RECENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE ASPECTS IN THE LOW-TEMPERATURE CONVERSION OF SATURATED HYDROCARBONS

A brief review on the advances and future aspects in the low-temperature activation of carbon–hydrogen and carbon–carbon bonds in hydrocarbons is presented. Particular attention is given to a catalyst formulation for low-temperature conversion of hydrocarbons. An efficient catalyst design method for low-temperature activation of saturated hydrocarbons has been worked out using metal evaporation techniques. The characteristic property of such catalysts is the presence of metal particles on the surface in an atomically dispersed state. Some of the prepared catalysts cause complete hydrocracking of alkanes and cycloalkanes at 423–463K.     

低温氧化型过渡金属氧化物催化剂研究进展

汽车冷启动时催化剂床层温度低,尾气中的CO和烃类不能被传统三效催化剂有效消除。目前,非贵金属类的过渡金属氧化物催化剂用于CO和烃类的低温氧化受到了广泛关注。本文综述了近几年来国内外以Cu、Co和Mn的氧化物为主要代表的过渡金属氧化物上烃类和CO氧化的研究进展,对催化剂上界面氧空位参与氧化过程的反应机理进行了总结,展望了过渡金属氧化物催化剂用于CO和烃类低温氧化的未来研究趋势。     

Catalysts with noble metals based on super-cross-linked polystyrene for the hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons

A series of catalysts containing noble metals on a super-cross-linked polystyrene (SCP) support with a developed specific surface area (>1000 m²/g) and high thermal stability are prepared and studied to develop an effective catalyst for the low-temperature hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons. A study of Pt- and Pd-containing catalysts based on SCP, carbon supports, and alumina in the hydrogenation of simple (benzene, toluene), branched (n-butylbenzene) and polycyclic (terphenyl) aromatic compounds is conducted. In the hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons, the activity of the catalysts on SCP is comparable to or surpasses analogous catalysts based on Al₂O₃ and Sibunit in the content of noble metals; it is established that catalysts on SCP have greater selectivity in the hydrogenation of benzene in a benzene-toluene mixture. The electronic state of metals in the Pt(Pd)/SCP catalysts is studied by the IR spectroscopy of adsorbed CO. In testing the catalysts in the hydrogenation of terphenyl, it is found that Pt-containing catalyst on the SCP can operate in reversible hydrogenation-dehydrogenation cycles (terphenyl-tercyclohexane); this is promising for the use of such catalyst systems in creating composite materials for hydrogen storage.     

C–H bond activation in hydrocarbon oxidation on heterogeneous catalysts

The activation of C–H bonds in different hydrocarbons on the surfaces of metal oxide and metal catalysts is considered. On oxides, it appears that the initial activation may occur through either homolytic or heterolytic scission of the C–H bond, but the reaction is surface-catalysed. The activation of methane requires highly basic sites which are susceptible to severe poisoning by carbon dioxide. With metal surfaces, the extent of oxidation of the surface can strongly affect the oxidation activity. For rhodium catalysts, it is shown that the intrinsic activity for methane combustion is high. However, rhodium is strongly deactivated under oxidising conditions when alumina is used as the support: deactivation is not observed when the support is zirconia. Transient effects on the activity of an alumina-supported palladium catalyst are reported and these show that the steady state is not easily established. Water severely inhibits the methane combustion reaction on palladium, and chlorine and sulphur dioxide are strong poisons. In contrast, for the combustion of propane on alumina-supported platinum catalysts, sulphur dioxide is a significant promoter of the reaction.     

Dry Reforming of Hydrocarbon Feedstocks

Developments in catalyst technology for the dry reforming of hydrocarbon feedstocks are reviewed for methane, higher hydrocarbons and alcohols. Thermodynamics, mechanisms and the kinetics of dry reforming are also reviewed. The literature on Ni catalysts, bi-metallic Ni catalysts and the role of promoters on Ni catalysts is critically evaluated. The use of noble and transitional metal catalysts for dry reforming is discussed. The application of solid oxide and metal carbide catalysts to dry reforming is also evaluated. Finally, various mechanisms for catalyst deactivation are assessed. This review also examines the various process related issues associated with dry reforming such as its application and heat optimization. Novel approaches such as supercritical dry reforming and microwave assisted dry reforming are briefly expanded upon.     

