辐射条件下球腔冷冻靶温度场分布数值研究

惯性约束聚变冷冻靶系统中,为成功实现靶丸点火,冰层厚度均匀性需达到99%,表面粗糙度的均方根要小于1 μm。控制靶丸表面最大温差小于0.1 mK能满足以上点火要求。为研究辐射对惯性约束聚变间接驱动靶丸的温度场影响,建立了三维对称球腔冷冻靶系统的计算模型。考虑球腔内部激光入射口封口膜吸收率以及外部辐射温度对球腔内部温度场分布的影响,利用FLUENT软件对球腔冷冻靶温度场进行了数值模拟计算。研究表明：球腔由于自身具有的球对称几何结构,其内部的温度场分布更加均匀;受外界辐射影响,有窗侧靶丸表面温度较无窗侧温度高;辐射温度越高,靶丸表面的绝对温度越高,虽然靶丸表面的温差变化基本可忽略,但要防止由于外界辐射温度过高而导致的DT冰层均匀性恶化,应选用多层屏蔽罩结构降低辐射的影响;激光入射口封口膜吸收率大于0.2时,靶丸表面温差显著增大。     

基于温度冲击的冷冻靶氘氘冰层结晶生长行为研究

惯性约束聚变冷冻靶中氘氘（D₂）冰层的质量对聚变实验的成功与否起重要作用。目前文献报道的制备冷冻靶D₂冰层的方法并不具备好的可操作性,且技术、工艺不定型,制约了高质量冰层的形成。因此,本文采用将温度梯度、降温速率和温度冲击相结合的技术实现燃料冰层在靶丸内的均化。通过温度控制以及施加温度冲击可控地形成残留冰,并在残留冰的控制技术基础上,实现了高质量冰层的可控结晶生长。同时,研究了温度控制对靶丸内D₂冰层品质的影响和D₂冰层结晶生长的过程,并应用晶体生长动力学理论分析了D₂冰层结晶生长行为。从背光阴影图像中的D₂冰层亮环可知,D₂冰层均匀度为85.2%、厚度为40.35 μm、内表面粗糙度为2.15 μm。本方法拓宽了超低温下D₂冰籽晶控制、晶体生长技术,为DT冷冻靶中冰层均化打下了坚实基础,并形成了一定的技术储备。     

TMP结构、材料对冷冻靶温度场的影响

氘氚冰靶的均匀性和表面光滑程度对靶的表现非常重要,高质量的冷冻靶要求靶丸表面最大温差不高于0.1 mK,而影响冷冻靶温度场的因素众多。本文采用计算流体力学软件FLUENT研究了套筒壁厚（0.2、05、0.75、1、1.25、1.5、1.75、2 mm）、材料（AL5052、SS304和高纯铜）以及黑腔结构（单凸环和双凸环）对冷冻靶温度场的影响。计算结果表明:黑腔采用双凸环结构,靶丸表面温差较小;随套筒壁厚的增加,黑腔内气体自然对流强度降低,靶丸表面温度场均匀度提高,靶丸表面温差减小;由于铜具有高的导热系数及比热,选用铜作为套筒材料使得靶丸表面温度更低,温度场更加均匀。将套筒壁厚、材料、黑腔结构综合考虑,发现套筒壁厚为1 mm、材料选用高纯铜、采用黑腔结构双凸环设计时靶丸表面温度场均匀性最好。     

冷冻靶封装套中辅助热流密度的优化

为研究达到控温要求的冷冻靶封装套辅助加热量,建立了带有屏蔽罩和暴风窗的冷冻靶的二维轴对称模型。考虑封装套外屏蔽罩辐射强度和封装套内填充气体压力对冷冻靶温度场的影响,利用FLUENT软件对冷冻靶温度场进行了数值模拟计算。结果表明：合理选择上、下辅助加热带的热流密度及其差值,可使靶丸外表面最大温差降至0.1 mK以下;辐射强度越强,气体压力越大,靶丸表面最大温差越大,为实现靶丸外表面温度均匀性要求所施加的上、下辅助热流密度的差值就应越大。     

多孔注入冷冻靶快速降温过程瞬态特性研究

高度均匀光滑的燃料冰层是惯性约束聚变冷冻靶成功点火的物质前提,其制备关键是在靶丸外建立均匀的球形温度场并进行精确控制。本文针对多孔注入冷冻靶系统,建立了三维仿真模型,数值研究了冷冻靶温度场稳态分布与瞬态降温特性,并分析了接触热阻、氦气压力等因素的影响。结果表明：冷臂温度恒定时,靶丸与充气管接触位置为低温区,激光入射口正对处为高温区,最大温差为003 mK;硅臂加热块功率突降后,靶丸表面最大温差在025 s内急剧上升至8788 mK,温度场均匀性显著恶化;与硅爪 套筒完美接触相比,低温胶层的存在可有效改善降温过程中温度场的恶化,但降温响应时间明显增加;1～10 kPa氦气压力范围内,快速降温过程中靶丸温度响应迅速,且最大温差峰值较小,有利于维持靶丸表面的温度均匀性。     

