基于DVI管失水事故试验的CATHARE程序模拟评价

采用CATHARE程序对直接注入(DVI)管失水事故(LOCA)试验进行了数值模拟。研究发现:DVI管LOCA中系统卸压、非能动安注、堆芯冷却等主要过程和物理现象得到了较好的模拟。一回路系统压力、堆芯补水箱(CMT)安注流量、安注箱(ACC)安注流量、内置换料水箱(IRWST)安注流量以及堆芯流体温度等参数的计算结果和试验数据符合较好。研究结果表明,CATHARE程序可以用于失水事故下非能动安注系统瞬态特性模拟分析。     

堆芯紧急冷却安注热混合实验研究

以核电厂压水堆中失水事故(LOCA)堆芯紧急安注系统(ECCS)启动后安注接管与冷管段的T型管处冷、热流体混合为研究对象,进行安注管和主管道内过冷水-高温冷却剂的热混合特性实验以及过冷水-汽水混合物直接接触冷凝特性实验,通过缩比尺寸实验对热混合相关现象进行研究。结果表明,单相热混合实验管内温度场随不同射流流型成一定分布;两相热混合工况安注后冷凝量随主管蒸汽量变化而成线性分布,并总结实验数据形成适用于本实验直接接触冷凝相关关系式。     

T型管热混合温度波动特性研究

在反应堆发生失水事故(LOCA)时,一回路系统压力降低,产生大量蒸汽,堆芯应急冷却系统(ECCS)启动后,安注水注入冷腿后在T型管处与蒸汽发生热混合,温度会出现明显波动,同时伴随有一定的回流。本文以T型管中冷热流体混合为研究对象,开展了安注过冷水与冷腿中的饱和蒸汽热混合实验。研究内容主要为过冷水与饱和蒸汽在水平T型管发生热混合之后的水跃和回流现象,基于动量分析的方法,分析了不同流型对热混合后温度分布的影响,提出了两相流动量比关系式用于分析T型管内温度波动特性。     

ACME台架PRHR管线破口位置敏感性试验研究

为研究先进非能动（AP）型核电厂在非能动系统失效条件下的安全性能,利用我国先进堆芯冷却机理整体试验台架（ACME）开展了非能动余热排出（PRHR）管线破口失水试验研究,分析了主要的试验进程和破口位置对事故过程各阶段关键参数的影响。结果表明,ACME PRHR管线破口试验进程与冷管段小破口失水事故（SBLOCA）进程基本一致,再现了非能动核电厂自然循环阶段、自动卸压系统（ADS）喷放阶段和安全壳内置换料水箱（IRWST）安注阶段的安全特性;在不同破口位置的试验中,非能动堆芯冷却系统（PXS）均可保证堆芯得到补水,堆芯活性区始终处于混合液位以下;破口位置对ACME LOCA事故进程、反应堆冷却剂系统（RCS）初期降压速率、PRHR热交换器（HX）流量、喷放流量、堆芯液位、IRWST安注流量等参数具有显著影响,对堆芯补水箱（CMT）和蓄压安注箱（ACC）安注流量的影响较小。      

堆芯功率分布对CCTF试验再淹没现象影响的评价研究

以圆柱形堆芯试验装置（CCTF）为研究对象,采用轻水堆冷却系统事故工况的瞬态行为最佳估算程序（RELAP5）和自主化堆工设计与安全分析程序（LOCUST）,开展堆芯功率分布对CCTF C2-SH2（Run54）试验工况再淹没现象影响的评价研究。研究表明:①计算所得下降段压降、堆芯压降、堆芯出口蒸汽质量流量等计算结果与试验结果吻合较好;②对于堆芯1.015 m处平均通道包壳峰值温度的计算,RELAP5和LOCUST程序计算的包壳峰值温度分别为816 K和813 K,试验结果为898 K,计算值比试验值低约82 K,平均通道包壳温度最后稳定在400 K左右,计算结果与试验结果一致。因此,本研究结果表明LOCUST程序能够较好地对大破口失水事故（LBLOCA）中再淹没阶段的瞬态过程进行模拟。      

