考虑匹配比和软化效应的高强钢对接焊缝的设计建议

针对高强度结构钢在焊接热循环作用下热影响区域可能产生软化现象,且高强钢焊接时将遇到焊材强度匹配的问题,基于高强钢对接焊缝的试验研究、数值分析和理论研究的结果,对考虑焊接软化和焊材强度匹配的强度模型进行简化,进而提出便于设计的简化公式。通过对试验数据、欧洲规范EC3预测值、强度模型预测值和简化公式预测值的对比,得出强度模型和简化公式对接头强度的预测值较为准确,而欧洲规范EC3高估了对接接头强度。为了进一步地将简化公式应用于工程设计,通过搜集和汇总焊缝加工尺寸、高强钢力学性能以及试件实际的工作性能等三方面的数据,对简化公式进行可靠度分析,当安全系数为4.5时,抗力分项系数取为0.84。对我国规范中高强钢对接焊缝连接的设计方法提出设计建议,即在对接焊缝受拉承载力计算式中考虑接头的综合强度,该综合强度取决于钢材强度、焊材强度、软化区情况和约束情况。     

考虑焊接热影响区软化的高强钢对接接头强度

为研究焊接热输入对调质态高强钢对接焊缝接头强度的影响,设计了对接焊缝接头的静力拉伸试验,进行了对接接头熔敷金属及热影响区(HAZ)硬度分布测试,并对影响接头强度的关键因素进行了参数分析。试验材料选取Q550和Q690两种调质态高强钢,采取气体保护焊分别以1.0、1.5kJ/mm和2.0kJ/mm三个等级焊接热输入,以涵盖常用焊接工艺参数。静力拉伸试验结果表明：对接焊缝接头的强度随焊接热输入的增大而下降;在焊接热输入1.0kJ/mm下,接头的破坏模式为母材处断裂,而在热输入1.5kJ/mm和2.0kJ/mm下,接头断裂均发生在热影响区处。通过硬度分布测试发现,接头的热影响区存在硬化区和软化区。随着热输入的增加,接头软化区范围增大、最小硬度下降,导致接头强度降低。静力拉伸试验的强度测试结果与硬度分布测试结果在宏观上相互印证。参数分析结果表明,热影响区中软化区与母材强度之比、相对软化宽度是决定接头强度的主要因素,且其与接头强度呈近似线性相关关系。     

纵向焊接铝合金压杆承载力研究

大多数结构用铝合金通常要经过热处理或加工硬化以改善其力学性能。当这种合金焊接后除了产生残余应力外,在焊缝附近还将产生强度明显降低的热影响区(HAZ)。而对于钢结构,由于其热导率比铝材小得多,因此只有高强钢才可能产生强度降低的热影响区,而且其强度的降低没有铝合金显著,热影响区的宽度也比铝合金小得多。这将使得铝合金受压杆件的屈曲性能变得更为复杂。对贴角焊和剖口焊这两种焊接方式的工字型铝合金中心受压杆件进行试验研究,并将试验结果同即将颁布的国标《铝合金结构设计规范》(送审稿)及欧洲规范9(EC9)进行比较。结果表明,通常情况下,对于贴角焊构件,规范结果与试验结果吻合较好;而对于剖口焊构件,规范结果偏保守。     

焊接铝合金压杆屈曲性能试验研究

铝合金焊接后除了产生残余应力外,在焊缝附近还将产生强度明显降低的热影响区。对贴角焊和剖口焊两种焊接方式的工字型铝合金中心受压杆件进行了试验研究,并将试验结果同即将颁布的国标《铝合金结构设计规范》及欧洲规范进行了比较。研究表明,通常情况下,对于贴角焊构件,规范结果和试验结果吻合较好;而对于剖口焊构件,规范结果偏保守。     

Q690D高强钢焊缝连接疲劳性能试验研究

文中对Q690D高强度钢材及其焊缝连接的疲劳性能进行试验研究,讨论Q690D母材、对接接头、十字接头三种连接形式的疲劳极限;拟合了S-N设计曲线,并与现行规范进行比较,对其疲劳特性及疲劳寿命给予评价。试验结果表明：Q690D母材与普通钢材相比表现出较高的疲劳抗力;GB50017设计曲线能较好评估循环次数大于30万对接接头的疲劳寿命,且具有足够安全储备;十字接头S-N设计曲线与AISC360规定的疲劳设计曲线吻合较好。采用电镜扫描分析不同阶段断口的微观形貌特征,并基于零塑性累积应变率假设得到疲劳损伤公式,讨论焊接缺陷对试件疲劳损伤的影响。断口形貌可以反映试件的疲劳损伤发展过程,损伤曲线又很好地解释了断口的形成机理。     

