电弧熔炼态NiAl-V合金的组织演变与力学性能

采用真空电弧熔炼制备了Ni-34Al-32V(at.%)及Ni-28.5Al-43V(at.%)成分的合金。对于真空电弧熔炼纽扣锭不同位置处微观组织及力学性能进行了研究。利用光学显微镜（OM）,X射线衍射（XRD）,扫描电镜（SEM） 分析了合金不同凝固位置处的相组成和组织形态, 结果表明,32V合金的凝固组织由NiAl初生枝晶及NiAl+V片层共晶组成;43V合金的凝固组织由V初生枝晶与NiAl+V片层共晶共同组成。同时对合金进行了力学性能测试,高温压缩强度与室温断裂韧性较NiAl合金均有很大提高,表明V的加入可提高NiAl合金的室温断裂韧性与高温强度。     

电弧熔炼Ni-28.5Al-43V过共晶合金的组织与性能

采用真空电弧熔炼制备了Ni-28.5Al-43V成分的合金。对于真空电弧熔炼纽扣锭不同位置处微观组织及力学性能进行了研究。利用光学显微镜(OM),X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM),分析了合金不同凝固位置处的相组成和组织形态。结果表明,合金的凝固组织主要是由V相枝晶组织与NiAl+V片层共晶组成。同时对初生相及共晶相进行显微硬度测定。初生V相硬度(HV)在398~425之间,约为纯V硬度的3倍,表明V的固溶强化效果较为明显。另外,高温压缩强度与室温断裂韧度较NiAl合金均有很大提高,表明V的加入可提高NiAl合金的室温塑性与高温强度。     

Cu-Sc中间合金在液态Al-Zr合金中的溶解

本文研究了Cu-20wt%Sc中间合金在液态Al-0.12wt%Zr合金中的溶解行为。发现随着保温温度提高和保温时间延长,含Sc质点的尺寸减小,面积分数降低,Al₃Zr相质点尺寸也减小,面积分数也降低。凝固后在α Al基体中的Sc、Cu和Zr的固溶量随保温时间延长和保温温度提高都增加。保温一定时间后,部分溶解到溶体中的Sc原子被吸附到Al₃Zr相表面,形成中间为Al₃Zr相表面富Sc的结构。Sc和Zr联合加入后,合金凝固组织细小,随着保温温度提高和保温时间延长,合金凝固组织的晶粒尺寸略有增大。大量表面富Sc的Al₃Zr质点为合金凝固提供了大量的异质形核核心,细化了合金组织。添加Cu-Sc中间合金的Al-Zr合金,均匀化退火后,同添加Al-Sc-Zr中间合金一样,也析出大量“芯壳”结构的Al₃(Sc,Zr)相。     

冷却速度对快速凝固Ti-48Al-4Cr合金组织转变规律及力学性能研究

采用单辊旋淬快速凝固设备制备了不同辊速条件下的Ti-48Al-4Cr(at.%)薄带,研究冷却速度对快速凝固Ti-48Al-4Cr合金的组织及力学性能变化规律。结果表明,快速凝固Ti-48Al-4Cr合金凝固在辊速为10m/s和20m/s时,基体为等轴的γ相,基体中含有少量的B2相、α₂相颗粒和片层组织;辊速进一步增加至30m/s时,基体转变为α₂相,片层组织消失。快速凝固Ti-48Al-4Cr纳米硬度随着冷却速度的增加而增加,纳米硬度由常规凝固时的5.04±0.09GPa增加至辊速为30m/s时的10.48±0.13GPa。该结果为研究TiAl合金组织转变,减小TiAl合金偏析,提高其力学性能提供了基础。     

同时添加钪、锆对Al-10Mg合金再结晶机制的影响

利用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了Al-10Mg及Al-10Mg-0.1Sc-0.1Zr合金在热压缩过程中的组织演变及动态再结晶机制。结果表明：同时添加Sc、Zr能够明显细化Al-10Mg合金的铸态晶粒,热处理后,Sc、Zr能够形成与α-Al基体共格的Al₃(Sc,Zr) 相,这些沉淀相能够提高合金的热变形抗力;在变形过程中,Al₃(Sc,Zr)相能够钉扎位错运动、降低晶界及变形带处的位错密度,使位错在沉淀相周围聚集,因而改变了Al-10Mg合金内部位错增殖与湮灭的过程、进而使Al-10Mg合金动态再结晶方式由不连续动态再结晶(DDRX)转变为连续动态再结晶(CDRX)。     

