大型先进压水堆IVR策略评估和裂变产物分布计算

大型先进压水堆通过堆内熔融物滞留(IVR)策略来缓解严重事故后果以降低安全壳失效风险。其中堆腔注水系统(CIS)被引入来实现IVR。本文使用严重事故分析软件计算大型先进压水堆在冷管段双端断裂事故下的事故进程、热工水力行为、堆芯退化过程和下封头熔融池传热行为,评估能动CIS的事故缓解能力。计算结果表明,事故后72 h,下封头外表面热流密度始终低于临界热流密度(CHF),表明IVR策略有效。此外,计算分析了惰性气体、非挥发性和挥发性裂变产物的释放和迁移行为。计算发现,IVR下更多的放射性裂变产物分布在主系统内,壁面核素再悬浮形成气溶胶的行为被消除,安全壳壁面上沉积的核素被大量冷凝水冲刷进入底部水池。总体来说,IVR策略能更好地管理放射性核素分布,减小放射性泄漏威胁。     

基于衰变热不确定性的压水堆IVR能力边际研究

为确定衰变热对高功率压水堆熔融物堆内滞留（IVR）能力边际的影响,采用显著性水平评价与抽样失效率相结合的评价方式,对IVR能力边际进行评价。利用熔融物堆内滞留分析工具CISER开展抽样计算,获得不同核电厂电功率水平、不同衰变热分布参数条件下的下封头壁面热流密度峰值与当地临界热流密度（CHF）的比值,对热流密度比分别开展显著性水平估算与失效率计算,根据小于局部CHF的下封头熔穿准则,判定IVR措施是否有效,以获得IVR能力边际。研究结果表明,若不对下封头内外传热构成进行任何优化措施,电功率超过1400 MW压水堆电厂不推荐单独使用IVR作为严重事故条件缓解措施。      

HPR1000非能动堆腔注水冷却系统事故缓解能力评估

华龙一号（HPR1000）设计了堆腔注水冷却系统（CIS）以实现严重事故期间熔融物的堆内滞留（IVR）,该系统分为能动与非能动两列子系统,其中非能动CIS应对的是全厂断电（SBO）始发的严重事故工况。本文对非能动CIS的事故缓解能力进行评估。首先开发了下封头熔池换热计算程序并予以验证,使用MAAP程序对SBO严重事故序列及SBO叠加不同尺寸一回路破口始发的严重事故序列进行计算,并结合熔池换热计算程序得到不同事故序列下的压力容器外壁面最大热流密度,进而评估不同事故序列下非能动CIS的有效性。评估结果表明,非能动CIS可有效应对SBO始发的严重事故序列以及SBO叠加一回路破口尺寸小于60 mm始发的严重事故序列,实现IVR策略。评估结果可应用于HPR1000的严重事故管理。     

严重事故下大功率先进压水堆IVR-ERVC有效性分析

通过压力容器外部冷却(ERVC)以实现堆内熔融物滞留(IVR)作为反应堆严重事故缓解管理的一项重要举措一直以来广泛受到关注和研究。本文使用严重事故分析程序MELCOR,从瞬态角度对大型先进压水堆进行了IVR-ERVC相关研究。过程中重点关注了堆芯熔毁和重新定位,熔池形成、生长及其传热过程,并且对压力容器外部流动传热进行了分析。MELCOR计算所得下封头热流密度分布的瞬态结果与临界热流密度(CHF)比较和分析表明,1700 MWe大功率压水堆发生严重事故后在IVRERVC条件下能够保证压力容器的完整性,即,IVR-ERVC能够有效带出下封头熔融物的衰变热量,缓解严重事故后果。     

小破口冷却剂丧失始发安全壳失效事故源项行为分析

采用一体化严重事故仿真程序对600MW压水堆核电厂小破口冷却剂丧失(SB-LOCA)始发安全壳隔离失效、安全壳早期失效和晚期失效三类事故的源项行为进行分析。分析结果表明:(1)由于沉积作用或残留在熔融物中,挥发类和非挥发类裂变产物相对于惰性气体类,释入环境份额较小;(2)事故进程中安全壳与环境之间较小的压差和安全壳较晚的失效时间,分别使得在安全壳隔离失效和晚期失效事故中裂变产物较为缓慢地释入环境;(3)安全壳早期失效事故中,在安全壳直接加热(DCH)现象发生后熔融物颗粒与安全壳大气换热过程中,从熔融物释出的挥发性与非挥发性裂变产物在安全壳失效后快速地释入环境。上述结论可为严重事故源项缓解措施研究、厂外后果评价以及应急策略制定提供技术支持。     