高性能桥梁钢典型焊接接头疲劳性能试验研究

针对Q500qE高性能钢两种典型焊接接头,包括对接焊缝和横向角接焊缝,设计疲劳试件。其中对接焊试件包括两种形式,分别为板厚56mm和8mm的对 接焊试件;横向角接焊缝试件的主板厚56mm、附连件厚20mm。对三组试件进行了有限元分析,掌握了试件的应力分布状况及薄弱环节,验证了试件设计的合 理性。随后针对三组试件展开了疲劳试验,掌握了不同类型焊接接头的破坏位置及破坏形式。根据试验结果拟合出了三组试件的S-N曲线,并与普通钢的疲 劳性能进行比较,表明Q500qE高性能钢的这两种典型焊接接头的疲劳强度略高于普通钢。采用目前规范规定的疲劳强度容许值进行抗疲劳设计是合理可行的,并且具有足够的安全余量。     

纵向焊接铝合金柱设计方法研究

大多数结构用铝合金通常要经过热处理或加工硬化以得到比退火状态更高的力学性能。这种合金焊接后,焊接热会使焊缝附近局部区域(称为热影响区HAZ)强度降低。而对于钢结构,由于其热导率比铝材小得多,因此只有高强钢才可能产生强度降低的热影响区,而且其强度的降低没有铝合金显著,热影响区宽度也比铝合金小得多。这将使焊接铝合金柱的设计变得更为复杂。由于我国目前还没有关于铝合金结构的设计规范,为此本文通过试验研究及对已有试验数据的分析,并参考国外规范,提出了纵向焊接铝合金柱设计方法的建议,并将计算结果与试验结果进行比较,两者吻合较好,从而验证了建议设计公式的适用性。     

Prediction of fracture behavior of beam-to-column welded joints using micromechanics damage model

Moment-resisting steel frames often fail by fracture failure of beam-to-column welded joints during a strong earthquake. This paper provides a numerical methodology based on micromechanics damage model instead of traditional fracture analytical methods to investigate the crack initiation and propagation of welded beam-to-column joints subjected to monotonic loading and ultra low cycle loading conditions. Firstly, parameters used in the micromechanics damage model for steel base metal, heat affected zone and weld metal were calibrated, respectively, against uniaxial tension test results and cycle test results of notched specimens. The evolution of void growth in the notched specimens under different loading conditions was compared. Secondly, fracture process of the welded joints subjected to tensile loading was simulated based on the micromechanics damage model. The predicted load displacement response agrees well with the other researcher's test results. Finally, the micromechanics damage model was applied numerically to investigate the ultra low cycle fatigue fracture behavior of the welded joints under constant amplitude as well as variable amplitude inelastic cyclic loading. According to the distribution and evolution of void in the welded joints obtained from finite element analysis, crack initiation and propagation were presented and the number of cycles to fracture was predicted. It is shown that the fatigue life predicted from finite element analysis based on micromechanics damage model agrees well with the other's test results.     

X形方圆汇交钢管节点的焊缝轴拉性能试验研究与承载力计算

为了研究X形方圆交汇钢管节点（主管为方形截面钢管、支管为圆形截面钢管）的焊缝轴拉承载力,对5个非刚性连接和3个刚性连接试件进行静力加载试验。采用硅橡胶印模技术对焊缝几何特性进行精细化测量,考察焊缝全周的应变分布、破坏模式和承载力。试验结果表明：刚性连接试件在轴拉荷载作用下的焊缝全周应变分布均匀,而非刚性连接试件的焊缝全周应变分布则呈现明显的不均匀性;非刚性连接的焊缝承载力相对于刚性连接的焊缝承载力有较大程度的降低,主要原因是焊缝应力的不均匀分布以及热影响区材料的脆性破坏无法与非刚性连接主管管壁的塑性变形协调,从而先于熔敷金属发生断裂。采用有限元分析方法对焊缝的受力性能进行分析,得到不同节点参数下的焊缝有效长度,通过试验和有限元参数分析,提出了基于焊缝有效长度,且满足规范可靠度要求的非刚性连接焊缝轴拉承载力计算式。     

Q690D钢材十字形焊接接头高温后的断裂破坏试验研究

为研究Q690D高强度钢材及焊缝连接件在常温和高温后的断裂性能,选取代表实际梁柱节点局部焊接构造的十字形焊接节点试样,完成了常温和一系列高温后Q690D钢材和ER80-G焊缝金属的单轴拉伸试验,得到了钢材和焊缝金属在不同高温后的弹性模量、屈服强度、极限强度和延伸率.开展了常温和高温后十字形焊接接头的单调拉伸试验和超低周...     