辐射条件下冷冻靶靶丸表面及充气管温度特性数值研究

在惯性约束核聚变冰层均化实验阶段,观测到充气管内冰晶无法保持,从而不能堵管,靶丸直接与高温氘气源连接,无法继续实验。为解决难以堵管的问题,本文建立了三维冷冻靶系统计算模型,研究了辐射条件下屏蔽罩温度、封口膜透射率及铝套筒表面发射率等因素对冷冻靶靶丸表面及充气管沿程温度特性的影响规律。结果表明：改变封口膜透射率能有效降低靶丸与充气管连接处的温度,在本文讨论的边界条件下,封口膜透射率大于0.025时靶丸与充气管连接处温度相对较低,晶核可维持,充气管能被堵管;而改变屏蔽罩温度及铝套筒表面发射率等做法对靶丸与充气管连接处的温度降低作用不明显,充气管无法被堵管。     

冷冻靶降温过程温度场分布及冰层生存时间研究

为在冷冻靶上成功实现惯性约束核聚变点火,需在打靶前将冷冻靶丸内冰层温度降低1.5 K。针对冷冻靶快速降温过程温度场发生突变导致冰层质量恶化的问题,数值研究了快速降温过程中冷冻靶温度场的瞬态特性,并提出了优化降温方案。数值模拟基于Boussinesq假设,通过UDF编程,获得了降温速率的影响规律,并分析比较了不同延迟时间下延迟降温的数值结果。结果表明：降温开始时,最大温差急剧增大但最终趋于稳定;减小降温速率,可有效改善靶丸表面温度的均匀性,延长冰层的生存时间,使降温结束时冰层质量满足要求;具有特定延迟时间的延迟降温能改善靶丸外表面温度的均匀性从而增加冰层的生存时间,且存在最佳延迟时间使冰层的生存时间最长。     

冷冻靶降温过程温度场分布及冰层生存时间研究

为在冷冻靶上成功实现惯性约束核聚变点火,需在打靶前将冷冻靶丸内冰层温度降低1.5 K。针对冷冻靶快速降温过程温度场发生突变导致冰层质量恶化的问题,数值研究了快速降温过程中冷冻靶温度场的瞬态特性,并提出了优化降温方案。数值模拟基于Boussinesq假设,通过UDF编程,获得了降温速率的影响规律,并分析比较了不同延迟时间下延迟降温的数值结果。结果表明:降温开始时,最大温差急剧增大但最终趋于稳定;减小降温速率,可有效改善靶丸表面温度的均匀性,延长冰层的生存时间,使降温结束时冰层质量满足要求;具有特定延迟时间的延迟降温能改善靶丸外表面温度的均匀性从而增加冰层的生存时间,且存在最佳延迟时间使冰层的生存时间最长。     

冷却气体对黑腔系统温度场影响数值模拟

为了研究氦氢冷却气体对黑腔系统温度场的影响,采用CFD数值模拟方法,计算了氘氚靶丸外表面最大温差与填充区域的气体流场随气压、氦气含量变化的规律。通过对冷却壁面施加壁温扰动函数,监测了靶丸外表面平均温度、最大温差随时间的波动。研究结果表明：提高氦氢混合气体的填充压力或减小氦气含量,使得黑腔上下部分冷却气体自然对流强度差异增大,导致靶丸外表面温度场均匀性恶化;但降低冷却气体中氦气含量使气体导热系数减小,比热容增大,使得冷却壁温扰动对靶丸外表面温度场均匀性的影响减弱。     

冷冻靶制备中温度控制数值模拟

在二维轴对称模型下，以及惯性约束核聚变冷冻靶制备的温度控制过程中，利用计算流体力学程序Fluent，对聚变腔内的温度场变化进行模拟。研究了腔内气体的自然对流效应对冷冻靶温度分布的影响，模拟了通过在冷却环上施加一正弦振荡的温度场来降低冷冻靶内表面粗糙度的过程，给出了动态快速冷冻方法中的靶温度随冷却环温度的变化过程。     

Numerical Investigation on Temperature Characteristic of Capsule Surface and Filling Tube of Cryogenic Target under Radiation Condition

During the ice-laying period, a phenomenon is observed that the ice crystal could not be maintained in the filling tube, which results in the direct connection between the capsule and the deuterium source at high temperature. In this paper, a 3D cryogenic target model was established to study the influence of several factors on the temperature along capsule surface and filling tube. The results show that changing the transmittance of the sealing film can effectively solve the problem of being unable to block the filling tube, while changing the shield temperature and the surface emissivity of the aluminum enclosure has no obvious effect on that problem. It is found that the crystal can be maintained in the filling tube under the boundary conditions discussed in this paper with the transmittance of the sealing film greater than 0.025.     

