裂缝性碳酸盐岩储层的保护技术

碳酸盐岩分布很广泛,其面积占沉积岩总面积的20%,同时它是非常重要的储集层,其油气储量占世界油气总储量的50%。因此对碳酸盐岩储层的开采和保护是极其重要的。目前,对碎屑岩储层和孔隙性储层的损害机理及对其采取的保护技术有了较为成熟的研究,但是对裂缝性碳酸盐岩储层保护技术的研究相比较之,还尚且不够,有待于我们的进一步研究。本文从固相颗粒运移、堵塞损害,流体敏感性,应力敏感性,水相圈闭等方面来分析了裂缝性碳酸盐岩储层的损害机理,并针对性的分析了其储层的保护技术。     

磨溪区块灯四段缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层有效性评价

磨溪区块灯四段碳酸盐岩储层具有岩性复杂、基质孔隙度低、缝洞发育、非均质性强等特征,从而导致仅靠常规测井资料难以准确评价储层有效。以磨溪区块灯四段储层基本特征入手,结合常规测井与非常规测井资料,分别分析岩性、储集空间类型、缝洞发育程度、物性对储层有效性的影响,最终建立灯四段缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层有效性评价方法及标准。     

神经网络模型识别碳酸盐岩储层

通过分析碳酸盐岩地层常规测井资料响应特征,认识到双侧向电阻率测井对碳酸盐岩储层和非储层段的响应有比较明显的差异;孔隙度测井方法(中子、密度、声波时差测井)在识别碳酸盐岩储层和非储层段时有很强的辅助作用。在此基础上,本文提出了用常规测井资料的统计特征与双侧向测井曲线的形态特征建立模式样本,利用BP神经网络模型识别碳酸盐岩储层的方法。实际资料应用表明,这种方法能够较好的识别碳酸盐岩储层。     

浅谈录井现场对碳酸盐岩储层的识别

对录井现场的碳酸盐岩储层的识别,并结合地震资料、现场录井资料、现场测井资料三个方面,综合分析判断。     

交会图法在储层流体性质判别中的应用——以塔河油田奥陶系孔隙型储层为例

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层主要为一套岩溶缝洞型储层,但在岩芯上可见孔隙发育层段,经酸化压裂可获得工业油气流。本文尝试用岩心资料确定储层类型、测试结论确定储层流体性质,利用交会图技术,研究给定井段内测井值与地层参数的统计分布特征,结合测井曲线特征来选取合适的解释参数,建立电阻率与孔隙度定性解释图版,进而进行测井解释确定储层流体类型。将其用于该地区储层流体性质判别,与试油结论对比,结论合理,有一定的地质效果。     

Jason在碳酸盐岩储层预测中的应用

与常规构造油气藏相比,碳酸盐岩油气藏成藏规律更复杂,勘探难度更大,对储层预测等技术要求更高。实践表明,充分发挥层序地层学和地震储层预测技术的优势,并将其有机结合应用,可为碳酸盐岩油气藏勘探提供行之有效的方案。本文在A构造碳酸盐岩储层预测中,以层序地层学为理论指导,综合岩心、录井、测井以及地震资料,对研究区关键层序界面进行识别追踪并建立层序地层格架,开展精细储层地震反演,并对孔隙灰岩的分布进行预测,为碳酸盐岩油藏勘探提供重要手段。     

碳酸盐岩储层改造用自生酸技术

针对油气藏深层海相碳酸盐岩储层酸化改造难点,介绍了相关自生酸体系种类、发展现状,并指出耐高温深穿透自生盐酸是未来碳酸盐岩储层改造自生酸技术发展趋势,体系需具有两个明显特点:(1)低温下体系不显酸性或酸性较弱,有利于降低井下管柱腐蚀速率,而在高温下则产酸浓度高,提高岩心溶蚀率;(2)高温下酸岩反应缓速效应明显,可增大酸蚀作用距离,提高酸压效果。     

川东北碳酸盐岩储层自生酸研制

针对川东北油气区块酸化施工中酸化管柱腐蚀严重,活性酸穿透深度低,有效酸化半径小的问题,通过生酸组分比例优化及添加剂优选,研制出对管柱腐蚀性低、酸岩反应速度可调的深穿透自生酸产品,并开展了产品性能评价。结果表明:150℃条件下,自生酸溶蚀70%岩心需要时长是常规盐酸的11.7倍,缓速效果明显优于相同浓度的胶凝酸,酸蚀岩心导流能力高。     

碳酸盐岩储层裂缝的测井响应特征评价

裂缝评价是裂缝性碳酸盐岩储层测井评价的关键。利用测井资料识别并评价裂缝是行之有效的方法,在油气勘探工作中得到广泛的应用。对碳酸盐岩储层裂缝的常规测井响应特征进行了分析。     

普光气田碳酸盐岩储层测井解释方法

普光气田目的层段飞仙关组-长兴组海相碳酸盐岩地层发育气层,储层类型以孔隙-孔洞型为主,局部发育裂缝。针对这些储层特征,参考地质资料、微电阻率扫描成像资料,总结出了利用常规测井资料识别储层储集空间类型的方法;并在碳酸盐岩储层孔隙度参数求取中,采用光电吸收截面指数(Pe值),准确确定储层中岩性成分,为求取孔隙度参数提供了保障;在识别储层流体性质方面,通过实践经验总结出了交会图法、纵横波速度比值法等多种识别流体的方法,同时在核磁共振资料识别流体性质方面也做了大量的工作,在实际生产中显示出了很好的应用效果。     

缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏注氮气可行性研究

塔河油田注水替油吞吐进入高轮次以后,油水界面不断升高,注水替油效果不断变差,剩余油主要分布在构造起伏的高部位,此类剩余油俗称“阁楼油”。国外利用氮气及天然气驱工艺开采“阁楼油”的技术已成熟。为了进一步提高塔河油田的开发效果,开展了对注N2开采裂缝一溶洞型碳酸盐岩油藏可行性的研究。针对塔河该类油藏的地质及生产特点,分析了注氮气提高采收率的机理及有利地质条件;在井筒多相流及数值模拟的基础上,论证了塔河碳酸盐岩油藏注氮气提高采收率的可行性,对注气量、闷井时间、注气采油方式、注气速度等技术政策界限进行了优化研究。研究结果表明,在塔河碳酸盐岩油藏一定工艺技术保障下,注氮气提高采收率是可行的,预计采收率提高10％左右。     

塔中上奥陶统碳酸盐岩成像测井储集空间类型解释模式

根据井下地质特征在成像图上的显示特征,本文将成像解释模式应用于对塔中地区储集空间类型的解释。该模式根据储集空间的形态及组合特征在理论上将其分成洞穴型、孔洞型、孔隙型、裂缝型及组合型等五大类共21个小类。在评价塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层中和常规物性解释的储层评价符合性较好,基本上能做到精细描述各类储层的分布。该成像模式的应用将增强成像测井评价碳酸盐岩储层的精确性。     

Chemical fixation of carbon dioxide to dimethyl carbonate from propylene carbonate and methanol using ionic liquid catalysts

The synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) through the transesterification of propylene carbonate (PC) with methanol was investigated by using imidazolium salt ionic liquid catalysts. 1-alkyl-3-methyl imidazolium salts of different alkyl group (C₂, C₄, C₆, C₈) and anions (Cl⁻, Br⁻, BF₄⁻, PF₆⁻) were used for catalysts. The reaction was carried out in an autoclave at 140–180°C under carbon dioxide pressure of 1.48–5.61 MPa. The imidazolium salts of shorter alkyl group, and more nucleophilic counter anion exhibited higher catalytic activity. The conversion of PC increased as CO₂ pressure and reaction temperature increased. Kinetic studies were also performed to better understand the reaction mechanism. This paper was presented at the 6 ^th Korea-China Workshop on Clean Energy Technology held at Busan, Korea, July 4–7, 2006.     

纳米碳酸钙的生产与现状

本文介绍了纳米碳酸钙的生产、现状及其应用。     

电脉冲和空化射流技术在热电厂冲灰回水管道上除垢应用

介绍了空化射流技术和电脉冲清洗的工作原理、施工工艺及应用情况,并总结了在电厂灰场回水管道清洗过程中遇到的问题及解决办法.     

极限碳酸盐硬度法评定阻垢剂的阻垢性能

着重介绍了极限碳酸盐硬度法及其在阻垢剂评价筛选中的应用,并对PAPEMP,HPMA(水溶出)．HPMA(油溶出),T-225,HEDP,PBTCA,HPAA等阻垢剂的阻垢性能进行了评定。由实验的结果来看．极限碳酸盐硬度法简便、快捷、重现性好,可信度高。     

The thermal theory and the plate efficiency

An experimental study concerning the plate efficiency is performed in bubbling regime and in foam regime, by means of a single tray column. Two mixtures have been used. One of them, the system cyclohexane-toluene was selected since its surface tension is practically independent of concentration, while the other system (methanol-water) was selected because its surface tension depends strongly on concentration. For the bubbling regime, experiments lead to the conclusion that the plate efficiency depends in the same manner for both mixtures on composition (the curves of efficiency vs. composition present a weak maximum) though the Marangoni effect does not occur for the first system and has favorable conditions of occurrence for the second system. For the foam regime the efficiency is practically equal to unity for all compositions. In the theoretical part of the paper several possible mechanisms of the rectification process are discussed. One is based on the diffusional model derived from the classical theory. Three other equations are based on the assumption that vaporization in the bulk of the liquid occurs too. A criterion for the occurrence of this thermal effect is given. A possible explanation of the non-occurrence of the thermal effect in cases for which the above mentioned criterion leads to a contrary conclusion, is also included.     

Electrodissolution of cobalt in carbonate/bicarbonate media

The electrodissolution of cobalt in carbonate/bicarbonate solutions was studied at room temperature by steady state polarisation, interfacial pH measurements and Raman spectroscopy. The active dissolution of cobalt leads to an initial CoO film formation. The metal passivation occurs by a slow transformation of the CoO into a Co₃O₄ oxide. The influence of HCO₃⁻ and CO₃²⁻ anions was investigated. Two different parallel electrochemical processes were proposed to account for the anion role on the electrochemical steady state behaviour of cobalt in the studied solutions.     

Dissolution kinetics of calcined ulexite in ammonium carbonate solutions

The leaching kinetics of calcined ulexite in ammonium carbonate was studied in this work. The effect of parameters of ammonium carbonate concentration, solid/liquid ratio, stirring speed, calcination temperature and reaction temperature was determined in the experiments. It was found that the conversion rate increased with increasing ammonium carbonate concentration, reaction temperature and decreasing solid/liquid ratio. However, the effect of stirring speed on the conversion rate was insignificant. The experimental data practised the heterogeneous and homogeneous models, and an acceptable model for the conversion rates of ulexite was determined to be a first-order pseudohomogeneous reaction model. The activation energy of dissolution process was determined to be 35.3 kJ/mol.