Experimental study on mechanical properties and toughness of Q460C high-strength steel and its butt welded joint at low temperature

Compared with the conventional steel structure, the high-strength steel structures are at more risk of brittle fracture, especially in cold regions. In the present study, a series of tests (such as uniaxial tensile test, Charpy impact test and three-point bending test) were carried out at low temperature to investigate the mechanical properties and toughness of Q460C steel and its butt welded joint, fracture micro-mechanisms were analyzed as well. The ductility indices and the toughness indices all decrease with temperature decreases, the heat affected zone (HAZ) in welded joint is more critical to fracture than the base material. The fracture toughness of high-strength steel Q460C is relatively lower than the other three conventional steels (i.e. Q235, Q345 and Q390). In this study, rich experimental data were collected so as to provide reference for the fracture resistant design of high-strength steel structures in cold regions.     

简化的软化桁架模型在钢筋混凝土梁柱内节点设计中的应用

简化的软化桁架模型源于拉压杆的概念,满足带裂缝混凝土的平衡条件、相容条件和本构关系。文中用简化的软化桁架模型对钢筋混凝土梁柱内节点进行抗剪强度分析,提出了用简化的软化桁架模型设计钢筋混凝土梁柱内节点的步骤。同时,通过对一个钢筋混凝土梁柱内节点的验算,证明了所提出模型的有效性和可行性。     

基于细观损伤力学的梁柱焊接节点断裂破坏预测分析

应用细观损伤力学模型预测分析单调荷载作用下梁柱焊接节点的裂纹萌生与扩展。分别依据节点部位的母材、热影响区和焊缝金属缺口试样的单轴拉伸试验，标定材料细观损伤力学模型的参数；通过有限元分析模拟，预测焊接节点的开裂位置以及断裂破坏的过程，与已有试验结果以及基于微孔扩展模型和应力修正临界应变模型的有限元分析结果相比，建议的细观损伤力学模型的有限元分析结果具有更好的预测精度；针对不同焊接孔几何形状对节点断裂性能的影响进行有限元分析，结果表明，孔的几何形状对节点的断裂破坏模式的影响显著，长圆孔比圆孔具有更好的节点延性，开裂延缓，但是两种孔形的节点承载力差别很小。     

Fatigue strength evaluation of welded structural details in corrugated steel web girders

Fatigue strength evaluation of welded structural details is of practical significance in the design of corrugated steel web girders in highway bridges and industrial structures. In this paper, the fatigue strengths of corrugated steel web girders with several welded structural details and welding methods are analytically examined by fatigue tests of corrugated web beams and small-size welded joints. The stress concentration & distribution characteristics of corrugated web beams were analysed using finite element analysis. The beam test results showed that the structure with scallops or notches in the flange has lower fatigue strength and that with butt joints is prone to suffer from shear crack on the corrugated web. Within the inside range of the scallop, the stress concentration becomes greater with the increase of scallop radius and the tension flange contributes significantly to the bending capacity of corrugated steel web beams. The tests for small-size welded joints indicated their applicability in the analysis and prediction of S-N relationship of the test corrugated steel web beams. Finally, the fatigue crack propagation lives of weld joints were compared with those of test corrugated steel web beams with respect to related design Categories of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.     

Fatigue strength improvement of welded joints by blast cleaning for subsequent painting

In the fabrication of steel bridges, prior to painting, blast cleaning is performed to clean the surfaces and to increase the adhesive properties of the surfaces for the subsequent painting. In addition to these objectives, blast cleaning can improve the fatigue strength of welded joints, as a result of the impact of forcibly propelled abrasive materials on the welded joints. A series of fatigue tests were carried out on the five different types of welded joints: one-side out-of-plane gusset fillet welded joints, both-side out-of-plane gusset fillet welded joints, non-load-carrying rib fillet welded cruciform joints, butt welded joints, and a large-scale model beam with out-of-plane gusset welded joints, and under the three different types of load conditions: uniaxial tension, out-of-plane bending, or in-plane bending stress cycles. Drawing on previous fatigue test results that include unpublished data, this paper presents the beneficial effects of blast cleaning for the subsequent painting applications on the fatigue strength improvement of welded joints and also presents a simple quality control method for the blast cleaning process that improves the fatigue strength.     