Al-Si-Mg-Sc铸造合金微观组织演变及其细化变质机制研究

本文利用真空感应熔炼炉制备了Al-7%Si-0.3%Mg-X%Sc(X=0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.5和0.8)铸造合金。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM),能谱仪(EDS)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等测试手段,表征了实验合金的微观组织,探讨了实验合金的细化变质机制。结果表明：实验合金主要物相包括α-Al、共晶Si、Al₃Sc、AlSc₂Si₂、富铁相(β-AlFeSi和π-AlSiMgFe)等。添加Sc元素后的实验合金组织均得到细化。随着Sc含量的增加,α-Al枝晶间距减小,共晶Si尺寸变小。当Sc含量为0.3%时,实验合金细化效果最好。α-Al细化主要归功于含Sc合金中产生大量细小的Al₃Sc颗粒与基体α-Al共格,且二者晶格错配度为1.0%,Al₃Sc可以作为α-Al的有效异质形核质点。添加Sc后的共晶Si发生变质及得到细化,这是因为存在于共晶Si中的稀土Sc元素,可以作为杂质元素被吸附在共晶Si{111}密排面上,从而促发共晶Si形成孪晶。此外,合金中形成的AlSc₂Si₂能够消耗部分Si元素,使得共晶Si数量减少、尺寸减小。     

生长速率对定向凝固NiAl-43V过共晶合金组织演变和室温断裂韧性的影响

采用高温度梯度液态金属冷却技术(LMC)制备了Ni-28.5Al-43V(at%)过共晶合金,利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和三点弯曲(3PB)测试对合金的组织演变和断裂韧性进行了研究。在温度梯度G_L=310 K/cm,生长速率V=6～150μm/s的实验条件下,NiAl-43V的凝固组织均为初生V枝晶+共晶组织(NiAl片层+V片层)。硬度测试表明初生V枝晶的硬度高于共晶相的硬度。断裂韧性测试表明NiAl-43V过共晶合金最大室温断裂韧性相比NiAl合金提高了4倍。随着生长速率的增大,室温断裂韧性从6μm/s的22.679 MPa·m~(1/2)逐渐下降到150μm/s的18.422 MPa·m~(1/2)。这是因为生长速率增大产生的细晶强化效应弱于初生V枝晶和胞间区域的增加对断裂韧性产生的不良影响。合金的断口形貌分析表明合金断裂为准解理断裂,在裂纹扩展中裂纹钝化、裂纹再形核、裂纹偏转、界面剥离、裂纹桥接和微裂纹键合韧化机制对提高NiAl-43V合金的室温断裂韧性做出了贡献。初生V枝晶的析出一定程度降低了合金的断裂韧性。     

NiAl-Mo共晶复合材料定向凝固组织特性研究

采用定向凝固技术制备出两种不同成分的NiAl-Mo共晶复合材料,研究在不同抽拉速率下该合金的凝固组织特性.结果表明:46.59Ni-45.61Al-7.8Mo(at%,下同)合金在不同抽拉速率下都形成了亚共晶组织,初生的NiAl相呈树枝晶状,并且随着抽拉的进行,优先生长方向与热流方向不一致的枝晶被逐渐淘汰;随着抽拉速率的增加,NiAl相的枝晶间距也不断的减小.44.86Ni-46.3Al-9.01Mo合金在不同抽拉速率下皆形成以棒状Mo相镶嵌在NiAl基体中的共晶组织,随着抽拉速率的增加,Mo相的平均直径和平均棒间距有越来越小的趋势,在抽拉速率达到14 mm/h以上时,Mo相由连续的、排列均匀的棒状变为断续的、排列不均匀的棒状.     

超声振动对近共晶Al-Si活塞合金凝固组织的影响

研究了超声振动对Al-11.5Si-4Cu-2Ni-1Mg-0.45Fe合金凝固组织的影响。结果表明,经超声振动的合金中,初生硅形貌由长条状转变为多边形状,并得到了显著细化。其中空化效应产生的大过冷度引起的异质形核和生长时间缩短是初生硅细化的主要原因。随着超声功率的增加,初生硅由长条状转变为短棒状,α-Al₅FeSi相由块状转变为半圆形态。共晶硅和金属间化合物形态的演变和细化主要是由空化效应引起的固体破碎、均匀的溶质分布、均匀的温度场及共晶生长时间的缩短造成的。     

Sc含量对Al-Mg-Sc-Zr合金铸态组织及时效强化的影响

用金相显微镜（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）及显微硬度仪研究了Sc含量对Al-5.5Mg-0.5Mn-XSc-0.1Zr (质量分数,%) (0.05≤X≤0.50)合金铸态显微组织和时效处理后二次析出相的形貌及其强化作用的影响。结果表明：当Sc含量少于0.09%（质量分数,下同）时,凝固过程中无含Sc相析出,铸锭组织为柱状树枝晶,时效后强化作用有限;当Sc含量在0.16%~0.23%时,凝固过程中析出少量初生及共晶Al3(Sc, Zr)相,这既能够细化晶粒,又不影响时效后二次析出相的热稳定性,时效后合金的硬度也较高;而Sc含量过高（X≥0.23）时,合金中初生和共晶Al3(Sc, Zr)相的含量增多,虽然也能够细化晶粒,但凝固后基体中固溶的Zr含量也会随之降低,导致二次Al3(Sc, Zr)相的热稳定性降低,450 ℃时效24 h后二次析出相粗化严重,强化作用很弱     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。