夹杂物尺寸及分布对FGH97高温合金低周疲劳性能的影响

利用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、金相显微镜、低周疲劳试验机研究了镍基粉末高温合金FGH97材料650℃低周疲劳性能与断口夹杂物尺寸、面积及分布的关系。结果表明:FGH97热等静压材料低周疲劳裂纹源主要由非金属夹杂物引起。非金属夹杂物尺寸小于临界值(约80μm)时,夹杂物尺寸和位置对650℃最大应力980 MPa低周疲劳寿命无明显影响,疲劳寿命均值达到190 992周次。当夹杂物尺寸超过临界值(约80μm)时,则夹杂物尺寸越大,越靠近表面,低周疲劳寿命越低。因此,控制夹杂物尺寸是提高FGH97高温合金低周疲劳寿命的有效方法。     

Ti-22Al-25Nb合金板条组织高温高周疲劳行为

研究了双尺寸板条组织的Ti-22Al-25Nb合金在650 ℃和700 ℃下的高周疲劳行为，采用升降法测试了合金的高温高周疲劳强度极限，当应力比R=-1，循环周次Nf=107次时，650 ℃和700 ℃的疲劳强度极限分别为470 MPa和400 MPa。对于双板条组织的Ti-22Al-25Nb合金，其疲劳裂纹既可萌生于试样表面，也可萌生于次表面，并且高周疲劳裂纹在次表面形核的试样具有更高的疲劳寿命。此外，研究发现双尺寸板条组织在高温高周疲劳损伤过程中以胞状析出的形式发生B2→β+O相变，形成组织中的不均匀区域，促使疲劳裂纹在此优先形核。     

夹杂物对FGH96合金低周疲劳寿命的影响

通过人工植入夹杂物的方法,制备含不同尺寸Al_2O_3和SiO_2夹杂物的FGH96合金低周疲劳试样,在650℃下进行不同应变幅的低周疲劳试验,对试样断口进行观察、统计分析,定量研究了夹杂物的尺寸、位置、种类和外加载荷应变幅对低周疲劳寿命的影响,建立了低周疲劳寿命与夹杂物特性的关系。结果表明,应变幅为0.8%时,疲劳源区以内部夹杂物为主;当应变幅为0.9%时,疲劳源区内部夹杂物占比降低,而表面夹杂物和不含夹杂物的试样表面的占比增大;当应变幅为1.0%和1.2%时,疲劳源区全部为不含夹杂物试样表面;随应变幅自0.8%增至1.2%,源区位置逐渐由内部夹杂物向表面夹杂物、不含夹杂物的试样表面转移。在较低应变幅下,随夹杂物面积的增大,低周疲劳寿命降低。在一定夹杂物尺寸范围内,SiO_2夹杂物比Al_2O_3夹杂物对低周疲劳寿命危害更大,其原因在于SiO_2夹杂物周围由于γ'相贫化区的存在而产生的粗大晶粒降低了合金的低周疲劳寿命。当不考虑夹杂物面积时,夹杂物距试样表面距离对低周疲劳寿命的影响无明显规律;当夹杂物面积相同时,低周疲劳寿命随夹杂物距试样表面距离的增大而线性增大。其影响相对较小。     

夹杂物对FGH96合金低周疲劳寿命的影响及寿命预测

本文通过人工植入Al2O3 和SiO2夹杂物的方法,制备含不同尺寸夹杂物的FGH96合金低周疲劳试样,在650℃下进行不同应变幅的低周疲劳试验,对试样断口进行观察、统计分析,定量分析了夹杂物的尺寸、位置、种类和外加载荷应变幅对低周疲劳寿命的影响,建立了夹杂物特性与低周疲劳寿命的关系。结果表明,应变幅为0.8%,疲劳源区以内部夹杂物为主;当应变幅为0.9%时,疲劳源区为表面夹杂物和不含夹杂物的试样表面的占比增大;当应变幅为1.0%和1.2%时,疲劳源区全部为不含夹杂物试样表面;随应变幅自0.8%增至1.2%,源区位置逐渐由内部夹杂物向表面夹杂物、不含夹杂物的试样表面转移。在应变幅为0.8%时,建立了内部和表面夹杂物面积与低周疲劳寿命的定量关系式,研究了夹杂物种类对低周疲劳寿命的影响,在一定夹杂物尺寸范围内,SiO2夹杂物比Al2O3夹杂物对低周疲劳寿命危害更大,其原因在于SiO2夹杂物周围由于γ’相贫化区的存在而产生的粗大晶粒降低了合金的低周疲劳寿命,同时,研究了夹杂物距试样表面距离与低周疲劳寿命的关系。     

夹杂物对工程机械用钢Q345FCA疲劳寿命的影响

采用QBWP-6000J型简支梁旋转弯曲疲劳试验机测定了高疲劳寿命工程机械用钢Q345FCA的疲劳寿命;采用扫描电镜(SEM)对疲劳断口形貌进行了观察,并用附带的能谱仪(EDS)寻找断口上的夹杂物;借助夹杂物自动分析系统对钢中的夹杂物进行了分析。通过对试验数据的分析,计算得出了Q345FCA钢和Q345钢夹杂物的表面临界尺寸、次表面临界尺寸和内部临界尺寸。结果表明,Q345FCA钢的疲劳极限为273 MPa,Q345钢的疲劳极限为266 MPa。Q345FCA钢和Q345钢中夹杂物尺寸均小于临界夹杂物尺寸,且断口形貌显示所有疲劳断裂均不是由夹杂物所引起,夹杂物不是疲劳源。     