椭球形与球形下封头压力容器内熔融物滞留传热特性分析

严重事故下堆芯熔融物再分布于压力容器下封头,在衰变热作用下高温堆芯熔融物对压力容器壁面施加较大的热负荷,可能导致压力容器失效。针对压力容器内熔融物滞留下的传热过程,基于Fortran90语言开发了椭球形下封头压力容器内熔融物堆内滞留（IVR）分析程序IVRASA-ELLIP,计算具有椭球形下封头的压力容器在严重事故下稳态熔池的传热过程及IVR特性。利用IVRASA-ELLIP程序计算了VVER-1000压力容器内熔池的传热,分析具有椭球形下封头的压力容器各处的壁面热流密度、氧化物硬壳厚度和压力容器壁厚,并与运用IVRASA程序计算的AP1000稳态熔池传热结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明,在相同初始参数下椭球形下封头内的壁面热流密度较球形下封头内的小,与热流密度的变化趋势相对应,椭球形下封头内压力容器壁的消融量较球形下封头内的小,椭球形下封头内形成的氧化物硬壳厚度较球形下封头内的厚。     

基于蒙特卡罗方法的IVR熔融池内热源时序模型构建及分析

堆内熔融物滞留（IVR）作为反应堆严重事故的关键缓解策略,目前已广泛应用于新一代压水堆（PWR）。针对IVR的有效性,如熔融池内对流、下封头传热、壁面临界热流密度（CHF）的估算等研究,是该领域数年来的热点。针对上述问题,国内外先后开展了数起实验,如COPO、BALI、SEMICO、COPRA等,并基于实验结果展开了大量数值模拟,以探索IVR下的传热规律,为其性能及设计提供参照。本文基于中子物理蒙特卡罗程序RMC对压力容器下封头熔融池模型进行了细网格建模及材料填充,并通过燃耗/衰变热计算DEPTH程序构建了熔融池内热源时序模型。研究结果显示,该模型能体现熔融池内热源变化趋势,得到的时序数据对IVR的进一步研究有重要意义。     

DVI管线破裂始发严重事故的IVR分析

本文选取了直接注入管线破裂始发的严重事故,分析堆芯熔融物压力容器内保持（IVR）策略实施以后压力容器下腔室内堆芯碎片和压力容器下封头的响应、堆芯碎片与压力容器壁面的传热、压力容器外壁面与堆腔水之间的传热以及压力容器不同区域的热流密度。研究表明,该事故序列下未发生下封头蠕变失效,区域4有最早发生蠕变失效的可能性。     

非能动先进压水堆核电厂严重事故下裂变产物行为研究

非能动先进压水堆核电厂在严重事故下,安全壳可能发生失效,导致大量放射性物质向环境释放。本文针对非能动先进压水堆核电厂可能发生的早期失效、中期失效、晚期失效三种释放类别,建立百万千瓦级非能动先进压水堆的事故分析模型,分别针对自动卸压系统第二级卸压阀误开启,DVI管线上发生当量直径为4英寸的破口,以及热管段发生当量直径为2英寸的破口的典型严重事故序列,在研究事故进程的基础上,分析事故下裂变产物释放和迁移的特性,重点关注惰性气体、挥发性裂变产物和非挥发性裂变产物在核电厂的分布,最终计算释入环境的裂变产物源项。本文分析结果可为严重事故管理以及厂外放射性后果评价提供支持。     

氧化铝纳米流体增强球形下封头IVR能力边际研究

为评价氧化铝纳米流体相对于纯水工质对球形下封头熔融物滞留（IVR）能力边际的拓展程度,采用基于气泡力平衡的氧化铝纳米流体临界热流密度（CHF）机理模型和壁面热通量拆分CHF模型计算球形下封头外表面纳米流体CHF。利用熔融物堆内滞留分析软件CISER开展衰变热分布抽样计算,得到下封头壁面CHF随倾角变化的随机分布,并将其与纳米流体CHF模型的理论值相比,以CHF比值小于1作为IVR成功准则,研判纳米流体对IVR能力边际拓展的影响程度。研究结果表明,若不对下封头内外传热构成采取任何优化措施,仅采用纳米流体替代纯水工质,压水堆核电厂的IVR能力边际能够拓展至1300 MW额定电功率水平。      

增强IVR有效性的堆内注水策略研究

熔融物堆内滞留（IVR）是一项核电厂重要的严重事故管理措施,通过将熔融物滞留在压力容器内,以保证压力容器完整性,并防止某些可能危及安全壳完整性的堆外现象。对于高功率和熔池中金属量相对不足的反应堆,若下封头形成3层熔池结构,则其顶部薄金属层导致的聚焦效应可能对压力容器完整性带来更大的威胁。本文考虑通过破口倒灌及其他工程措施实现严重事故下熔池顶部水冷却,建立熔池传热模型,分析顶部注水的带热能力,建立事件树,分析顶部注水措施的成功概率及IVR的有效性。结果表明,通过压力容器内外同时水冷熔融物,能显著增强IVR措施的有效性。     