Ni-ZSM-5分子筛对神东煤热解产物分布的影响

利用原位合成法、等体积浸渍法分别向全硅ZSM-5催化剂中引入5%的过渡金属Ni进行改性,并使用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、等离子发射光谱仪、全自动化学吸附仪等仪器对合成的催化剂进行表征,利用粉-粒流化床热解实验装置考察了不同金属引入方式对神东煤热解产物分布的影响。结果表明：催化剂对半焦收率的影响很小,对液体收率和气体收率的影响较明显。与非催化热解相比,全硅ZSM-5催化剂使液体产物收率降低了13.2%,但提高了焦油中脂肪烃和单环芳烃的相对含量。与全硅ZSM-5催化剂相比,浸渍改性的催化剂显著提高了气体产物中H₂、CO的生成量,并使焦油中脂肪烃的相对含量增加了31.5%;原位合成改性的催化剂使焦油中酚类物质相对含量减少,萘类物质相对含量增加,芳烃明显富集。     

New effective catalysts based on mesoporous nanofibrous carbon for selective oxidation of hydrogen sulfide

The systems based on granular mesoporous nanofibrous carbonaceous (NFC) materials synthesized by decomposition of hydrocarbons over nickel-containing catalysts are promising catalysts for selective oxidation of hydrogen sulfide. Sample series of nanofibrous carbon with three main types of their fiber structures and different contents of metal catalysts inherited from the catalysts for their synthesis were studied in this reaction. The correlation between NFC structure and its activity and selectivity in hydrogen sulfide oxidation was determined. The metal inherited from the initial catalysts for the synthesis of NFC influences the activity and selectivity of the resulting carbon catalysts. A particular influence is observed in the case of the catalyst withdrawn from the synthesis reactor at the stage of stationary operation of the metal catalyst (low specific carbon yields per unit weight of the catalyst). The presence of the metal phase results in an increase in the carbon catalyst activity and in a decrease in the selectivity to sulfur. NFC samples with the highest activity and selectivity are nanotubes and those with graphite planes perpendicular to the axis of the fibers. Carbon nanotubes have high selectivity, while samples obtained on copper–nickel catalysts also possess high activity. The promising NFC catalysts provide high conversion and selectivity (almost independent of the molar oxygen/hydrogen sulfide ratio) when a large excess of oxygen is contained in the reaction mixture.     

Catalytic ammonia decomposition: COx-free hydrogen production for fuel cell applications

Catalytic decomposition of ammonia has been investigated as a method to produce hydrogen for fuel cell applications. The absence of any undesirable by-products (unlike, e.g., CO_x, formed during reforming of hydrocarbons and alcohols) makes this process an ideal source of hydrogen for fuel cells. In this study a variety of supported metal catalysts have been studied. Supported Ru catalysts were found to be the most active, whereas supported Ni catalysts were the least active. The supports were found to play a profound role in the ammonia decomposition process. The activation energies for the ammonia decomposition process varied from 17 to 22 kcal/mol depending upon the catalyst employed. The activation energies of the supported Ir catalysts were found to be in excellent agreement with our recent studies addressing ammonia decomposition on single crystal Ir.     

Catalysts from waste materials

Wastes containing transition metal compounds can be used as a resource to manufacture catalysts, for instance for the deep oxidation of hydrocarbons. If the starting waste material meets some requirements with regard to amounts and dispersion of metal and organic compounds, the catalyst is produced using a simple combination of mechanical and thermal treatment. The procedure does not require any additional fine chemicals. Such catalyst granulates are highly active and, thus they are comparable to commercially available catalysts. The granulates reach surfaces of more than 100 m²/g. Their porous structure can be stable up to 600°C and is based on a carbon framework. A detailed report about the influence of different parameters of the manufacturing process on the properties of the final products is given.     

以蜂窝陶瓷为载体的燃烧催化剂研究

采用蜂窝状载体,在蜂窝陶瓷基质上涂以助剂,制备了Pt-Pd为活性组分催化剂,考察了催化剂对CO、HC的净化效果及蜂窝催化剂的耐热性能。结果表明,添加助剂对催化剂的活性有很大的影响,可使HC的催化燃烧活性得到显著的提高;相对于无助剂催化剂,其丙烯的最低全转化温度降低了70℃。表明蜂窝Pt-Pd,助剂/A l2O3是一个很有应用潜力的低温烃类燃烧贵金属催化剂。     

环境友好的基本有机原料生产技术

评述环境友好的基本有机原料生产技术的最新进展，其中包括钛硅分子筛烃类选择性氧化，晶格氧催化氧化烃类，生溶性均相配位催化，固体酸代替ＨＦ，ＡｌＣｌ３作为催化剂和用无毒无害原料生产有机原料。     

Study of an iron-manganese Fischer–Tropsch synthesis catalyst promoted with copper