再淹没传热模拟的移动子网格模型

通过计算得知，在较严重的冷却剂丧失（LOCA）事故中，坍塌阶段后期，堆芯将会丧失有效冷却。反应堆堆芯在这个阶段经历了一个几乎是绝热的升温过程。冷水进入堆芯后与较高温度的燃料棒接触，开始重新建立有效的堆芯冷却。在这个阶段包壳温度达到最大值？当燃料棒淬火时将产生较高流率的过热蒸汽。蒸汽流速通常足够高，能够带走以液滴形式存在的较大份额的液体。     

浅析H4工况下RIS与EAS的互为备用和调试

针对失水事故(LOCA)后防止低压安注泵或安全壳喷淋泵功能完全失效(H4)的超设计基准事故,设计了H4管线,在H4工况时,利用仍然可用的低压安注泵或安全壳喷淋泵实现堆芯长期冷却的功能。对H4工况下安全注入系统(RIS)与安全壳喷淋系统(EAS)的备用进行试验,通过选取低特性与高特性的低压安注泵和低特性的安全壳喷淋泵,验证了各项性能参数在事故工况时仍能满足要求,同时验证了向反应堆冷却剂系统(RCP)系统冷、热段注入时,泵的出口流量满足秦山核电厂扩建项目(方家山核电工程)调试大纲中的安全准则。     

冷段大破口失水事故长期冷却及硼浓度特性研究

文章采用先进的热工水力分析程序CATHAR,对百万千瓦级ACP1000核电厂冷段大破口失水事故冷热段同时安注时CCFL作用下的上腔室及堆芯的流动换热特性、硼浓度特性进行了研究,并分析了破损环路热段安注流量大小对堆芯冷却的影响。研究表明：在热段安注总流量为614 m3/h时,破损环路对应热段安注流量的不同,不会对流入堆芯冷却有较大影响,破损环路热段安注流量差异不会对堆芯冷却有较大影响;切换至同时安注后堆芯硼浓度很快与系统达到平衡。     

中压安注对RRA连接模式下严重事故进程影响分析

针对中国改进型百万千瓦级压水堆（CPR1000）核电机组在中间停堆反应堆余热排出系统（RRA）连接模式下失去高低压安注和喷淋的冷却剂丧失事故（LOCA）,采用MAAP5程序对参考机组的反应堆堆芯、反应堆冷却剂系统以及安全壳系统进行模拟计算,同时结合计算结果分析中压安注系统对该严重事故序列进程的影响,并研究其对事故的缓解作用。分析结果表明,在RRA连接模式下出现LOCA导致的堆芯裸露和升温过程中,中压安注的及时注入能有效地限制堆芯的升温行为,并可对严重事故进程起到重要的缓解作用,甚至为事故工况下失去高低压安注和喷淋时避免堆芯完整性遭到破坏提供可能。最后,根据分析结果针对现行核电机组的运行规程提出改进建议:对于中压安注箱的行政隔离行为,只对其电气开关做相应的隔离操作,而对安全壳厂房内的阀门就地部分做挂牌警示,不做现场挂锁的操作,这样不仅可避免在正常运行工况下中压安注箱误注入行为的发生,同时能够在RRA连接模式下发生LOCA时有效地保障堆芯的完整性,在保证电厂正常安全运行的同时,提高了机组在该模式下发生严重事故的缓解能力。      

核电厂中小LOCA事故下PSA成功准则研究

为了分析核电厂冷却剂丧失事故（LOCA）的瞬态响应，用于支持核电厂概率安全分析（PSA）成功准则的研究。本文以压水堆核电厂为研究对象，利用系统分析程序建立了电厂模型，研究了堆芯补水箱、安注箱、余热排出热交换器和ADS阀门的失效组合及操作员动作时间、破口尺寸等的敏感性，得出如下结论：在小LOCA事故下，如果3个ADS-4阀门能够开启（自动或安注信号产生后30 min手动开启）且1条IRWST注入管线可用或者1个ADS-4阀门开启（自动开启或安注信号产生后30 min手动开启）且安注信号产生后30 min手动启动一台正常余热排出系统（RNS）泵，则能够维持堆芯冷却；在中等LOCA事故下，至少一个CMT或ACC投入运行，3个ADS-4阀门开启（自动或安注信号产生后20 min手动开启）且1条IRWST注入管线可用或者1个ADS-4阀门开启（自动或安注信号产生后20 min手动开启）且在安注信号产生后20 min内启动一台RNS泵，则能够维持堆芯冷却。     