Development of critical heat flux correlation for In-vessel retention

ABSTRACT

In-vessel retention (IVR) is a strategy for severe accident management in which the lower head of the reactor vessel is submerged in a water-flooded reactor cavity. Critical heat flux (CHF) data for IVR are important for estimating cooling capacity of the reactor vessel. The existing CHF data for IVR which were obtained for the specific geometries and thermal-hydraulic conditions of actual plants are difficult to be applied to plants with other specifications. Hence, the purpose of this study is to develop CHF correlations applicable to various pressurized water reactor plants in a wide range of thermal outputs based on newly obtained CHF data. A rectangular test section with a cross-section of 150 mm × 150 mm and length of 600 mm was used for simulating a cooling channel. The thermal-hydraulic conditions expected in actual plants were studied, and the results were used in the experiment. The effects of parameters such as pressure, mass flux, thermodynamic quality, and angle on CHF were investigated . Based on these results, we developed a CHF correlation formula that can be applied to a wider range than previously, up to a maximum heat flux of 3000 kW/m², and that predicts CHF with an error of ± 10%.     

Evaluation of uncertainties in risk emanating from a number of severe accident issues

A study has been performed to estimate, for a particular pressurized water reactor, the uncertainty in risk associated with a number of key phenomenological issues. A second objective was to distinguish the individual importance of the various issues as contributors to the overall uncertainty in risk. The issues considered touched upon the areas of system behavior, containment loading, containment performance, and fission product source term behavior. It was found that the most important source of uncertainty for the plant in question (Surry) was direct containment heating (i.e., the transfer of heat from the core debris to the containment atmosphere when the debris is ejected at high pressure from the reactor vessel and dispersed throughout the atmosphere). Other significant issues included hydrogen burning, containment failure pressure, aerosol agglomeration uncertainties, the frequency of check valve failures leading to a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) outside containment, and the potential for having a LOCA induced by high temperatures in the reactor coolant system.     

Containment for the low temperature district nuclear-heating reactor

An integral arrangement is adopted for the Low Temperature District Nuclear-Heating Reactor. The primary heat exchangers, control rod drives and spent fuel elements are put in the reactor pressure vessel together with the reactor core. The primary coolant flows in natural circulation through the reactor core and the primary heat exchangers. The primary coolant pipes penetrating the wall of the reactor pressure vessel are all of small diameters. The reactor vessel constitutes the main part of the pressure boundary of the primary coolant. Therefore a small sized metallic containment closed to the wall of the reactor vessel can be used for the reactor. Design principles and functions of the containment are the same as for the containment of a PWR. But the adoption of a small sized containment brings about some benefits such as a short period of manufacturing, relatively low cost, and ease for sealing. A loss of primary coolant accident would not be happened during a rupture accident of the primary coolant pressure boundary inside the containment owing to its intrinsic safety.     

Effect analysis of the intentional depressurization on fission product behavior during TMLB' severe accident

It has been found that the pressure in the reactor coolant system (RCS) remains high in some severe accident sequences at the time of reactor vessel failure, with the risk of causing direct containment heating (DCH).Intentional depressurization is an effective accident management strategy to prevent DCH or to mitigate its consequences. Fission product behavior is affected by intentional depressurization, especially for inert gas and volatile fission product. Because the pressurizer power-operated relief valves (PORVs) are latched open, fission product will transport into the containment directly. This may cause larger radiological consequences in containment before reactor vessel failure. Four cases are selected, including the TMLB' base case and the opening one, two and three pressurizer PORVs. The results show that inert gas transports into containment more quickly when opening one and two PORVs,but more slowly when opening three PORVs; more volatile fission product deposit in containment and less in reactor coolant system (RCS) for intentional depressurization cases. When opening one PORV, the phenomenon of revaporization is strong in the RCS.     

