《农药》2005年总目录（第44卷1～12期）

综述化学农药的发展方向-绿色化学农药................................1(1)聊城市白三叶草病虫害的分布危害特点与防治................1(4)微生物农药发展概.况.......................................................2(49)噻唑类杀虫剂的研究进展.......................     

KF/γ-Al_2O_3催化正丁醛合成2-乙基-2-己烯醛的研究

以正丁醛为原料,KF/γ-Al_2O_3为催化剂合成2-乙基-2-己烯醛(异辛烯醛)。对生成的产物2-乙基-2-己烯醛进行气相色谱-质谱分析。并采用浸渍法利用七种不同形貌的γ-Al_2O_3(三叶草1#、三叶草2#、三叶草3#、球系列1#、球系列2#、球系列3#、球系列4#)制备KF/γ-Al_2O_3。考察了Al_2O_3的BET、KF/γ-Al_2O_3的BET、KF/γ-Al_2O_3的XRD。     

化工园区有毒有害气体风险排序与名录编制

通过国内工业园区有毒有害气体现有问题的探讨与对国内外14种涉及有毒有害气体的化学品名录分析后,我们筛选出了74种化工园区有毒有害气体的风险名录。以急性毒性、爆炸性和历史事故发生次数作为风险大小评判的指标,同时,采用多指标加权综合评价法,将筛选出的74种化工园区有毒有害气体进行风险排序,构建化工园区有毒有害气体风险排序指标体系,以期为监控化工园区有毒有害气体的环境管理部门服务。     

肯尼亚宣布批准登记109种生物农药

正近日,肯尼亚病虫害防治产品委员会(PCPB)宣布已登记109种生物农药,作为对人类和环境有害的其他产品的替代品。PCPB在由Route to Food Initiative(RTFI)组织的关于肯尼亚农药使用和登记的三方公开网络研讨会上公布了上述信息。PCPB研究战略和规划主管Paul Ngaruiya博士说:"有109种生物农药在肯尼亚获登可供使用。与化学农药相比,生物农药被认为危害较小。生物农药登记所需时间更短、费用更低,籍此可鼓励生物农药登记。"     

球形和三叶草形变换催化剂宏观动力学研究

采用无梯度反应器对球形和三叶草形两种不同形状Co-Mo系耐硫低温变换催化剂的宏观动力学行为进行了研究。催化剂采用近年上海化工研究院研制的SB 8钴钼耐硫变换催化剂。动力学方程参数估计采用单纯形法。     

三叶草形Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂催化2-乙基蒽醌制备双氧水

采用高压液压挤压成型的三叶草形氧化铝作为载体,添加了镧和锰作为助剂,制备了三叶草形钯铝催化剂,用于2-乙基蒽醌催化加氫制备双氧水。考察了温度、压力和空速对催化剂活性和选择性的影响,结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:温度50℃、压力0.3MPa、空速10h~(-1),在该条件下,催化剂的加氫效率高达7.35g/L。同时对三种工业催化剂进行了催化活性评价,三种工业催化剂最高加氫效率分别为6.85g/L,6.65g/L和6.60g/L,与工业催化剂相比,自制催化剂有较高的选择性,具有良好的工业前景。     

土壤环境质量监测中有害化学物残留及含量检测分析

目的:在对土壤质量进行深度检测中,果蔬、农作物等产品中,有害化学物质的残留量仍较大,传统检测方法在应用中存在无法准确判断土壤中有害化学物残留成分,为解决这一问题,笔者开展了 土壤环境质量监测中有害化学物残留及含量检测分析研究.方法:通过对土壤样品提取与预处理、样品中有害化学物残留检验、有害化学物残留含量测定,提出一种全...     

