaluate effects of starches (corn starch, potato starch, and tapioca starch) on the characteristics of surimi–beef gels with microbial transglutaminase, the cooking loss, gel strength, color and rheological properties of samples were investigated. Results demonstrated that starches gave negative effects on the cooking loss of surimi–beef gels. The gel with corn starch had the highest cooking loss while that with tapioca starch showed the lowest value. The gel with potato starch obtained the highest gel strength. During the sol–gel transitions, surimi–beef complexes with 3% corn starch exhibited the highest storage modulus value, while that with 3% tapioca starch had the lowest one. The addition of starch caused the increase of L* values of surimi–beef gels. Results showed that the excessive amount of starch resulted in the decrease in gel strength of surimi–beef gels.     

不同淀粉种类对未漂洗革胡子鲶鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

为研究淀粉种类对未经漂洗处理革胡子鲶鱼（Clarias gariepinus,CG）鱼糜凝胶特性的影响,在未经漂洗的CG鱼糜（含2.2%食盐、0.4%转谷氨酰胺酶、20 mmol/kg CaCl2、0.2%浓缩乳清蛋白）中分别添加占鱼糜湿质量6%的木薯变性淀粉（modified cassava starch, MCS）、玉米淀粉（corn starch,CS）、绿豆淀粉（mung bean starch,MBS）及红薯淀粉（sweet potato starch,SPS）,以不添加淀粉的样品为对照组（CK）,5 组样品均通过两段式加热方式制备鱼糜凝胶,分别测定各组CG鱼糜凝胶的凝胶特性、白度、持水性、动态流变学性质和水分迁移变化规律。结果表明：与对照组相比,4 种淀粉的添加均会使CG鱼糜凝胶的持水性增强,但对CG鱼糜凝胶中水分变化的影响不同,其中添加MCS的CG鱼糜凝胶持水性最好,结合水相对含量最高（P21为3.67%）（P＜0.05）;4 种淀粉的添加均显著降低了CG鱼糜凝胶的白度（P＜0.05）,均能提高CG鱼糜的凝胶破断力（P＜0.05）,其中MBS组CG鱼糜凝胶破断力（567.55 g）和凝胶强度（4 739.81 g·mm）最大（P＜0.05）;动态流变特性测定结果表明,4 种淀粉的添加均会增加CG鱼糜的储能模量（G’）和损耗模量（G’’）（P＜0.05）,对G’和G’’的影响从大到小顺序依次均为MCS＞CS＞MBS＞SPS。综合各项指标得出,添加6% MCS最有利于提高未经漂洗处理CG鱼糜的凝胶特性和持水性。     

不同添加物对鲤鱼鱼糜蛋白凝胶品质改良的研究

研究了淀粉类添加剂(玉米淀粉、地瓜淀粉、马铃薯淀粉)、蛋白类添加剂(卵清蛋白、花生蛋白)以及卡拉胶对鲤鱼鱼糜蛋白凝胶品质的影响。结果表明,马铃薯淀粉对鱼糜凝胶品质的改良优于玉米淀粉和地瓜淀粉。卵清蛋白对鱼糜凝胶品质的改良优于花生蛋白,添加花生蛋白对鱼糜凝胶的品质有降低的作用。当马铃薯淀粉、卵清蛋白和卡拉胶分别以10:1:1的质量比复配时,鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度达到最高。鲤鱼鱼糜与猪肉以8:2质量比制作的鲤鱼猪肉混合肠受到欢迎。     

Yam affects the antioxidative and gel‐forming properties of surimi gels

The antioxidative activities and textural properties of pollock surimi gels containing four different yams were determined to evaluate the potential of using yam as a health ingredient and an alternative source for starch in surimi‐based seafoods. Surimi gels containing 20% fresh yam showed higher α,α‐diphenyl‐β‐pricryl‐hydrazyl (DPPH) radicals scavenging activities and total phenolic contents than the gels without yam. Two tested cultivars, 70W34 and 70W35, did not show significant reductions in antioxidative activities when used in surimi gel while three other cultivars revealed species‐dependant declines in both the DPPH scavenging activities and total phenolic contents. The surimi gel containing the cultivar 70R20 showed the highest breaking forces and deformations. In general, 20% fresh yam could be used to form a yam‐containing surimi gel having similar textural properties with a potato starch containing pollock surimi gel. The dried yam powders might be used at the amount of 30% fresh yam equivalent without causing significant losses of the textural properties of pollock surimi gels. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Proteolytic Activity of Surimi from Pacific Whiting (Merluccius productus) and Heat-Set Gel Texture