CFD analysis for thermal mixing in a subcooled water tank under a high steam mass flux discharge condition

A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis for a thermal mixing test was performed for 30 s to develop the methodology for a numerical analysis of the thermal mixing between steam and subcooled water and to apply it to Advanced Power Reactor 1400 MWe (APR1400). In the CFD analysis, the steam condensation phenomenon by a direct contact was simulated by the so-called condensation region model. Thermal mixing phenomenon in the subcooled water tank was treated as an incompressible flow, a free surface flow between the air and the water, and a turbulent flow, which are implemented in the CFX4.4. The comparison of the CFD results with the test data showed a good agreement as a whole, but a small local temperature difference was found at some locations. A sensitivity analysis was performed to find the reason of the temperature difference. The commercial CFD code of CFX4.4 together with the condensation region model can simulate the thermal mixing behavior reasonably well when a sufficient number of mesh distributions and a proper numerical method are selected.     

核电厂管线中的热分层现象

由于阀门渗漏使核电厂安注系统冷水注入到充满热水的连接安注系统与主管道的支管中，而发生的热分层和温度振荡现象的研究对于确保核电厂的安全和可靠运行具有重要意义。运用计算流体力学软件CFX，采用k－ε湍流模型，以研究某核电厂安注系统支管中热分层现象的实验为对象，模拟了阀门渗漏冷水进入含有高温水的支管以后所发生的热分层现象，数值模拟的结果与实验测量结果吻合。在此基础上，通过改变阀门渗漏冷水的流量、支管的结构等参数，进一步研究支管中热分层现象与这些参数的内在关系，从而得出了影响热分层现象的主要原因及热分层现象发生的一些规律。     

Investigation of fluid mixing with direct vessel injection

The object of this work is to investigate fluid mixing phenomena as they related to pressurized thermal shock (PTS) in a pressurized water reactor vessel downcomer during transient cooldown with direct vessel injection (DVI), using test models. The test model designs were based on ABB Combustion Engineering (CE) System 80+ reactor geometry. A cold-leg, small-break loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) and a main steam line break were selected as the potential PTS events for the ABB-CE System 80+. This work consists of two parts. The first part provides the visualization tests of the fluid mixing between DVI fluids and existing coolant in the downcomer region, and the second part presents the results of thermal mixing tests with DVI in the other test model. Flow visualization tests with DVI have clarified the physical interaction between DVI fluid and primary coolant during transient cooldown. A significant temperature drop was observed in the downcomer during the tests of a small-break LOCA. The measured transient temperature profiles compare well with the predictions from the REMIX code for a small-break LOCA, and with the calculations from the COMMIX-1B code for a stream line break event.     

大型非能动压水堆核电厂安全注射系统旋启式止回阀阻力变化对长期堆芯冷却影响分析

大型非能动压水堆核电厂在发生失水事故(LOCA)后的长期堆芯冷却阶段依靠重力向堆芯注入应急冷却水,其注射管线上设置的旋启式止回阀的阻力可随流量变化,管线的阻力可能将非预期地增加。根据旋启式止回阀阻力特性,为失水事故最佳估算系统分析程序添加相应的计算功能,对压力容器直接注射(DVI)管线双端断裂事故后长期堆芯冷却工况进行了计算分析。结果表明:安全注射管线上旋启式止回阀阻力变化对大型非能动压水堆核电厂LOCA后长期冷却的影响较小;在安全裕量不足的情况下,旋启式止回阀的阻力特性将影响到非能动注射管线的安全注射功能的执行。     

新型热管反应堆堆芯热工安全分析

针对新型空间热管反应堆,采用商用CFD软件FLUENT对其堆芯进行了稳态热工安全分析。根据MCNP物理计算的堆芯功率分布,选取功率份额最高的相邻3个燃料元件作为分析对象,对控制转鼓7种不同转动角度下的正常工况以及单根热管失效的事故工况进行计算分析,得到最热通道各层材料的温度分布。采用二维热管分析程序计算得到蒸汽区的温度分布,并作为三维计算模型的温度边界。堆芯功率分布采用用户自定义程序UDF进行添加。计算结果表明,在额定功率4.0 MW水平下,在正常工况以及单根热管失效事故工况下,热管具有足够的传热能力将堆芯裂变热导出,同时,堆芯最热通道各层材料温度均低于安全限值,且具有较大的安全裕度,满足设计要求。     