钛膜表面氧化层对吸氘性能的影响

利用金属氢化物热力学和动力学参数测试系统对表面具有氧化层的钛膜进行了恒温吸氘和变温吸氘实验。结果表明：试样恒温吸氘时。吸氘速率随氧化层厚度的增加而变慢，达到吸氘平衡的时间也变长；试样变温吸氘时，在相同的升温速率和相同的初始氘气压力下，吸氘温度随氧化层厚度的增加而升高，表明钛膜表面氧化层具有一定的阻氘性能。     

Multi-dimensional computational model of the movement of the solid-gas interface during the layering process in inertial confinement fusion targets in a non-uniform thermal environment

The redistribution of deuterium (DD) or of a deuterium-tritium mixture (DT) to form a layer on the inside of spherical inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsules is a challenging problem because of the symmetry requirements of the fuel layer thickness, the smoothness requirement of the inside target surface, and the time restriction on the production process. Heat- and mass-transfer processes have been identified to interact with one another to influence the outcome of the layering process. For example, the mass redistribution speed of the fuel inside the shell towards a uniform layer and the final layer thickness uniformity depend on the variation in local heat transfer coefficient along the outer target surface.The focus of this work was to develop a numerical tool to help understand the physics involved in the layering process to be able to assess the influence of key parameters on the transient layer formation. The coupled mass and heat transfer processes governing target layering have been studied numerically, implementing unique boundary conditions to track the movement of the gas-solid boundary on the inside of the shell.The model was validated through comparison with theoretical results and laboratory-scale experiments. With this model, a window of parameters can by identified, under which layering experiments are likely to be successful.     

Effects of TMP Structure and Material on Cryogenic Target Temperature Field

The ice layers in the deuterium-tritium capsule must be uniform and smooth enough, and the maximum temperature difference of the target surface is not higher than 0.1 mK for high quality cryogenic target. However, there are many factors affecting the cryogenic target temperature field. In this paper, the effects of sleeve wall thicknesses (0.2, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75 and 2 mm), materials (AL5052, SS304 and high-purity copper) and hohlraum structures (single convex and double convex) on the cryogenic target temperature field were studied with FLUENT software. The results show that the temperature difference of target surface is small when hohlraum structure is double convex ring. With the increase of sleeve wall thickness, the natural convection intensity of the hohlraum and the temperature difference on the surface of the target decrease. There is a lower temperature and more uniform temperature field around target surface when copper is used as sleeve material, because of its high heat conduction and specific heat. Considering the wall thicknesses, materials and hohlraum structures, the surface temperature field of the target is best when the sleeve adopts high-purity copper with thickness of 1 mm, and the hohlraum structure is double convex ring.     

高温颗粒在液面下运动的蒸发阻力模型

在蒸汽爆炸的粗混合过程中,由于液体的快速蒸发,高温颗粒周围会产生一层很薄的蒸汽膜,此时高温颗粒周围的边界层流动与没有液体蒸发时有很大差别.因此,采用常温情况下颗粒在连续液体中运动时的阻力模型是不适用的.本文通过受力分析,考虑高温颗粒受力的分布及表面蒸发对颗粒运动的影响,提出了单个高温颗粒在液面下运动时的蒸发阻力模型.理论分析表明,蒸汽膜的厚度对阻力大小有很大的影响,在蒸汽膜的生长初期,除了相对速度较高的情况,蒸发阻力要大于一般阻力模型的计算值.计算结果表明,除非初始汽膜厚度或相对速度很大,否则计算高温颗粒在液面下运动的阻力时必须要考虑蒸发阻力.     

Deuterium Retention and Physical Sputtering of Low Activation Ferritic Steel

Low activation materials have to be developed toward fusion demonstration reactors. Ferritic steel, vanadium alloy and SiC/SiC composite are candidate materials of the first wall, vacuum vessel and blanket components, respectively. Although changes of mechanical-thermal properties owing to neutron irradiation have been investigated so far, there is little data for the plasma material interactions, such as fuel hydrogen retention and erosion. In the present study, deuterium retention and physical sputtering of low activation ferritic steel, F82H, were investigated by using deuterium ion irradiation apparatus. After a ferritic steel sample was irradiated by 1.7 keV D^ ions, the weight loss was measured to obtain the physical sputtering yield. The sputtering yield was 0.04, comparable to that of stainless steel. In order to obtain the retained amount of deuterium, technique of thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) was employed to the irradiated sample. The retained deuterium desorbed at temperature ranging from 450 K to 700 K, in the forms of DHO, D2, D2O and hydrocarbons. Hence, the deuterium retained can be reduced by baking with a relatively low temperature. The fiuence dependence of retained amount of deuterium was measured by changing the ion fiuence. In the ferritic steel without mechanical polish, the retained amount was large even when the fluence was low. In such a case, a large amount of deuterium was trapped in the surface oxide layer containing O and C. When the fluence was large, the thickness of surface oxide layer was reduced by the ion sputtering, and then the retained amount in the oxide layer decreased. In the case of a high fluence, the retained amount of deuterium became comparable to that of ferritic steel with mechanical polish or SS 316 L, and one order of magnitude smaller than that of graphite. When the ferritic steel is used, it is required to remove the surface oxide layer for reduction of fuel hydrogen retention. Ferritic steel sample was exposed to the environment of JFT-2M tokamak in JAERI and after that the deuterium retention was examined. The result was roughly the same as the case of deuterium ion irradiation experiment.