基于机器学习的钢筋混凝土柱失效模式两阶段判别方法增强出版（附加材料可在文章详情页“评审附件”下载）

钢筋混凝土柱在侧向地震力作用下具有弯曲、剪切和弯剪三种失效模式。不同的失效模式下钢筋混凝土柱具有不同的地震损伤特征。因此,准确地判别钢筋混凝土柱的失效模式对于准确评估钢筋混凝土结构的抗震性能具有重要意义。利用已有的钢筋混凝土柱滞回加载试验数据,采用机器学习方法,提出了一种钢筋混凝土柱失效模式两阶段判别方法。其中,第一阶段以钢筋混凝土柱的基本设计参数为输入变量,采用机器学习中的回归算法,建立钢筋混凝土柱的受弯承载力、受剪承载力、弯曲变形和剪切变形预测模型。第二阶段以钢筋混凝土柱的受弯承载力、受剪承载力、弯曲变形和剪切变形作为输入变量,采用机器学习中的分类算法,对钢筋混凝土柱的失效模式进行自动判别,实现了准确判别钢筋混凝土柱失效模式的目的。研究结果表明：极端随机树、AdaBoost、随机森林和梯度提升算法分别对受弯承载力、受剪承载力、弯曲变形和剪切变形的预测效果最佳;极端随机树、梯度提升算法和最近邻居法分别对弯曲失效、剪切失效和弯剪失效具有最佳的分类效果;相比已有的钢筋混凝土柱失效模式分类方法,提出的两阶段分类方法具有与真实失效模式最为接近的分类结果,分类精度可以达到96%。     

A machine-learning-based two-step method for failure mode classification of reinforced concrete columns

钢筋混凝土柱在侧向地震力作用下具有弯曲、剪切和弯剪三种失效模式。不同的失效模式下钢筋混凝土柱具有不同的地震损伤特征。因此，准确地判别钢筋混凝土柱的失效模式对于准确评估钢筋混凝土结构的抗震性能具有重要意义。利用已有的钢筋混凝土柱滞回加载试验数据，采用机器学习方法，提出了一种钢筋混凝土柱失效模式两阶段判别方法。其中，第一阶段以钢筋混凝土柱的基本设计参数为输入变量，采用机器学习中的回归算法，建立钢筋混凝土柱的受弯承载力、受剪承载力、弯曲变形和剪切变形预测模型。第二阶段以钢筋混凝土柱的受弯承载力、受剪承载力、弯曲变形和剪切变形作为输入变量，采用机器学习中的分类算法，对钢筋混凝土柱的失效模式进行自动判别，实现了准确判别钢筋混凝土柱失效模式的目的。研究结果表明：极端随机树、AdaBoost、随机森林和梯度提升算法分别对受弯承载力、受剪承载力、弯曲变形和剪切变形的预测效果最佳；极端随机树、梯度提升算法和最近邻居法分别对弯曲失效、剪切失效和弯剪失效具有最佳的分类效果；相比已有的钢筋混凝土柱失效模式分类方法，提出的两阶段分类方法具有与真实失效模式最为接近的分类结果，分类精度可以达到96%。     

锈蚀钢筋混凝土结构地震易损性分析

钢筋锈蚀是影响钢筋混凝土结构耐久性的一个重要因素,会引起结构的自振周期延长、地震需求变化及抗震能力衰减,使得锈蚀钢筋混凝土结构的地震易损性分析不同于未锈蚀钢筋混凝土结构。以一栋按我国规范设计的RC框架结构为研究对象,分别建立了未锈蚀和锈蚀结构的非线性有限元模型并进行了模型验证。分别采用云图法和条带法计算得到了钢筋混凝土结构在未锈蚀和锈蚀两种工况下的地震易损性曲线和函数参数,对锈蚀钢筋混凝土结构地震易损性分析的特殊性及其对地震易损性分析结果的影响进行了分析。分析结果表明：不考虑钢筋锈蚀引起的结构自振周期延长会错误估计锈蚀钢筋混凝土结构的地震易损性水平。采用云图法分析锈蚀钢筋混凝土结构的地震易损性会出现锈蚀结构的极限状态失效概率低于未锈蚀结构的情况。而条带法比云图法可以更好地反映钢筋锈蚀对钢筋混凝土结构地震易损性的影响。忽略钢筋锈蚀引起的结构抗震能力衰减会低估锈蚀钢筋混凝土结构地震易损性水平,建议在锈蚀钢筋混凝土结构地震易损性分析中采用基于Pushover的极限状态定义方法。     