出口集管LLOCA始发严重事故分析

采用一体化分析程序建立了包括热传输系统、慢化剂系统、端屏蔽系统、蒸汽发生器二次侧系统的重水堆核电厂的严重事故分析模型。并选取出口集管发生双端剪切断裂的大破口失水事故（LLOCA）,同时叠加低压安注失效,辅助给水强制关闭的严重事故序列进行热工水力分析。由于主热传输系统环路隔离阀的关闭,使得两个环路的热工水力响应过程不同。最终由于低压安注的失效,慢化剂系统逐渐被加热,最终导致堆芯熔化、排管容器蠕变失效。在LLOCA事故序列中叠加向排管容器中注水的缓解措施,可以终止事故进程,使堆芯保持安全、稳定的状态。     

熔融物堆内滞留条件下压力容器变形

熔融物堆内滞留(In-Vessel Retention,IVR)已经成为第三代反应堆一项关键的严重事故缓解策略,而压力容器外部冷却(External Reactor Vessel Cooling,ERVC)技术则是保证IVR得以成功实施的关键。当发生堆芯熔化时,高温熔融物对压力容器(Reactor Pressure Vessel,RPV)下封头的热冲击会导致RPV壁面和由其构成的外部冷却通道的形状发生变化,使局部传热恶化,进而造成IVR的失效。因此,有必要对IVR条件下RPV壁面的变形进行研究。本文利用有限元软件ANSYS对RPV进行了几何建模、温度场分析和力学场分析。结果表明,在RPV外部实现冷却、内部实现泄压的前提下,壁面变形为13.85-18.75 mm。在1 MPa内压的作用下,高温蠕变会使壁面变形随时间增大,但其增量有限。热膨胀是造成壁面变形的主要因素。     

Analysis of safety margin of in-vessel retention for AP1000

In-vessel retention (IVR) of core melt is a key severe accident management strategy adopted by most operating nuclear power plants and advanced light water reactors (ALWRs), AP600, AP1000, etc. External reactor vessel cooling (ERVC) is a novel severe accident management for IVR analysis. In present study, IVR analysis code in severe accident (IVRASA) has been developed to evaluate the safety margin of IVR in AP1000 with anticipative depressurization and reactor cavity flooding in severe accident. For, IVRASA, the point estimate procedure has been developed for modeling the steady-state endpoint of two core melt configurations: Configuration I and Configuration II. The results of benchmark calculations of AP600 by IVRASA were consistent with those of the UCSB and INEEL. Then, IVRASA is used to calculate the heat transfer process caused by two core melt configurations of AP1000. The results of calculations of Configuration I indicate that the heat flux remains below the critical heat flux (CHF), however, the sensitivity calculations show that the heat flux in the metallic layer could exceed the CHF because of the focusing effect due to the thin metallic layer. On the other hand, the results of calculations of Configuration II suggest that the thermal failure of the lower head at the bottom location is highly unlikely, but the heat flux in light metallic layer could be higher than that of base case due to the portion of metal partitioning into the lower head. This work also investigated the effect of the uncertainties of the CHF correlations on the analysis of IVR.     

严重事故条件下安全壳响应模拟研究

压水堆核电厂发生严重事故期间,从主系统释放的蒸汽、氢气以及下封头失效后进入安全壳的堆芯熔融物均对安全壳的完整性构成威胁。以国内典型二代加压水堆为研究对象,采用MAAP程序进行安全壳响应分析。选取了两种典型的严重事故序列：热管段中破口叠加设备冷却水失效和再循环高压安注失效,堆芯因冷却不足升温熔化导致压力容器失效,熔融物与混凝土发生反应（MCCI）,安全壳超压失效;冷管段大破口叠加再循环失效,安全壳内蒸汽不断聚集,发生超压失效。通过对两种事故工况的分析,证实了再循环高压安注、安全壳喷淋这两种缓解措施对保证安全壳完整性的重要作用。     

Estimation of ex-vessel steam explosion pressure loads

An ex-vessel steam explosion may occur when, during a severe reactor accident, the reactor vessel fails and the molten core pours into the water in the reactor cavity. A steam explosion is a fuel coolant interaction process where the heat transfer from the melt to water is so intense and rapid that the timescale for heat transfer is shorter than the timescale for pressure relief. This can lead to the formation of shock waves and production of missiles that may endanger surrounding structures. A strong enough steam explosion in a nuclear power plant could jeopardize the containment integrity and so lead to a direct release of radioactive material to the environment.In this article, different scenarios of ex-vessel steam explosions in a typical pressurized water reactor cavity are analyzed with the code MC3D, which is being developed for the simulation of fuel–coolant interactions. A parametric study was performed varying the location of the melt release (central, right and left side melt pour), the cavity water subcooling, the primary system overpressure at vessel failure and the triggering time for explosion calculations. The main purpose of the study was to establish the influence of the varied parameters on the fuel–coolant interaction behaviour, to determine the most challenging cases and to estimate the expected pressure loadings on the cavity walls. For the most explosive central, right side and left side melt pour scenarios a detailed analysis of the explosion simulation results was performed. The study shows that for some ex-vessel steam explosion scenarios higher pressure loads are predicted than obtained in the OECD programme SERENA phase 1.