The metal–silica interaction and catalytic behavior of Cu-promoted Fe–Mn–K/SiO₂ catalysts were investigated by temperature-programmed reduction/desorption (TPR/TPD), differential thermogravimetric analysis, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform analysis, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) performance of the catalysts with or without copper was studied in a slurry-phase continuously stirred tank reactor. The characterization results indicate that several kinds of metal oxide–silica interactions are present on Fe–Mn–K/SiO₂ catalysts with or without copper, which include iron–silica, copper–silica, and potassium–silica interactions. In addition to the well-known effect of Cu promoter on easing the reduction of iron-based FTS catalysts, it is found that Cu promoter can increase the rate of carburization, but does not vary the extent of carburization during the steady-state FTS reaction. The basicity of the Cu and K co-promoted catalyst is greatly enhanced, as demonstrated by CO₂-TPD results. In the FTS reaction, Cu improves the rate of catalyst activation and shortens the induction period, whereas the addition of Cu has no apparent influence on the steady-state activity of the catalyst. Promotion of Cu strongly affects hydrocarbon selectivity. The product distribution shifts to heavy hydrocarbons, and the olefin/paraffin ratio is enhanced on the catalyst due to the indirect enhancement of surface basicity by the copper promotion effect.     

Porous carbon as support for iron and ruthenium catalysts

Iron and ruthenium catalysts have been supported on a porous carbon prepared by pyrolysis and activation of the copolymer Saran. For comparison, a graphitized carbon black (V3G) has also been used as support for both metals. The catalysts have been characterized by chemisorption of H₂ and CO₂ at 298 K (373 K in some cases) and by X-ray line broadening. The hydrogen chemisorption on iron catalysts was very low and increased with adsorption temperature, whereas the CO chemisorption results indicate the formation of subcarbonyl species. However, H₂ and CO uptakes led to similar dispersion values for the ruthenium catalysts. The X-ray results were in good agreement with the chemisorption results except in the case of highly dispersed Fe catalysts. The results obtained in the hydrogenation of CO indicate that in the case of Fe catalysts the highest selectivity toward hydrocarbons was given by the catalyst supported on V3G, with large metal particle size which, at the same time, exhibited a lower decrease in activity with reaction time than the other Fe catalysts with smaller average particle size. The olefin/paraffin ratio is very large for the catalyst prepared from Fe(CO)₅.The Ru catalysts are essentially of the methanation type.     

NH3-SCR脱硝催化剂现状及中毒失活现象研究进展

随着国家能源深度调峰的推进并降低锅炉负荷运行,发现锅炉出口烟温难以驱动选择性催化还原脱硝反应的问题,通过综述氨选择性催化还原反应（NH₃-SCR）催化剂在国内外的研究进展,发现单一贵金属催化剂温度窗口窄、易中毒和比表面积较小等问题影响了其催化活性,而复合的金属氧化物催化剂、新兴的生物炭催化剂和沸石催化剂具有多孔性和良好的稳定性等优点。催化剂脱硝机理可以简单表示为其表面的酸性位点吸附氨气和氧气并与之反应,催化剂的中毒原因可总结为其内部空隙被碱金属堵塞、金属氧化物被二氧化硫抢先反应和酸性位点被羟基覆盖,具体表现为催化剂的活性降低、吸附NH₃的效率下降。对比了商用催化剂和新兴催化剂的脱硝性能得出结论,未来的研究方向是研发耐硫、耐水、耐碱的低温高效脱硝催化剂。     

Toluene disproportionation over metal loaded mordenites catalytic activity,selectivity and aging

The catalytic activity and selectivity of metal loaded H-mordenite for toluene disproportionation was studied in a continuous flow fixed bed reactor under high pressure. Nickel loaded H-mordenite (T-Ni) catalyst showed high activity and slow decay of activity. Molybdenum and nickel loaded H-mordenite (T-NiMo) catalyst also showed high activity and suppressed coking of hydrocarbons. The selectivity of T-Ni and T-NiMo catalysts were lower than that of T catalyst(commercial grade). The performances of T-Ni and T-NiMo catalysts were better than T catalyst in terms of initial activity and its decay. The addition of Mo improved slightly stability of T-Ni catalyst.     

