考虑大气稳定度的风电场等效粗糙度模型研究

目前模型未充分考虑大气稳定度的影响,针对该问题,在不同大气稳定度下,通过建立风电场边界层的动量平衡关系和揭示风电场的流动不均匀性,提出一种适用于不同大气稳定度的风电场等效粗糙度模型。采用大涡模拟方法对所提模型进行验证,结果显示该方法能有效评估大气稳定度对风电场流动不均匀性以及等效粗糙度的影响,所得等效粗糙度平均误差约10%。     

Self‐similarity and turbulence characteristics of wind turbine wakes via large‐eddy simulation

Mean and turbulent properties of the wake generated by a single wind turbine are studied in this paper with a new large eddy simulation (LES) code, the wind turbine and turbulence simulator (WiTTS hereafter). WiTTS uses a scale‐dependent Lagrangian dynamical model of the sub‐grid shear stress and actuator lines to simulate the effects of the rotating blades. WiTTS is first tested by simulating neutral boundary layers without and with a wind turbine and then used to study the common assumptions of self‐similarity and axisymmetry of the wake under neutral conditions for a variety of wind speeds and turbine properties. We find that the wind velocity deficit generally remains self similarity to a Gaussian distribution in the horizontal. In the vertical, the Gaussian self‐similarity is still valid in the upper part of the wake, but it breaks down in the region of the wake close to the ground. The horizontal expansion of the wake is always faster and greater than the vertical expansion under neutral stability due to wind shear and impact with the ground. Two modifications to existing equations for the mean velocity deficit and the maximum added turbulence intensity are proposed and successfully tested. The anisotropic wake expansion is taken into account in the modified model of the mean velocity deficit. Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budgets show that production and advection exceed dissipation and turbulent transport. The nacelle causes significant increase of every term in the TKE budget in the near wake. In conclusion, WiTTS performs satisfactorily in the rotor region of wind turbine wakes under neutral stability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Wind turbine boundary layer arrays for Cartesian and staggered configurations‐Part I,flow field and power measurements

Model wind turbine arrays were developed for the purpose of investigating the wake interaction and turbine canopy layer in a standard cartesian and row‐offset turbine array configurations. Stereographic particle image velocimetry was used to collect flow data upstream and downstream of entrance and exit row turbines in each configuration. Wakes for all cases were analyzed for energy content and recovery behavior including entrainment of high‐momentum flow from above the turbine canopy layer. The row‐offset arrangement of turbines within an array grants an increase in streamwise spacing of devices and allows for greater wake remediation between successive rows. These effects are seen in exit row turbine wakes as changes to statistical quantities including the in‐plane Reynolds stress, , and the production of turbulence. The recovery of wakes also strongly mitigates the perceived underperformance of wind turbines within an array. The flux of kinetic energy is demonstrated to be more localized in the entrance rows and in the offset arrangement. Extreme values for the flux of kinetic energy are about 7.5% less in the exit row of the cartesian arrangement than in the offset arrangement. Measurements of mechanical torque at entrance and exit row turbines lead to curves of power coefficient and demonstrate an increase in efficiency in row‐offset configurations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Survey of modelling methods for wind turbine wakes and wind farms

This article provides an overview and analysis of different wake‐modelling methods which may be used as prediction and design tools for both wind turbines and wind farms. We also survey the available data concerning the measurement of wind magnitudes in both single wakes and wind farms, and of loading effects on wind turbines under single‐ and multiple‐wake conditions. The relative merits of existing wake and wind farm models and their ability to reproduce experimental results are discussed. Conclusions are provided concerning the usefulness of the different modelling approaches examined, and difficult issues which have not yet been satisfactorily treated and which require further research are discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Variable‐sized wind turbines are a possibility for wind farm optimization