采用光圆钢筋配筋的锈蚀RC框架结构#br# 抗震性能分析：以新西兰结构为例

该文对光圆钢筋配筋RC框架结构在锈蚀环境下的抗震性能进行分析,提出一种可以考虑光圆钢筋锈蚀引起的材料性能退化及钢筋-混凝土黏结滑移性能退化的节点宏单元模型。通过对已有试验结果进行模拟,验证所提出节点模型的合理性。以新西兰奥克兰市的一栋光圆钢筋配筋的锈蚀RC结构为例,基于SeismoStruct有限元软件,采用所提出的节点模型建立算例结构完好及锈蚀后的有限元模型。分别采用静力Pushover方法及动力时程分析法对算例结构的抗震性能进行分析。分析结果表明：光圆钢筋锈蚀引起的RC框架结构抗震性能退化幅度要高于变形钢筋。     

锈蚀钢筋混凝土柱基于变形的性能指标研究

采用ABAQUS有限元软件,对按GB 50011-2010《建筑抗震设计规范》和GB 50010-2010《混凝土结构设计规范》设计的342个锈蚀钢筋混凝土柱进行有限元分析,研究钢筋的锈蚀率、轴压比、剪跨比、配箍率和纵向钢筋配筋率等参数对钢筋混凝土柱变形性能的影响。结果表明：当钢筋的锈蚀率较小时,构件的变形性能受锈蚀率影响不大;当钢筋的锈蚀率达到10%以后,构件的破坏形态发生改变,变形能力急剧退化;随着轴压比的增大,构件的变形能力降低;轴压比较小的构件变形性能受剪跨比影响比轴压比较大的构件明显;随着配箍率和纵向钢筋配筋率的增大,构件的变形能力有所提高;提出了锈蚀钢筋混凝土柱抗震性能等级和性能界限状态的划分方法,以塑性转角作为变形性能指标,对数值计算结果进行统计分析,得到了锈蚀钢筋混凝土柱各性能界限点的塑性转角统计特征值。研究成果可为钢筋混凝土结构全寿命的性能化抗震设计和抗震性能评估提供参考。     

锈蚀钢筋混凝土柱抗震性能试验研究

为研究钢筋锈蚀对钢筋混凝土(RC)柱抗震性能的影响,设计并制作了8根RC柱试件,其中包括1根未锈蚀柱、3根纵筋锈蚀柱和4根箍筋锈蚀柱.采用5％ NaC1溶液浸泡试件并通电对钢筋进行锈蚀试验,通电锈蚀完成后,分别对8根试件进行了低周往复循环荷载试验,分析得到了不同锈蚀率下各试件的破坏模式、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、刚度退化、延...     

Exploring the impact of chloride-induced corrosion on seismic damage limit states and residual capacity of reinforced concrete structures

A non-linear finite element (FE) framework for time-dependent capacity assessment of corroded rectangular reinforced concrete (RC) columns is developed. The proposed non-linear FE model includes the impact of corrosion on inelastic buckling and low-cycle fatigue degradation of longitudinal reinforcement. The proposed non-linear FE model is validated against a set of experimental data and then extended to evaluate the impact of corrosion on damage limit states to be used in seismic performance and evaluation of corroded structures. This is done through a parametric study on hypothetical RC columns, varied in axial force ratios, mass loss ratios, cover crack widths and confinement levels. Moreover, the application of the proposed model in seismic collapse capacity assessment of corroded structures is shown through non-linear dynamic analyses of prototype columns. Results show that, depending on the axial force ratio, corrosion changes the failure mechanism of the columns. The results of this study suggest that in seismic fragility analysis of corroded structures, the damage limit states should be considered as time-variant parameters.     

Time-dependent seismic fragility curves for aging jacket-type offshore platforms subjected to earthquake ground motions

This paper assesses the seismic vulnerability of a recently designed jacket-type offshore platform through development of fragility curves and presents the formulation of time-dependent seismic fragility curves to capture the effects of ageing and deterioration on the seismic vulnerability of the representative platform. Among the various ageing processes, the corrosion deterioration of the structure is taken into account by applying a time-dependent model of corrosion deterioration of the tubular elements in the splash zone. Incremental dynamic analysis is performed on the initial uncorroded and corroded platforms considering soil–pile–structure interaction. A full probabilistic analysis is then performed to develop time-dependent seismic fragility curves for the immediate occupancy and collapse prevention limit states. Finally, a time variant cubic model is proposed to develop fragility curves at any point in time during platform’s service life, without need to perform a complete time-consuming fragility analyses. Results show substantial increase in probability of failure of the platform throughout its lifetime due to corrosion deterioration. The results also indicate that the time-dependent fragility curves can be used in offshore platforms to assess the seismic vulnerability of the structure and demonstrate the influence of various factors affecting the seismic vulnerability of the platform during its lifetime.     