Analyses of subcooled CCFL tests for evaluation of W̱COBRA/TRAC applicability

The W̱COBRA/TRAC-MOD7A, Rev. 1 code is currently licensed for best estimate large break LOCA analyses of 3 and 4 loop PWRs with emergency core cooling system injection located in the cold legs. As a part of the licensing effort to extend the code applicability to an upper plenum injection plant, the codes ability to predict subcooled flooding on a perforated plate was assessed by analyses of GE counter current flow limit tests and by comparison to the Bankoff flooding correlation (Bankoff, S.G., Tankin, R.S., Yuen, M.C., Hsieh, C., 1981). Counter current flow of air/water and steam/water through a horizontal perforated plate, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 24 (8) 1382). The observed code model bias for subcooled CCFL can be eliminated by applying multiplication factors to the interfacial condensation and the interfacial drag models.     

CFD simulation of steam jet-induced thermal mixing in subcooled water pool

This study examined the IRWST thermal mixing phenomena induced by a steam jet in a subcooled water pool. Due to the limitation of the current CFD code to simulate condensation, the steam condensation region model was developed to evaluate the thermal mixing phenomena. Within this region, all the steam was condensed into water, and the steam mass and energy inputs were treated as the source. This calculation was treated using single-phase CFD methods. The benchmark calculation for a thermal mixing experiment in the water tank was performed to develop an optimized 3D evaluation methodology of the thermal-hydraulic behavior in APR1400 IRWST. Steam discharge through the sparger and condensation phenomenon was modeled with the choking flow and thermal mixing model in the quenching tank using CFX11.Three types of thermal mixing experiments, local phenomena test, thermal mixing tests in cylindrical water pool and annulus water pool, were designed to provide data representative of the behavior of the prototype for CFD simulations of the thermal-hydraulic behavior in IRWST. A comparison of the calculated and experimentally measured temperature profiles showed some disagreement particularly around the sparger. The main reason for this disagreement was caused by the difference in the test and simulating conditions at the tank wall. However, moving away from the sparger, the trends of the temperature rise became similar to that in the experiment. Despite these problems, this model is the best way of evaluating the thermal mixing phenomena caused by a steam jet in a subcooled water pool.     

Jet-plume condensation of steam-air mixtures in subcooled water. Part 2: Code model

The system-analysis thermal-hydraulics code, TRACE, was used to model jet-plume condensation of steam and steam-air mixtures in a subcooled pool. The code model was used to compare the pool temperature development in a scaled-down test facility suppression pool (SP) represented by an idealized trapezoidal cross-section and 1/10 sector of a with scaled height ratio of 1/4.5 and volume ratio of 1/400. Thermal stratification and pool mixing data obtained in the experimental test section at different pool initial subcooling and steam/air mixture flow rates were used a validation suite to benchmark against the performance of the code. Agreement of the code simulations to experiments were seen in cases of pool mixing, however, instances of pool thermal stratification and transitional regimes between stratification and mixing were not predicted correctly by the code. The experimental database described in part 1 to this paper provides the benchmark suite to be used for future developmental improvement in areas of the code which may have future application to analysis of thermal heat removal rates in large pools.     

LOCA Analysis of Super Fast Reactor

This paper describes loss of coolant accident (LOCA) analyses of the Supercritical-pressure Water-Cooled Fast Reactor (Super Fast Reactor). The features of the Super Fast Reactor are high power density and downward flow cooled fuel channels for the improvement of the economic potential of the Super Fast Reactor with high outlet steam temperature. The LOCA induces large pressure and coolant density change in the core. This change influences the flow distribution among the downward flow parallel channels. It will affect the safety of the Super Fast Reactor. LOCA analysis of Super Fast Reactor is important to understand the safety features of the Super Fast Reactor. Keeping the flow rate in the core is important for the safety of the Super Fast Reactor. In LOCA, it is difficult to maintain an adequate flow rate due to the once-through coolant cycle and the downward flow cooled fuel assemblies. Therefore, the early actuation of the Automatic Depressurization System (ADS) and reduction of the maximum linear heat generation rates of the downward flow seed fuel assemblies and Low-Pressure Core Spray (LPCS) system are necessary for the Super Fast Reactor to cool the core under LOCA. Analysis results show that the Super Fast Reactor can satisfy the safety criteria with these systems.