The protease activity in mechanically deboned Pacific whiting flesh was reduced to 56.3% by two watenminced 3:1 (wt:wt) flesh wash exchanges and refining. Surimi (91.7% refined flesh, 4.0% sorbitol, 4.0% sucrose, and 0.3% condensed phosphate) produced very poor gels but the strength was markedly improved by the addition of egg white. Hardness increased 1.5-fold and elasticity 4.5-fold over the control with the addition of 3.0% egg white. Further improvement in gel strength was observed with the addition of 5.0% potato starch in combination with egg white. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of heat-set gels verified the action of inhibitors in egg white on residual proteases contained in whiting surimi.     

Changes of water state and gel characteristics of Hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus) surimi during thermal processing

This study examined the changes of water state and gel characteristics of Hairtail surimi during thermal processing including two steps. The results showed that there were four content of water in Hairtail surimi gels. Water‐holding capacity (WHC) and T₂₃ relaxation time of water and gel strength increased from 47.01 to 78.97% and from 64.23 to 51.52 ms, respectively, and whiteness decreased from 63.87 to 55.22 during the entire thermal processing. Meanwhile, the texture properties including hardness, gumminess, and chewiness declined from 402.42 to 130.41 g, from 294.39 to103.70 g, and from 233.68 to 43.60 g, respectively, during the first step, and then increased markedly during the second step from 130.41 to 2,301.87 g, from 103.70 to 1,250.99 g, and from 43.60 to 978.51 g, respectively. Furthermore, the WHC and textural profile had positive correlation, and changes in protein secondary structure were interesting, with the α‐helices decreasing significantly from 26.40 to 14.12%, while the β‐sheet and the random coil structure increasing significantly from 36.28 to 44.03%, and from 10.89 to 14.31%, respectively, and β‐turn structure increasing form 26.44 to 27.98% during the first step and then declining markedly during the second step, moreover β‐sheet had a fine positive correlation with WHC hardness and chewiness. Overall, dense, porous and compact three‐dimensional network gel structure gradually formed. In a word, during thermal processing. WHC of Hairtail surimi increased, and protein secondary structure of protein became orderly, and a fine, dense gel formed during thermal processing. Water is considered as the highest and most important chemical constituent in surimi products. During surimi gelation, water molecules exist as bulk water and motionally restricted water on the protein surface. In order to gain more insights into the surimi heating‐induced gelation processing, and improve the surimi gel properties, and give same advice to manufacturing enterprise, this work was conducted to study the structural changes of protein and water state during surimi gelation processing and performed along with the monitoring of the texture, WHC and other physical characteristics of surimi gel, as well as the microstructure of surimi gel.     

百香果皮粉对非漂洗罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响

以非漂洗罗非鱼鱼糜为对象,研究添加百香果皮粉（1%、2%、3%、4%、5%）对非漂洗罗非鱼鱼糜白度、凝胶全质构、凝胶强度、持水性、蒸煮损失率以及水分迁移的影响。结果表明,随着百香果皮粉添加量的增加,鱼糜硬度、凝胶强度、持水性增加,并在添加量为4%时达到最大值,随后硬度、凝胶强度、持水性开始下降,而蒸煮损失率呈先下降后上升的趋势,白度值降低。低场核磁共振结果表明,百香果皮粉的加入使鱼糜凝胶中水分状态发生变化,结合水和不易流动水比例增加,自由水比例减少,且添加量为4%时变化最为显著。综合各项指标得出,添加4%百香果皮粉有利于提高非漂洗罗非鱼鱼糜的凝胶品质。     