氯离子侵蚀效应对RC桥墩抗震性能的影响

为研究混凝土桥梁结构在服役期内由于环境氯离子侵蚀效应引起钢筋、混凝土锈蚀退化等导致结构抗震性能退化的规律,以某多跨钢筋混凝土连续梁桥为例,采用OpenSees软件建立非线性动力分析模型,根据已有研究成果并基于概率方法研究了墩柱截面主筋和箍筋锈蚀的开始时间和锈蚀率大小,进而建立了钢筋的直径及屈服强度退化模型;针对考虑纵筋锈蚀、考虑箍筋锈蚀、同时考虑纵筋和箍筋锈蚀3种情况,分别分析了材料退化对桥墩抗震性能的影响。结果表明:同等条件下箍筋锈蚀比纵筋锈蚀更早;随着时间的推移,氯离子侵蚀效应会导致桥墩抗震能力下降,结构的抗震需求明显增加;与以往只考虑纵筋锈蚀的情况相比,同时考虑箍筋和纵筋锈蚀时桥墩抗震性能退化更严重。     

钢筋混凝土框架结构基于时变的抗震性能研究

钢筋混凝土结构在使用过程中由于钢筋锈蚀抗震性能退化。为了研究钢筋混凝土框架结构在正常使用环境下随使用时间的增加其抗震性能的退化规律,采用通用有限元分析软件ABAQUS对锈蚀钢筋混凝土框架进行多尺度建模以提高计算精度并保证计算效率。基于锈蚀钢筋混凝土构件及单榀框架的试验数据,验证了多尺度建模方法的正确性。采用多尺度模型对4层钢筋混凝土框架结构进行了静力推覆分析及弹塑性时程分析,对比不同使用时间的钢筋混凝土框架结构的地震反应和损伤情况。结果表明：当使用时间为25a时,结构的抗震性能与新建结构接近;当使用时间超过50a时,随着使用时间的增加,结构的承载能力及刚度退化明显,在地震作用下的位移响应逐渐增大,地震损伤范围不断扩大;相比新建结构,当使用时间为50、75a和100a时,结构的抗侧承载力分别降低了6.2%、14.1%及18.1%,罕遇地震作用下的最大层间位移角分别增大了9.2%、19.8%及25.1%。     

锈蚀低矮钢筋混凝土剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

模拟近海大气环境对5榀不同设计参数的低矮RC剪力墙试件进行加速锈蚀试验，达到预期锈蚀目标后，对锈蚀试件进行拟静力试验，旨在研究不同水平分布筋间距和不同暗柱纵筋直径对锈蚀低矮RC剪力墙承载力、变形能力及剪切滞回特性等抗震性能的影响。结果表明:沿暗柱纵筋的锈胀裂缝较沿水平分布筋和暗柱箍筋的宽，而水平分布筋和暗柱箍筋的锈蚀率则比暗柱纵筋的大；随着水平分布筋间距的减小，锈蚀试件剪切破坏程度降低，剪切变形减小，而试件承载力、延性和耗能分别有不同程度的提高，其中以延性提高幅度最大；随着暗柱纵筋直径的增大，锈蚀试件受弯能力得到较大提升，剪切破坏程度增加，剪切变形增大，试件承载力、延性和耗能亦分别有不同程度的提高，其中承载力提高最多，延性和耗能提高相对较少。     

近海大气环境下锈蚀RC框架节点抗震性能试验研究

为研究近海大气环境下锈蚀RC框架梁柱节点的抗震性能,该文设计了6个RC框架梁柱节点试件,采用人工气候加速腐蚀技术对试件进行了加速腐蚀试验,进而对试件进行了拟静力加载试验,获得了不同钢筋锈蚀程度和轴压比下梁柱节点的破坏形态及抗震性能衰减规律。试验结果表明：对于梁柱节点构件,箍筋锈蚀较纵筋严重,由于锈蚀箍筋对节点核心区混凝土的约束削弱,节点区域破坏程度加重;随钢筋锈蚀率的增大,试件的强度、延性及耗能能力均发生不同程度的退化,表现为构件承载和变形能力的降低;锈蚀程度相同时,随轴压比的增大,试件的刚度退化更加显著,轴压比较小的试件在开裂前刚度退化明显,屈服后趋于稳定。     

