活性剂对GH4169薄板电子束焊接焊缝成形的影响

选用镍基高温合金GH4169进行试验,分析了不同种类活性剂对焊缝成形的影响规律,发现添加不同的氧化物对焊缝表面成形、熔深均有影响,而添加氟化物却影响不大.在此基础上,进行配比和优化,得到了能改善焊缝成形,提高表面质量的电子束焊活性焊剂.分析活性剂改善电子束焊接焊缝成形的原因,认为添加活性剂改变了熔池内部的表面张力梯度,从而影响了熔池的流动方式,形成了窄而深、表面成形较好的焊缝.结果表明,活性剂电子束焊接能改善焊缝表面成形,并可进一步消除咬边等表面缺陷,这对薄板的电子束焊接技术很有帮助.     

激光束入射方式对7A52铝合金焊缝成形的影响

利用5 k W光纤激光器采用激光前倾和后倾2种光束入射方式对10 mm厚7A52铝合金进行了焊接试验,探究激光束入射方式对铝合金焊缝成形的影响。对比分析了不同激光束入射方式获得的焊缝表面形貌、焊缝横截面形貌以及焊缝内部气孔情况,探讨了焊接过程中熔池的流动行为。试验结果表明:与激光前倾方式相比,采用激光后倾方式焊接时,焊接过程中熔池稳定性较好,所获得焊缝表面成形相对较好,焊缝深宽比相对较大,焊缝的气孔数量相对较少。因此,相同焊接条件下,采用激光后倾方式所获得的焊缝质量相对较好。     

电子束定点焊接304不锈钢熔池流动行为数值模拟

基于电子束焊接过程的传热与受力物理过程分析,建立相应模型,对电子束定点焊接304不锈钢的温度场与流场进行数值模拟,研究电子束焊接熔池流动行为及焊缝成形规律.结果表明,电子束加热阶段,熔池上表面温度梯度达到106 K/m,熔池表面峰值温度高,在沸点温度附近波动,强烈的金属蒸汽反作用力成为熔池流动的主要作用力,促使熔池中心下凹并不断波动,熔池冷却凝固阶段,金属蒸汽反作用力下降,熔池金属表面张力梯度引起的Marangoni对流成为熔池金属流动主要驱动力,促使焊缝表面熔宽增大,熔池凝固后焊缝上表面宽度为1.9 mm,中心处宽度为1.6 mm,下表面宽度为1.8 mm.     

基于空间电荷采集实现电子束焊接过程实时监控的装置及方法

为了实现电子束焊接过程的在线监控,保证焊缝成形质量,研制了一套空间电荷信号采集处理系统,系统由传感采集模块、信号处理模块和显示分析模块组成.通过多组6061铝合金平板对接焊接工艺试验,实时采集焊缝熔池正上方8个位置的电荷,分析电荷信号波形特征与焊接成形质量关系规律,建立了波形变化对焊缝成形质量判据准则.结果表明,该系统采集的信号波形能够有效的评价焊接过程稳定性,以及实时判断焊偏、未熔合、焊穿等成形缺陷.     

高强铝合金双脉冲VPPA焊缝成形机理

建立双脉冲VPPA(variable polarity plasma arc)焊接系统,进行7A52高强铝合金双脉冲VPPA焊接工艺试验,研究低频脉冲调制叠加高频脉冲对VPPA焊接过程中焊缝成形和焊缝力学性能的影响. 结果表明,低频脉冲周期性振荡液态熔池,可获得表面饱满的鱼鳞纹焊缝;高频脉冲使电弧更为集中,有效地提高了电弧能量密度,穿透力加强;双脉冲耦合振荡加强了对熔池的搅动作用细化了铝合金焊缝晶粒. 焊接接头抗拉强度达到384.13 MPa,相比VPPA焊接接头强度提高了10.21%左右;焊接接头断面收缩率和断后伸长率均有一定程度的提高. 铝合金双脉冲VPPA焊接工艺提高了焊接接头力学性能.     

5083船用铝合金激光焊接不稳定性研究

采用Rofin Sinar公司3 500 W扩散冷却板条CO2激光器对船用5083铝合金(厚度为4 mm)进行焊接试验.试验结果表明:激光焊接条件、激光工艺参数以及辅助气体成分对激光焊接过程的稳定性以及焊缝的表面成形影响很大.分析了引起5083铝合金激光焊接过程不稳定性以及表面成形差的可能原因.     

铝钛异种合金电子束焊接接头缺陷分析

采用电子束焊接工艺对7075铝合金和TC4钛合金异种金属进行焊接,主要研究焊接缺陷的形貌特点、形成原因及控制措施。结果表明:在铝合金与钛合金异种金属电子束焊接头中出现气孔、裂纹、缩孔等缺陷,调整焊接工艺参数、改变束斑在异种母材上的相对能量分布可以消除气孔、裂纹等缺陷。同时延长焊缝金属冷却时间,使液态熔池及时补充凝固过程中产生的孔隙,利用表面焦点减小熔池体积,对焊缝内的缩孔有一定的改善。最佳焊接参数为:工作距离272 mm,电子束流18 mA,焊接速度20 mm/s,聚焦电流415 mA。试验为提高铝合金与钛合金异种金属电子束焊接接头质量提供了参考。     

铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔横焊焊缝成形规律分析

以穿孔等离子弧焊接过程中形成的穿孔熔池为研究对象,根据熔池热源形态的特点,采用数值模拟与试验相结合的手段研究横焊位置下的铝合金变极性等离子弧焊缝成形.由于焊接速度波动和工件厚度的影响,体热源作用下的穿孔熔池背面存在最高温度点和最大熔宽截面相背离的现象;因此通过对穿孔熔池背面进行分区和定义,提出温宽偏离度概念,即熔池背面最高温度点和最大熔宽截面的偏离程度,用以描述穿孔熔池状态及焊缝成形;通过调节焊枪角度来改变焊接过程中的温宽偏离度,在其它参数不变的情况下减轻重力在焊接过程中对焊缝成形的影响,实现变极性等离子弧穿孔焊接在横焊位置上的良好成形.     

周期超声对铝合金TIG焊缝成形影响机制分析

超声可以影响铝合金TIG焊熔池结晶与焊缝成形,文中对超声场下铝锂合金TIG焊缝成形的机制进行了分析.文中分析了超声作用下焊缝宏观形貌及熔池上表面振动的变化,并通过有限元分析了超声对熔池流动的影响.周期超声使焊缝出现周期性的凸起,焊缝熔宽有变小趋势.超声使熔池上表面振动幅度增大,周期超声使熔池上表面产生周期性的振动.对焊缝周期性凸起产生的机制进行分析.结果表明,声流使熔池流动速度增大,熔池边缘熔体流动状态变化,熔池凝固后在熔池边缘产生凸起.周期超声周期性地影响熔池的流动及凝固,因此熔池边缘产生周期性凸起.     

基于视觉传感的电子束深熔焊焊缝表面成形的预测

基于视觉传感的方法,获得了钛合金电子束焊熔池图像．采用二值形态学图像处理算法对熔池图像进行了处理,得到了熔池的边缘,并在此基础上利用自己开发的一套熔宽提取程序实现了熔宽的准确提取．找到了熔宽的波动性与焊缝表面成形之间的对应关系,当熔宽波动较大时,表面成形较差,而当熔宽波动较小时,表面成形较好．经过分析,提出用变异系数C...     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。