Waxy corn starch affecting texture and ultrastructure of sardine surimi gels

 The effect of waxy corn starch (WCS) on the texture, water-holding capacity and microstructure of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) surimi gels in two different systems was studied. In the type A system, increasing amounts of WCS (2, 4, 6 or 8 g/100 g surimi) were added to surimi while maintaining the gel moisture constant at 78%; in the type B system, WCS was added without correcting the gel moisture. Gels were made using two different heat treatments [heat-induced setting (HS) and direct cooking (DC)]. When starch was replaced by surimi (type A) and a heat treatment was applied that favoured formation of a preliminary actomyosin (AM) network (i.e. HS), gel strength (GS) was lower than in the control and decreased as more starch was added, despite an increase in the amount of water held by the gel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the matrix network was fibrillar with a globular surface. Starch appeared to be totally gelatinized and surrounded by a continuous matrix. When the amount of dry matter in gels was increased (type B), in no case did starch have a reinforcing effect, despite an increasing water-holding capacity; SEM showed a denser continuous matrix surrounding the gelatinized starch. Both types of gel made using the heat treatment that allows simultaneous gelling of surimi and gelatinization of starch (i.e. DC) exhibited much poorer GS than did HS gels, while addition of starch made practically no difference to gel texture. The findings suggest that the effect of starch is related to the type of gel matrix that forms upon addition of ingredients. Although such gels contained more water or dry matter, their texture parameters were lower, possibly because of the type of network formed by sardine surimi. Nonetheless, gels of acceptable quality were successfully made with added starch by incorporating less surimi. Received: 18 March 1996     

不同种类淀粉对罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响

为了改善淡水鱼鱼糜制品的品质,以冷冻罗非鱼鱼糜为原料,分别添加4%木薯原淀粉、3种木薯变性淀粉（磷酸酯淀粉、羟丙基淀粉和乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯）及复配木薯变性淀粉（乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯与羟丙基淀粉质量比为3∶2）,考察淀粉添加对鱼糜凝胶质构、流变学特性、持水性及水分分布和微观结构等的影响,探讨不同种类淀粉对鱼糜凝胶品质的改善。结果表明,与对照组相比,添加5种淀粉均会显著降低罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶的白度（P<0.05）,但其凝胶强度、硬度和咀嚼性显著增大,凝胶持水性显著提高（P<0.05）,蒸煮损失率显著下降（P<0.05）,结合水含量显著增加（P<0.05）,凝胶微观结构更加均匀致密,且添加了复配木薯变性淀粉的凝胶质构特性最好,持水性最高。低场核磁共振成像和光学显微镜观察结果显示,不同种类的淀粉均能有效锁住鱼糜凝胶基质中的水分;升温过程中淀粉吸水膨胀,在鱼糜凝胶网络结构中起浓缩和填充作用;添加了复配木薯变性淀粉的鱼糜凝胶结构最致密均匀。因此,添加复配木薯变性淀粉可以有效改善罗非鱼鱼糜制品的品质,为淡水鱼鱼糜制品的开发提供了理论支撑。     

Waxy corn starch affecting texture and ultrastructure of sardine surimi gels

 The effect of waxy corn starch (WCS) on the texture, water-holding capacity and microstructure of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) surimi gels in two different systems was studied. In the type A system, increasing amounts of WCS (2, 4, 6 or 8 g/100 g surimi) were added to surimi while maintaining the gel moisture constant at 78%; in the type B system, WCS was added without correcting the gel moisture. Gels were made using two different heat treatments [heat-induced setting (HS) and direct cooking (DC)]. When starch was replaced by surimi (type A) and a heat treatment was applied that favoured formation of a preliminary actomyosin (AM) network (i.e. HS), gel strength (GS) was lower than in the control and decreased as more starch was added, despite an increase in the amount of water held by the gel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the matrix network was fibrillar with a globular surface. Starch appeared to be totally gelatinized and surrounded by a continuous matrix. When the amount of dry matter in gels was increased (type B), in no case did starch have a reinforcing effect, despite an increasing water-holding capacity; SEM showed a denser continuous matrix surrounding the gelatinized starch. Both types of gel made using the heat treatment that allows simultaneous gelling of surimi and gelatinization of starch (i.e. DC) exhibited much poorer GS than did HS gels, while addition of starch made practically no difference to gel texture. The findings suggest that the effect of starch is related to the type of gel matrix that forms upon addition of ingredients. Although such gels contained more water or dry matter, their texture parameters were lower, possibly because of the type of network formed by sardine surimi. Nonetheless, gels of acceptable quality were successfully made with added starch by incorporating less surimi. Received: 18 March 1996     