Prediction for lateral deformation capacity of corroded reinforced concrete columns

The deformation capacities of columns, which are the main lateral force‐resisting elements of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, have been the subject of great interest with the development of performance/displacement‐based seismic design. However, deterioration due to chloride‐induced corrosion causes a significant reduction in the seismic performance of RC columns. Although numerous investigations have focused on the deformation capacity of columns with corroded rebars and various strengthening measures have been proposed, little attention was paid to evaluating the contribution of each deformation component to the tip displacement under corrosion (i.e., bending, shear, and longitudinal bar slip at the column footing), which plays an important role in investigating and explaining the failure mechanisms of columns. This paper presents a computational prediction model to estimate the deformation capacity of RC columns with corroded rebars, and the contributions of bending and bar slip at the column footing are mainly considered in this model due to the negligible contribution of the shear deformation component for columns subjected to flexural failure mode. The calculation results obtained by the prediction model are compared with the quasistatic test results of both noncorroded and corroded RC columns. It turns out that the prediction model simulates the deformation capacity of RC columns with corroded rebars reasonably well considering its simplicity and computational efficiency, and it can be used for time‐variant capacity estimates for the lifetime seismic design and fragility assessment of RC columns exposed to corrosion.     

近海大气环境下多龄期钢框架柱抗震性能的试验研究

利用人工气候环境加速锈蚀试验技术对8榀钢框架柱和3种不同厚度的钢材试件进行近海大气环境下的加速腐蚀。对不同锈蚀程度的钢材试件进行拉伸试验,获得钢材力学性能（屈服强度、极限强度、伸长率和弹性模量）随失重率增大的退化规律;并对8榀锈蚀钢框架柱进行低周往复加载试验,考察了锈蚀钢框架柱的破坏过程与特征,从滞回曲线、骨架曲线、强度和刚度退化、耗能能力等角度初步探讨了不同轴压比、锈蚀程度及加载路径对钢框架柱抗震性能的影响。结果表明：随锈蚀程度的增大,钢框架柱极限承载力、耗能能力显著降低,强度和刚度退化明显;随轴压比的增大,钢框架柱承载能力退化、延性变差;加载路径对钢框架柱塑性变形发展和滞回耗能有较大影响。研究成果可为进行基于构件的多龄期钢框架地震易损性研究提供试验支持。     

酸雨环境下钢筋混凝土框架梁抗震性能试验研究

为研究酸雨侵蚀环境中RC框架梁的抗震性能,设计了3组不同剪跨比（剪跨比分别为5.0、4.2、3.4）的RC框架梁,采用人工气候盐雾箱对其进行酸雨环境（pH值为3.0）加速侵蚀试验,随后对其进行拟静力试验,分析了不同酸雨酸化深度下的钢筋锈蚀程度和剪跨比对RC框架梁抗震性能的影响。结果表明：在酸雨溶液中的H⁺和SO₄^2-的共同侵蚀作用下,RC框架梁混凝土表面出现坑蚀小洞,且蚀洞随着侵蚀程度的增加而逐渐加重;当酸化深度小于混凝土保护层厚度时,RC框架梁的承载力和延性略有增加;随着酸雨侵蚀程度的加深,相同剪跨比的试件,其破坏状态由弯曲破坏转变为以弯曲变形为主的弯剪破坏,当纵筋锈蚀率为6.5%时,承载力下降了17.6%,延性降低了5.24%,累积耗能减少30.87%;当钢筋锈蚀程度相近时,试件的弯剪破坏形态随着剪跨比的减小逐渐明显,承载力增大,延性和耗能能力随之减小。     

Seismic fragility estimates for corroding reinforced concrete bridges

Seismic fragility of reinforced concrete (RC) bridges is defined as the conditional probability that the seismic demand exceeds the corresponding capacity, specified for a certain performance level, for given seismic intensity measures. However, the structural properties of RC bridges change over time due to the onset of corrosion in the reinforcing steel. Therefore, seismic fragility of RC bridges changes during a bridge lifetime. This paper proposes a method to estimate the seismic fragility of corroding RC bridges. Structural capacities are defined using probabilistic models for deformation and shear capacities of RC columns. Probabilistic models are also used to estimate the corresponding demands for given seismic intensity measures. The capacity and demand models are then combined with probabilistic models for chloride-induced corrosion and time-dependent corrosion rate to model the dependency on time of the seismic fragility of RC bridges. In particular, the loss of reinforcing steel is modelled as a function of the thickness of the cover concrete for each reinforcing bar in the RC columns. The stiffness degradation in the cover concrete over time due to corrosion-induced cracking is also considered in the fragility estimates. Seismic fragility estimates are then formulated at the column, bent, and bridge levels. The fragility formulations properly incorporate the uncertainties in the capacity and demand models, and the inexactness (or model error) in modelling the material deterioration. The proposed method accounts for the variation of structural capacity and seismic demand over time due to the effects of corrosion in the reinforcing steel. As an application, seismic fragility estimates are developed for a corroding RC bridge with 11 two-column bents over a 100-year period.     