Transformation of methanol to gasoline range hydrocarbons using HZSM-5 catalysts impregnated with copper oxide

Various CuO/HZSM-5 catalysts were studied in a fixed bed reactor for the conversion of methanol to gasoline range hydrocarbons at 673 K and at one atmospheric pressure. The catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation technique. Copper oxide loading over HZSM-5 (Si/Al=45) catalyst was studied in the range of 0 to 9 wt%. XRD, BET surface area, metal oxide content, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric (TGA) techniques were used to characterize the catalysts. Higher yield of gasoline range hydrocarbons (C₅-C₁₂) was obtained with increased weight % of CuO over HZSM. Effect of run time on the hydrocarbon yields and methanol conversion was also investigated. The activity of the catalyst decreased progressively with time on-stream. Hydrocarbon products’ yield also decreased with the increase in wt% of CuO. Relatively lower coke deposition over HZSM-5 catalysts was observed compared to CuO impregnated HZSM-5 catalyst.     

Deuterium isotope analysis of methanol oxidation on mixed metal anode catalysts

The widely accepted mechanism for methanol oxidation on Pt based catalyst surfaces has held that the rate determining step is activation of water, and/or oxidation of surface-bound CO to CO₂. In fact on pure Pt, water activation is always rate limiting at potentials negative of 0.6 V. Anode potentials greater than 0.4 V are outside the useful potential window of direct methanol fuel cells when using Nafion 117 at 60 °C. Enhancement of the water activation kinetics on Pt has been effected by the use of oxophilic transition metal promoters including Ru, W and Sn. For decades the search for improved methanol oxidation electrocatalysts has focused on water activation. A systematic deuterium isotope study on Pt black and two active mixed metal catalysts (PtRu and PtRuOsIr) shows that for each catalyst there is a characteristic transition potential above which the primary reaction in the rate-determining step changes from water activation to CH bond activation. On the mixed metal catalysts, this crossover potential is ca. 0.35 V, which is within the direct methanol fuel cell potential window (0-0.400 V). This study confirms that on these active catalysts there is a potential above which further improvements in water activation must be concomitant with acceleration of CH bond activation. Thus the catalyst search strategy involving Pt promoter metals must also consider the kinetic importance of CH bond activation.     

Cd改性拉长石催化甲烷裂解制C2烃

以Cd改性拉长石(Cd/Lab)为甲烷裂解催化剂制C2烃,通过XRD、XPS、TEM及GC对催化剂的结构、形貌和催化性能进行了表征与测试。利用固定床反应装置考察了金属掺杂量、反应温度、原料气空速等因素对拉长石催化甲烷裂解制C_2烃的影响。结果表明,当原料气空速为1 L/h、反应温度1073 K时,天然拉长石和Cd质量分数为1.0%的Cd改性拉长石催化甲烷裂解的转化率分别为3.32%和6.41%,且C_2烃的选择性99%。XRD、XPS、TEM等表征和催化性能结果表明,Cd2+进入到拉长石的碱金属位点,证明拉长石催化甲烷裂解的有效活性位点是碱金属位点。     

Abatement of CO from relatively simple and complex mixtures: II. Oxidation on Pd-Cu/C catalysts

A low-temperature abatement of carbon monoxide from mixtures as complicated as smoke was considered. Catalytic oxidation and chemisorption of CO on activated carbon-supported Pd and Cu catalysts were investigated. Heterogenized Wacker-type catalysts and the product of catalyst degradation, a dispersed Pd-Cu catalyst, were prepared and found to be promising for the smoke applications. Deactivation of the catalyst was found to be caused by the catalyst dehydration process, which appeared to be reversible. A heat treatment in a CO+O₂ reaction gas flow resulted in the conversion of a Wacker-type transition metal complex catalyst to Pd⁰ atoms or small clusters. This new system composed a very active chemisorbent of CO and a relatively stable oxidation catalyst at elevated temperatures. This immediately prepared catalyst showed 70% removal of CO from smoke. The elements of the mechanisms of CO oxidation were studied under the gas-flow and gas-pulse conditions.     

IB和IIB族金属催化氢胺化反应的研究进展

氢胺化反应是将氮氢键直接加成到碳碳不饱和键上的原子经济性反应，是一种合成胺类化合物的重要路径，在合成含氮化合物方面具有重要意义。本文首先介绍了氢胺化反应的机理，从活化胺类和活化不饱和烃类两个氢胺化反应机理的视角，详细阐述了IB族中的Au、Ag、Cu和IIB族中的Zn 4种金属在氢胺化反应过程中活化底物的方式，并指出了IB和IIB两族金属在氢胺化反应的热催化体系中存在的优缺点，在均相体系中反应温度较低，但操作步骤繁琐，催化剂不能循环利用，而在多相体系中可以实现催化剂的循环利用，但又面临着反应温度高的问题，因此开发温和条件下高效绿色的催化体系显得至关重要。此外，对光催化技术在氢胺化反应中的应用前景进行了展望，而非贵金属利用可见光在温和条件下实现高效催化氢胺化反应是未来的一个重要发展方向。