低温环境中Q345qD对接焊缝力学性能与冲击韧性

焊接钢桥在低温环境的断裂评估对焊接节点的力学性能及冲击韧性随温度变化规律研究提出了迫切的需求。本文对Q345qD对接焊缝进行了硬度测试、低温拉伸试验和低温冲击试验,得到焊接接头的硬度分布规律和5个温度点下强度、塑性、断裂及冲击韧性等参数,提出屈服应力、极限应力和冲击功随温度变化的关系曲线。结果表明,随环境温度的降低,Q345qD对接焊缝的屈服应力和极限应力有所增加,屈强比减小,冲击韧性下降,塑性指标和断裂应力没有明显变化。与高强度钢材对接焊缝相比,Q345qD对接焊缝冲击功中弹性功占比较小,对温度的敏感性更高。     

HRB500高强钢筋闪光对焊焊接性能

针对工程应用前景广阔的HRB500高强钢筋,对其闪光对焊焊接试件的力学性能、维氏硬度、金相显微组织及疲劳强度进行试验研究与分析,主要结论为：HRB500高强钢筋闪光对焊焊接性能良好,闪光对焊前后其强度和冷弯力学性能变化不大,焊件拉伸断口形貌具有明显延性断裂特征,且断口远离焊缝位置;闪光对焊使焊接接头区域产生贝氏体,从母材向焊缝区域过渡,维氏硬度先增大后又有所降低,焊缝位置的维氏硬度与钢筋母材相当;由S-N曲线模型和升降法得到母材与焊件的疲劳强度及其发展规律,焊件的疲劳寿命更为离散,且普遍低于母材的疲劳寿命;对应200万次疲劳荷载作用时,焊件的疲劳强度较母材降低的更明显;对应107次疲劳荷载作用时,两者疲劳强度相当,仅约为其母材抗拉屈服强度的36%;焊件疲劳破坏大多发生于焊缝位置,且具有明显的疲劳破坏特征。     

Q460D高强钢及其焊缝连接疲劳性能试验研究

在疲劳荷载作用下钢结构焊缝区易发生疲劳断裂,通过Q460D高强钢及其焊缝连接的疲劳性能试验研究,结合试验数据,拟合了Smax-N曲线预测其疲劳寿命,根据疲劳损伤理论分析了疲劳破坏程度,并通过断口形貌揭示了疲劳裂纹扩展规律。研究结果表明：Q460D母材具有较高的疲劳抗力;对接焊缝接头Smax-N的95%保证率曲线与ANSI/AISC 360-10的疲劳设计曲线吻合较好;GB 50017—2003的设计曲线能较好预估循环次数大于40万次以上十字接头的疲劳寿命。损伤指标能够较好地表征疲劳破坏过程中构件内部状态的变化,缺口系数越大,损伤发展越快。瞬断前裂纹扩展规律与损伤发展一致,随着损伤发展疲劳条带间距逐渐变大。     

Q460C高强度钢材焊缝连接循环加载试验研究

为研究高强度钢材Q460C焊缝连接在地震作用下的反应,对11个Q460C焊缝连接试件进行了8种不同加载制度的单调和循环加载试验,分析比较了不同加载制度下的应力-应变关系,研究其本构模型、力学性能、破坏模式、变形和延性特征以及损伤退化特性,并和母材的性能进行了对比。利用Ramberg-Osgood公式对其循环骨架曲线进行了拟合,确定了拟合计算式中的待定参数;通过试验标定了循环荷载作用下本构模型的参数,采用有限元程序ABAQUS利用混合模型对上述循环加载试验进行了较为准确的有限元模拟。研究结果表明：所有加载制度下试件最终均在焊缝和热影响区交界面拉断,这和焊缝连接处的应力集中有关;与母材单调拉伸性质相比,焊缝连接试件延性下降显著,说明焊接过程对钢材有严重影响,应采取措施避免破坏发生在焊缝区域。     

Numerische Analyse geschweißter Verbindungen von Duplexstahl und Quarzglas

Numerical analysis of welded joints between duplex steel and quartz glass. Welded joints are a vital element in structural engineering. Originating from conventional carbon steel welding in construction, recent advancements in welding technology now allow the joint of modern high‐strength steel and glass materials. With today's methods, an analysis of the welded joints' structural behaviour can be conducted by experiment, as well as by numerical analysis. Particularly for the numeric analysis, capturing the non‐linear thermal and mechanical properties of the materials is important, in order to allow a realistic determination of temperature, microstructure and residual stresses for different types of joints. Simulations of multi‐layered weld joint on duplex steel show, that a targeted heat treatment during MAG‐welding by variation of the welding parameters achieves a beneficial ratio between ferrite and austenite which, for example, ensures a high resistance of the weld to corrosion. The material quartz glass can generally be welded as butt‐weld with a CO₂‐laser. The simulations of a welded joint of a plate and a pipe show, that an optimization of the welding technology of preheat laser beam and welding laser beam is necessary, in order to reduce the thermal impact during the welding process, as well as residual stress in the joint. At the Department of Steel Structures at the Bauhaus‐Universität Weimar, numerical simulations of welded joints between steel and glass materials are a current and topical research focus.