Seismic fragility increment functions for deteriorating reinforced concrete bridges

Fragility increment functions are developed to estimate the seismic fragility of reinforced concrete (RC) bridges subject to deterioration due to the onset and progression of corrosion of the reinforcement. For each mode of failure considered, the fragility at time t of a deteriorating bridge is obtained by multiplying the initial fragility of the undeteriorated bridge by a corresponding increment function expressed in terms of the environmental conditions, the original material properties, time, a measure of the seismic demand, and a set of unknown model parameters. The developed increment functions account for the effects on the fragility estimates of the loss of the reinforcement and of the increasing uncertainty over time. As an application, the developed increment functions are used to estimate the seismic fragility of an example RC bridge. The proposed fragility increment functions are useful to estimate the fragility of deteriorating bridges without any extra reliability analysis once the fragility of the undeteriorated bridge is known. In particular, the proposed fragility increment functions can be used to assess the time-variant fragility of bridges for applications such as reliability-based design, life-cycle cost analysis, and risk analysis.     

结构需求概率危险性分析中强震记录选取研究#br#

目前结构性态地震工程中易损性曲线传统计算流程对强震记录选取不够重视,鲜有对目标场址地震概率危险性的考虑,因而以同时考虑地震概率危险性和结构自振周期特性的条件均值谱作为记录选取依据,将结果应用到IDA方法和条带法中,并与地震事件随机散布的传统云图法进行对比。以某八层平面框架作为算例,将云图法与IDA方法以及条带法在四种极限状态下的结构需求易损性曲线以及结构需求概率危险性曲线进行对比分析。其中,随机选取两组地震事件（M,R）分布范围相仿的强震记录进行云图法计算,二者结果由于不可控的地震动不确定性而存在显著差异,但IDA方法与条带法由于采用条件均值谱对地震动进行了控制,彼此结果基本一致,更符合实际工程场址的危险性需求,同时为后期不同区域的结构性态分析损失评估提供了依据。     

Deteriorating beam finite element for nonlinear analysis of concrete structures under corrosion

A three-dimensional reinforced concrete (RC) deteriorating beam finite element for nonlinear analysis of concrete structures under corrosion is presented in this study. The finite element formulation accounts for both material and geometrical nonlinearity. Damage modelling considers uniform and pitting corrosion and includes the reduction of cross-sectional area of corroded bars, the reduction of ductility of reinforcing steel and the deterioration of concrete strength due to splitting cracks, delamination and spalling of the concrete cover. The beam finite element is validated with reference to the results of experimental tests carried out on RC beams with corroded reinforcement. The application potentialities of the proposed formulation are shown through the finite element analysis of a statically indeterminate RC beam and a three-dimensional RC arch bridge under different damage scenarios and corrosion penetration levels. The results indicate that the design for durability of concrete structures exposed to corrosion needs to rely on structural analysis methods capable to account for the global effects of local damage phenomena on the overall system performance.     

基于一致倒塌风险的建筑抗震评价方法研究

建筑结构的抗震能力、尤其是抗倒塌能力设计目标应根据其所在场地未来一定设计使用年限内可能遭遇的地震危险性来设定。首先介绍了基于动力增量分析（IDA）的结构倒塌易损性分析方法,随后结合地震危险性分析,分别给出了结构抗倒塌能力和结构所面临地震危险性的概率模型,进而根据结构在未来一定设计使用年限内的倒塌概率,对建筑结构的抗地震倒塌风险进行定量评价,并给出了相应的计算方法。以一座7度抗震设防的RC框架结构为例,计算了该RC框架结构在3个同为7度抗震设防而地震危险性不同地区的地震倒塌风险,指出仅以抗震设防烈度作为建筑结构抗震设计的依据所存在的不足,建议应基于一致倒塌风险进行结构抗震设计,并提出了相关结构抗震设计方法需开展的研究工作。