美国有害化学污染物防控体系经验及借鉴

目前我国尚未针对有害化学污染物建立全面的防控体系,对污染物种名和种类缺少顶层设计,有害化学污染物种名分散在各行业的水气排放标准中。通过对美国有害化学污染物防控体系在大气、水体、固体废物、化学品等领域防控有害化学污染物的经验介绍,提出了我国有害化学污染物防控建议。我国应从顶层设计入手编制有害化学物质的管理清单,并从日常排放和应急响应两方面系统推进有害化学污染物防控。     

通过水泥原料易烧性试验指导生产的实践

本文阐述了利用四种原料设计三种配料方案制备生料,通过易烧性试验比较了配料方案,分析了易烧性结果,对有害成分进行了评价。结果认为:采用企业的四种原料可以生产水泥熟料,设计的三种配料方案磨制生料的易烧性均较好,有害成分在控制范围内。     

微检测

<正>京东自有衬衫品牌获ITS盾形三叶草标志近日,京东集团自有品牌INTERIGHT首批产品成人衬衫通过测试,获得由全球领先的质量与安全服务机构Intertek天祥集团(ITS)颁发的ITS盾形三叶草标志。该标志代表来自独立第三方检测认证机构的权威声明,传递了京东重视产品质量的责任意识和对消费者的品牌承诺。随着INTERIGHT首批产品成人衬衫的     

Interactions between nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium determine growth and N<Subscript>2</Subscript>-fixation in white clover and ryegrass leys

Variations in yield, N₂ fixation and above-ground accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in white clover and ryegrass grown separately or in mixture were investigated under field conditions over two consecutive years at different supplies of N, P and/or K. Ryegrass-clover mixtures consistently out-yielded the pure stand clover and pure stand ryegrass in terms of dry matter. Improved N supply favoured ryegrass, and ryegrass in mixture with clover accumulated substantially higher amounts of N, P and K than ryegrass in pure stand. Conversely, the growth of white clover in mixture with grass was significantly depressed by N application, particularly when P and K were also applied. Plots of dry matter, N, P and K in white clover versus ryegrass in mixtures followed log-normal relations demonstrating the superior responsiveness of ryegrass to improved availability of N, P and/or K. Although competition for P and/or K reduced the N₂ fixation rate in the mixture, the effect on the total above-ground N accumulation was insignificant. The proportions of P and K in the shoot dry matter of ryegrass in pure stand were only half of those of ryegrass in mixture with clover, while white clover co-cultivated with ryegrass had lower P concentration in dry matter, showing a P deprivation of clover growing in mixture with grass. Na was able to replace K under the competitive conditions in the mixture. In conclusion, the results show that growth and nutrient acquisition of clover and ryegrass interact in a complex manner involving competition, facilitation and complementarity.     

Influence of Flavor on Goat Feeding Preferences

Goat feeding preferences for straw pellets flavored with ryegrass (Lolium perenne, cv. Belida) or white clover (Trifolium repens, cv. Huia) aromatic extracts, obtained by means of a cold aromatic extraction method, were assessed with cafeteria trials. Prior to the trials, odor differences between the two plant species, the two aromatic extracts, and the straw pellets sprayed with the two aromatic extracts were verified using sensory analysis performed by 30 human panelists. Since odor differences observed among fresh samples were still detectable in aromatic extracts and moistened pellets, the extraction method was considered effective in reproducing plant odors. Straw pellets sprayed with either distilled water (W) or ryegrass (R) or clover (C) aromatic extracts were used to assess flavor preferences of 12 female Rossa Mediterranea goats. Sprayed pellet preference was evaluated in two sessions conducted in two consecutive weeks. Each session consisted of three two-choice presentations performed on three consecutive days. In both sessions, food intake, proportion of food intake, time spent feeding, and proportion of time spent feeding were significantly affected by pellet type (0.05 > P > 0.001). In particular, straw pellets sprayed with ryegrass extract were highly selected compared to those sprayed with clover (0.01 > P > 0.001) or water (0.01 > P > 0.001). In addition, in the second session, the clover extract was preferred to distilled water (0.05 > P > 0.01). The results of this study gave two main indications: first, goat selectivity for ryegrass against clover was consistent even when straw pellets sprayed with odors of these plants were offered, and secondly, the addition of aromatic extracts to straw pellets increased the preference for pellets.     