The potential benefits associated with harnessing available momentum and reducing turbulence levels in a wind farm composed of wind turbines of alternating size are investigated through wind tunnel experiments. A variable size turbine array composed of 3 by 8 model wind turbines is placed in a boundary layer flow developed over both a smooth and rough surfaces under neutrally stratified thermal conditions. Cross‐wire anemometry is used to capture high resolution and simultaneous measurements of the streamwise and vertical velocity components at various locations along the central plane of the wind farm. A laser tachometer is employed to obtain the instantaneous angular velocity of various turbines. The results suggest that wind turbine size heterogeneity in a wind farm introduces distinctive flow interactions not possible in its homogeneous counterpart. In particular, reduced levels of turbulence around the wind turbine rotors may have positive effects on turbulent loading. The turbines also appear to perform quite uniformly along the entire wind farm, whereas surface roughness impacts the velocity recovery and the spectral content of the turbulent flow within the wind farm. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reynolds number dependence of turbulence statistics in the wake of wind turbines

A wind tunnel experiment has been performed to quantify the Reynolds number dependence of turbulence statistics in the wake of a model wind turbine. A wind turbine was placed in a boundary layer flow developed over a smooth surface under thermally neutral conditions. Experiments considered Reynolds numbers on the basis of the turbine rotor diameter and the velocity at hub height, ranging from Re = 1.66 × 10⁴ to 1.73 × 10⁵. Results suggest that main flow statistics (mean velocity, turbulence intensity, kinematic shear stress and velocity skewness) become independent of Reynolds number starting from Re ≈ 9.3 × 10⁴. In general, stronger Reynolds number dependence was observed in the near wake region where the flow is strongly affected by the aerodynamics of the wind turbine blades. In contrast, in the far wake region, where the boundary layer flow starts to modulate the dynamics of the wake, main statistics showed weak Reynolds dependence. These results will allow us to extrapolate wind tunnel and computational fluid dynamic simulations, which often are conducted at lower Reynolds numbers, to full‐scale conditions. In particular, these findings motivates us to improve existing parameterizations for wind turbine wakes (e.g. velocity deficit, wake expansion, turbulence intensity) under neutral conditions and the predictive capabilities of atmospheric large eddy simulation models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Atmospheric stability‐dependent infinite wind‐farm models and the wake‐decay coefficient

We extend the infinite wind‐farm boundary‐layer (IWFBL) model of Frandsen to take into account atmospheric static stability effects. This extended model is compared with the IWFBL model of Emeis and to the Park wake model used in Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP), which is computed for an infinite wind farm. The models show similar behavior for the wind‐speed reduction when accounting for a number of surface roughness lengths, turbine to turbine separations and wind speeds under neutral conditions. For a wide range of atmospheric stability and surface roughness length values, the extended IWFBL model of Frandsen shows a much higher wind‐speed reduction dependency on atmospheric stability than on roughness length (roughness has been generally thought to have a major effect on the wind‐speed reduction). We further adjust the wake‐decay coefficient of the Park wake model for an infinite wind farm to match the wind‐speed reduction estimated by the extended IWFBL model of Frandsen for different roughness lengths, turbine to turbine separations and atmospheric stability conditions. It is found that the WAsP‐recommended values for the wake‐decay coefficient of the Park wake model are (i) larger than the adjusted values for a wide range of neutral to stable atmospheric stability conditions, a number of roughness lengths and turbine separations lower than ～ 10 rotor diameters and (ii) too large compared with those obtained by a semiempirical formulation (relating the ratio of the friction to the hub‐height free velocity) for all types of roughness and atmospheric stability conditions. © 2013 The Authors. Wind Energy published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑大气稳定度的典型复杂地形风场CFD模式

为评估中国典型复杂山地风资源,实现风资源的高效利用,结合雷诺时均的k-ε两方程模型、大气粗糙度壁面函数和热浮力作用,提出能模拟不稳定、中性和稳定状态复杂地形风场特性的大气CFD模式,并针对湍流参数、大气粗糙度对风速廓线的影响进行参数化研究。采用两种方式驱动CFD模式：一种是通过来流上游的实测风速廓线驱动CFD模式,一种是通过WRF模式输出风速廓线和温度廓线驱动CFD模式。利用山西神池南桦山丘陵山地测风数据进行大气CFD模式验证,通过WRF-CFD耦合仿真研究山地公里级范围热浮力作用对风场的影响,详细对比不同热浮力作用下的大气CFD模式仿真精度。结果表明大气CFD模式能准确地模拟不同稳定度状态下的山区大气风环境,但对于不稳定状态下山后风场的模拟能力稍差。