玉米淀粉和红薯淀粉对草鱼鱼糜凝胶性质的影响

以草鱼鱼糜凝胶为研究对象,从凝胶质地特性(破断强度、凹陷度、压缩功、凝胶强度)和凝胶析水率2方面研究了添加玉米淀粉和红薯淀粉对草鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响,结果表明:添加玉米淀粉和红薯淀粉均可改善草鱼鱼糜凝胶的质构性质,2种淀粉的适宜添加量分别为10.8%和7.2%;2种淀粉对草鱼鱼糜凝胶性质的改善作用大小不同,在各自的适宜添加量条件下,红薯淀粉对草鱼鱼糜凝胶性质的改善效果比玉米淀粉更明显。     

芋头添加物对金鲳鱼鱼糜凝胶的影响

研究芋头添加物对金鲳鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响,分析添加不同量芋头原浆和芋头淀粉时,金鲳鱼鱼糜凝胶的白度、凝胶强度、持水性、水分含量、横向弛豫时间T2的变化规律。结果表明：添加芋头原浆,金鲳鱼鱼糜凝胶的感官品质较好;添加芋头淀粉,金鲳鱼鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度和持水力较好;芋头添加物可以降低其白度。低场核磁共振结果显示,随着芋头添加物的加入,金鲳鱼鱼糜凝胶的弛豫时间T22、T23减少,弛豫时间T21增大,峰面积S21、S22增加,峰面积S23减少,凝胶中自由水的流动性减弱。     

The effect of modified starches on the gel properties and protein conformation of Nemipterus virgatus surimi

The study investigated the effect of native cassava starch (NCS), hydroxypropylated starch, acetic acid esterification starch (AAES), acetylated distarch phosphate on gel properties and protein conformation of Nemipterus virgatus surimi. Addition of 10 g kg^?1 NCS or 20 g kg^?1 AAES could significantly promote the gel strength and textural profiles of the surimi gels (p < .05). The water holding ability and whiteness of surimi were remarkably increased when the four types of starch were added at all concentrations (p < .05). In rheological test, the lower G′ was observed in surimi samples added with starch at low temperature, suggesting starch played an inactive filler role in surimi. Along with the increase of starch additive amount, ionic bond and hydrophobic interaction first increased and then decreased, while hydrogen bond first decrease and then increased. According to Raman spectroscopy data, small content of starch promoted the heat‐induced conformational transition of surimi protein from α‐helix to β‐sheet, leading to the change in gel properties of surimi gels. Scanning electron microscopy photographs showed surimi gels added with 20 g kg^?1 starch had the finer and denser network structure. Therefore, 20 g kg^?1 AAES or 10 g kg^?1 NCS or 10 g kg^?1 HS could be proposed to a potential modifier to effectively improve the quality of surimi products.     

Effect of laver powder on textual,rheological properties and water distribution of squid (Dosidicus gigas) surimi gel

In order to ameliorate the gel quality of Dosidicus gigas surimi, the effects of laver powder on gel properties, rheological properties, and water-holding capacity (WHC) were investigated. Results indicated that the addition of laver powder could significantly increase the hardness, chewiness, and breaking force of surimi gels. However, the texture indexes and gel strength began to decline when additional amount exceeded 0.6%. Rheological results demonstrated that the addition of laver powder increased the storage modulus (G′) and viscosity of surimi, prolonged protein denaturation temperature in surimi gels. Moreover, the WHC of surimi gel was improved with the increase of laver powder. Further analyses in low-field nuclear magnetic resonance revealed that laver powder could shorten the transverse relaxation time, enhanced the combination with water, and altered the distribution of different water categories. The proportion of bound water and immobilized water reached its maximum and minimum at 0.6% of laver powder, respectively. Correlation analyses showed that WHC of surimi gel was negatively correlated well with the proportion of loose-bound water, but positively correlated with the strong-bound water and free water. In conclusion, the results supported that 0.6% was the optimal additional amount of laver powder for the squid-based surimi production based on the current ingredients of surimi products.