Influence of pH,time and rate of application on phosphate rock dissolution and availability to pastures

The agronomic effectiveness of an unground reactive phosphate rock from Sechura, Peru, was compared with that of monocalcium phosphate in a severely P deficient and highly P retentive soil (vitrandept) over a period of three years. Soil pHs were adjusted to pH 5.1, 5.3, 5.6 and 6.4. The sward consisted mostly of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens). Fertilisers were applied at six rates at pH 5.3 and three rates at other pHs in the first year. For two of the rates fertilisers were reapplied in the second year. Dry matter yields, P uptake and ground cover of clover were determined during the experimental period. In phosphate rock treated plots a negative linear relationship was obtained between soil pH and the logarithm of yield. The agronomic effectiveness of phosphate rock relative to monocalcium phosphate increased with time at all pHs. Calculated at fertiliser rates which produced near maximum yields, relative agronomic effectiveness at soil pHs 5.1, 5.3, 5.6 and 6.4 were respectively 58, 60, 18, and 5 in year one; 118, 125, 77 and 38 in year three. At pH 5.3, as the rate of application increased the relative agronomic effectiveness of the phosphate rock generally decreased in year one but was enhanced in the intermediate rates in years two and three. The data for ground cover of clover gave a similar trend to that for herbage yield and P uptake.     

垫土法植物修复石油污染土壤的试验研究

进行了紫花苜蓿、白三叶、黑麦草和苇状羊茅在不同浓度石油污染土壤中的存活率实验、石油降解实验和在水培养条件下的根部生长观察实验。并采用垫土法对高浓度石油污染土壤进行了120d的植物修复实验。结果表明,禾本类植物黑麦草和苇状羊茅比豆科类植物紫花苜蓿和白三叶更适于石油污染土壤的修复;垫土法可使植物种子发芽生根．增强了植物对石油污染的抗胁迫能力,但植物产生了大量高毒性的芳烃代谢产物,对根际微生物产生毒害。因而芳烃组分降解效率低;禾本类植物明显优于豆科类植物,在一定程度上更适合修复高浓度石油污染土壤。     

Comparison of white clover and ammonium nitrate as nitrogen sources for tall fescue

White clover was compared against five rates of nitrogen fertilizer (NH₄NO₃) as sources of N for tall fescue over a 3 year period. The white clover-tall fescue combination produced as much forage as tall fescue alone fertilized with 132–198 kg N ha^?1 in the first 2 years. However, in the third year the white clover-tall fescue combination only produced as much forage as tall fescue alone fertilized with 0–66 kg N ha^?1 as a result of a large decline in the stand of white clover. Tall fescue alone showed a significant response to fertilization up to the maximum rate of 264 kg N ha^?1. Tall fescue fertilized with 264 kg N ha^?1 produced significantly more forage than the white clover-tall fescue combination in all 3 years.     

Preference for Acyanogenic White Clover (Trifolium Repens) in the Vole Arvicola Terrestris. II. Generalization and Further Investigations

Two series of cafeteria tests involving six varieties of Trifolium repens were conducted to confirm the preference of fossorial Arvicola terrestris for acyanogenic white clover (T. repens) and to investigate their responses to repeated exposures to toxic plants. The animals were offered the choice between two bunches of freshly harvested white clover. In 261 simple choice tests, 160 individuals were tested for various combinations of three acyanogenic and three cyanogenic varieties. They showed a clear preference for the acyanogenic morphs, both in comparisons between opposite cyanotypes and in two control situations involving either self-comparisons or comparisons between similar cyanotypes. In 320 repeated choice tests, 40 voles assigned to three groups (comparisons between opposite cyanotypes and control comparisons between similar cyanotypes) were tested eight times for the same alternative. They showed a persistent preference for the acyanogenic morph and significantly reduced their total food consumption when they had a strictly cyanogenic diet. In the latter case, they stored or wasted more plant material than in the other treatments. These voles also ingested high amounts of cyanide which suggests good detoxification abilities and a possible habituation to cyanide.     