粉末冶金高温合金FGH97的低周疲劳断裂特征

研究了粉末冶金镍基高温合金FGH97在650℃,30—980 MPa,1 Hz实验条件下的低周疲劳断口的宏观及微观特征,裂纹源的类型及其形貌特征,以及裂纹源的位置、缺陷类型、形状和尺寸对低周疲劳寿命的影响.结果表明,在本次实验条件下该合金的低周疲劳寿命均超过了5000 cyc;统计得出,低周疲劳断口裂纹源在表面的试样占23%,在亚表面的占47%,在试样内部的占30%;裂纹源分平台、粉末颗粒、夹杂物3种类型,其中平台类型约占5%,粉末颗粒间断裂占15%,夹杂物占80%.由统计分析和计算得出,不同类型裂纹源对疲劳寿命的影响程度不同:夹杂物最严重,其次为异常粉末颗粒,再次为局部塑性变形.     

16Cr3NiWMoVNbE齿轮钢的疲劳性能与裂纹萌生

采用真空感应熔炼+真空自耗重熔(VIM+VAR)工艺制备16Cr3NiWMoVNbE齿轮钢。测定了试验钢的疲劳极限和S-N曲线。通过观察断口,分析疲劳萌生类型和影响因素。结果表明:疲劳极限强度达到773 MPa,疲劳裂纹萌生于表面驻留滑移带、表面缺陷、近表面夹杂物和次表面夹杂物。表面驻留滑移带萌生疲劳裂纹占13%,表面缺陷萌生裂纹占33.3%,近表面夹杂物萌生占40%,次表面夹杂物萌生占13%。当疲劳裂纹萌生于内部夹杂物时,疲劳寿命随应力的增大而减小;在一定实际应力作用下,疲劳寿命随夹杂物尺寸的增大而减小。随着实际应力增加,疲劳裂纹萌生的夹杂物临界尺寸减小。     

1100MPa级高强钢的低周疲劳行为

研究了在对称应变控制条件下1100 MPa级调质态高强钢的低周疲劳性能,借助OM、SEM、TEM等手段对高强钢在低周疲劳载荷下的微观组织、断口形貌、裂纹扩展特性、夹杂物形态等进行了研究。结果表明,调质态1100 MPa高强钢具有优异的低周疲劳性能,主要有2个原因:一是由于夹杂物形态为近圆形,直径为2～5μm,低于夹杂物引起疲劳裂纹萌生的临界尺寸,裂纹萌生于试样表面,提高了疲劳裂纹萌生寿命;二是原奥氏体晶界、马氏体板条包/束界、夹杂物/孔洞都会诱导裂纹偏转,使裂纹走向曲折,降低了裂纹扩展速率,提高了疲劳裂纹扩展寿命。     

夹杂物尺寸对粉末高温合金低周疲劳寿命影响的机制

为了研究夹杂物尺寸对粉末高温合金低周疲劳寿命的影响,将夹杂分别位于试样中心、表面、亚表面并改变其尺寸,研究同一位置下,不同夹杂物尺寸对应力应变分布的影响,结果表明:当夹杂物界面上不含微孔洞时,夹杂物与基体尺寸比例在实验室尺度（1:25）到工程尺度（1:10 000）范围内,夹杂物尺寸对应力应变影响很小;工程实际中,缺陷往往会与基体形成不完好的连接界面,即初始损伤破坏——微孔洞。缺陷对寿命的影响原因:夹杂物尺寸越大,它与基体的界面就越大,出现不完好连接和缺陷的概率就会增加,容易在界面处产生初始损伤破坏;当夹杂物界面上含有微孔洞时,随着夹杂物尺寸变大,界面正应力明显增大,界面切应力微弱减小,基体最大正应力和最大塑性应变均明显增大。     

23MnNiMoCr54钢矿用圆环链的疲劳失效分析

矿山链环疲劳断裂是影响链环使用寿命最主要的因素,通过对链环断口附近、断口对称未断裂的肩部和链环直臂处显微组织观察、夹杂物分析、断口形貌的分析以及扫描电镜观察,分析了矿山圆环链疲劳失效的原因。结果表明:链环直臂处组织为回火屈氏体,链环断裂与未断裂处肩部为回火索氏体组织,显微组织满足链环的服役要求,热处理显微组织不是导致疲劳失效的主要原因。断口裂纹源位置分布着多颗尺寸10~50μm的氧化物夹杂颗粒,夹杂物周围存在着二次裂纹,大量的脆性夹杂物破坏了钢基体的连续性,往往成为裂纹的起点;随着裂纹的扩展,又会在夹杂物附近形成多个二次裂纹,进而加速疲劳失效。对满足链环疲劳性能用钢中夹杂物进行分析表明,夹杂物尺寸减小与数量的减少,降低了对钢的疲劳性能的不利影响,从而大幅度提高了钢的疲劳循环次数。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.