贵州省重点中药资源虫害初步调查

贵州作为中国中药的主产区之一，中药资源极其丰富。本文报道了贵州省药用植物资源重点品种虫害的调查研究结果，并对当前虫害的防治提出了建议。     

Biologically Fixed N2 as a Source for N2O Production in a Grass–clover Mixture, Measured by 15N2

The contribution of biologically fixed dinitrogen (N₂) to the nitrous oxide (N₂O) production in grasslands is unknown. To assess the contribution of recently fixed N₂ as a source of N₂O and the transfer of fixed N from clover to companion grass, mixtures of white clover and perennial ryegrass were incubated for 14 days in a growth cabinet with a ¹⁵N₂-enriched atmosphere (0.4 atom% excess). Immediately after labelling, half of the grass–clover pots were sampled for N₂ fixation determination, whereas the remaining half were examined for emission of ¹⁵N labelled N₂O for another 8 days using a static chamber method. Biological N₂ fixation measured in grass–clover shoots and roots as well as in soil constituted 342, 38 and 67 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹ at 16, 26 and 36 weeks after emergence, respectively. The drop in N₂ fixation was most likely due to a severe aphid attack on the clover component. Transfer of recently fixed N from clover to companion grass was detected at 26 and 36 weeks after emergence and amounted to 0.7 ± 0.1 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹, which represented 1.7 ± 0.3% of the N accumulated in grass shoots during the labelling period. Total N₂O emission was 91, 416 and 259 μg N₂O–N m⁻² d⁻¹ at 16, 26 and 36 weeks after emergence, respectively. Only 3.2 ± 0.5 ppm of the recently fixed N₂ was emitted as N₂O on a daily basis, which accounted for 2.1 ± 0.5% of the total N₂O–N emission. Thus, recently fixed N released via easily degradable clover residues appears to be a minor source of N₂O. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Effect of compost and soil properties on the availability of compost phosphate for white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Wide variation in results exists in the literature on the effectiveness of composts to sustain the phosphorus (P) nutrition of crops. The aim of this work was to assess the importance of some soil and composts properties on the utilization of compost-P by white clover (Trifolium repens L.). This study was carried out with samples collected from four composts made from solid kitchen and garden wastes, and with two soil samples taken from the A horizon of a P-rich sandy acidic Dystrochrept and of a P-limited clayey calcareous Eutrochrept. Changes in the amount of inorganic P (Pi) isotopically exchangeable within 1 min (E_1min) were measured during 32 weeks in incubated soil-composts or soil-KH₂PO₄mixtures where P sources had been added at the rate of 50 mg P kg^–1 soil. Uptake of compost-P or KH₂PO₄-P by white clover was measured on the same amended soils during 16 weeks. In both soils, the application of composts resulted after 32 weeks of incubation in E_1min values ranging between those observed in the control without P and those observed in the KH₂PO₄treatment, i.e., in values ranging between 4.2 and 5.9 mg P kg^–1 in the sandy acidic soil and between from 1.6 to 4.3 mg P kg^–1 in the clayey calcareous soil. The total coefficient of utilization of compost-P (CU-P) by white clover reached values in both soils for the four composts ranging between 6.5% and 11.6% of the added P while in the presence of KH₂PO₄ the CU-P reached values ranging between 14.5% in the clayey calcareous soil and 18.5% in the sandy acidic soil. Results obtained in the sandy acidic soil suggest, that white clover initially used a fraction of the rapidly exchangeable compost P, while at a latter stage plant roots enhanced the mineralisation of compost organic P and took up a fraction of the mineralized P. These relations were not observed in the clayey calcareous soil probably because of its high sorbing capacity for P. In the sandy acidic soil, composts application increased the uptake of soil P by the plant from 31.4 mg P kg^–1 soil in the control without P to values ranging between 37.9 to 42.7 mg P kg^–1 soil in the presence of composts. This indirect effect was related to a general improvement of plant growth conditions in this soil induced by compost addition (from 9.9 g DM kg^–1 soil in the control without P to values ranging between 14.0 to 16.1 g DM kg^–1 soil in the presence of composts) and/or to the release of Al- or Fe bound soil P to the solution due to soil pH increase following compost application. Finally the total coefficient of utilization of P (CU-P) derived from KH₂PO₄ and composts was related to the total amount of N exported by white clover in the P-limited clayey calcareous soil but not in the P-rich sandy acidic soil. This suggests that in a soil where N₂ biological fixation is limited by low P availability, the CU-P of a compost by white clover is not only related to the forms of P present in the compost but also to its effect on N nutrition. However, it is not clear whether this improved N nutrition was due to compost mineralisation, or to an indirect compost effect on the N₂ biological fixation.