A ceramic-based ozonizer using high-frequency discharge

A thin ceramic layer, either cylindrical or planar in form, is sandwiched by a number of parallel strip-like discharge electrodes and a film-like induction electrode. An AC exciting voltage of frequency 10 kHz and 10 kV peak-to-peak (p-p) is applied between the electrodes to produce a stable high-frequency surface glow discharge for generation of ozone. As a result of its high frequency, low exciting voltage, and small size, a great reduction in cost is achieved in both the ozonizer and its power supply. The presented ozonizer can easily produce a very high ozone concentration (5000-15000 volume p.p.m. for air; 50-100000 volume p.p.m. for oxygen) without using a special enrichment means. Its power efficiency can be made very high (170 gO/kWh for air) by proper selection of operating parameters     

Superposed effect of UV rays on ozone generation by electrical discharge

Generally, ozone is generated by using silent discharge or surface discharge; however, the energy efficiency of ozone generation by using only one kind of discharge is about 200 g/kWh. The energy efficiency of ozone generation is about one-fifth of the theoretical energy efficiency. Ozone decomposition occurs at high concentrations, high temperatures, and so on. In order to increase ozone generation efficiency, many studies of ozone generation methods have been carried out to date. Experiments on ozone generation by using surface discharge and UV rays were carried out. In an experiment on superposing surface discharge and UV rays in the same space, the ozone yield by the superposing mode is lower than either the ozone yield by surface discharge or by UV rays at the same power. It appears that noticeable ozone dissociation by UV rays occurs because a high ozone concentration is achieved by the superposing mode. In cascade connection of a surface discharge reactor and UV lamp reactor, the ozone yield of the cascade mode (from the UV lamp reactor to the surface discharge reactor) is higher than that of the superposing mode at the same power. It is confirmed that cumulative disassociation is an effective reaction of ozone generation. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 123(4): 8–14, 1998     

Improvement in ozone yield using discharge superposition method

The efficiency of ozonizers using silent discharge is very low compared with the theoretical value. Although many studies have attempted to improve the efficiency of ozonizers, we cannot expect to do so without changing the process of ozone generation. In this study, two high voltages are applied to an ozonizer which has three electrodes (central, surface, and outer electrodes) arranged coaxially, and the phase difference between applied voltages can be changed. The silent and surface discharges are superposed in the same space of the ozonizer. This paper considers the optimum experimental conditions leading to improved efficiency of an ozonizer using the discharge superposition method. It is found that when two kinds of discharges are superposed while using the central electrode as a common‐ground electrode, the maximum ozone yield efficiency is obtained, especially at a phase difference of about 180°. However, when using the surface electrode as a common‐ground electrode, the ozone efficiency is higher at phase differences of about 90° or 270° than at other angles. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 126(1): 1–6, 1999     

Gaseous electrical discharge characteristics in air and nitrogen at cryogenic temperature

In designing superconducting electrical power apparatus, the knowledge of cryogenic gas and liquid insulation characteristics is essential. The authors have studied the discharge characteristics of relatively long-gap configurations in air and nitrogen at a cryogenic temperature. A sphere-to-sphere electrode with a gap length of 20 to 150 mm is used for measurements in uniform electric field. The breakdown voltage characteristics basically obey Paschen's law at cryogenic temperature for 50 Hz, AC, DC and lightning impulse voltage applications. A rod-to-plane electrode with a gap length of 20 to 330 mm is used for measurements in nonuniform electric field. In air at cryogenic temperature and nitrogen gas at both room and cryogenic temperature, streamer-like corona discharge appears near the tip of the rod electrode before the breakdown, and the breakdown voltage increases linearly with gap length. In air at room temperature thin film-like corona discharge, however, appears near the tip of the rod electrode before breakdown, and the breakdown voltage becomes higher than the other case. In order to examine the variation of corona discharge characteristics, some additional experiments are conducted. As a result, it becomes clear that thin film-like glow corona discharge appears when electronegative gas is contained and sufficient electrons are supplied from the cathode.     

PD characteristics and mechanisms in artificial air-filled voids atroom and liquid nitrogen temperatures

In this study, partial discharge (PD) characteristics in artificial air-filled voids at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures were investigated experimentally. It was found that minimum PD inception voltage at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) decreased with decrease in ambient temperature due to condensation of oxygen in the void. By observation of PD current pulses and light images, it was found that there were three modes of discharge: streamer, Townsend and glow like discharges in PD at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures. Especially the mode at liquid nitrogen temperature changes markedly with the stress time     

大气压微等离子体放电特性研究

通过减小电极孔径到微米量级来实现高气压甚至大气压放电的现象已成为研究热点。笔者利用不锈钢空心针作为放电阴极,不锈钢网作阳极,进行了大气压微等离子体放电实验研究。实验测量了大气压微放电的伏安特性曲线。实验发现,大气压直流微放电存在不同的放电模式:空心阴极放电和反常辉光放电,随着电流的增加,放电越来越强烈。实验研究了放电电压随压强和气体流量的变化关系。结果显示,随着体系压强的增加,电离过程增多,放电电压逐渐降低。随着流量的增加,气体流动状态由层流状态逐渐过渡到紊流状态,引起放电电压先降低后增加。     

串联谐振式介质阻挡放电型臭氧发生器等效模型及电源特性分析

为了研究稳态工作时的介质阻挡放电(DBD)型臭氧发生器的等效模型,以采用串联谐振逆变电源供电的、所产生臭氧的质量流量为1kg/h的介质阻挡放电型臭氧发生器为研究对象,通过实验数据和曲线拟合相结合的方法对臭氧发生器的等效电阻、等效电容与发生器的放电功率进行了研究。研究结果表明,稳态工作时的臭氧发生器可由与放电功率成线性关系的电阻和电容串联构成等效模型来表示。基于这一等效模型,对移相控制下的串联谐振式DBD型臭氧发生器供电电源特性进行了分析。分析结果表明,由所提出的等效模型和供电电源特性分析方法得到的结果与实验结果具有较好的一致性,可用来解决臭氧发生器供电电源设计繁琐的问题。     

High-Efficiency Ozonizer Using Traveling Wave Pulse Voltage

The energy yield of ozone generation can be raised substantially by using a fast-rising narrow pulse voltage in combination with a transmission-line type ozonizer. The pulse voltage proceeds in the form of a traveling wave to produce very active coronas. Both wire-to-cylinder type ozonizers and parallel-strip-line-with-insulator type ozonizers are tested. The former produces streamer coronas along the wire and indicates a high ozonizer-based energy yield Yo but its volume yield Yu is very low. The latter produces pulse-induced intense-glow coronas, and indicates very high Yo and Yu. However, the energy yield based on the stored energy of the pulse-forming condenser Yc still remains low, because of poor coupling of the pulse energy with the ozonizers. The plate-type ozonizer, comprising zigzag-shaped strip-line electrodes on the insulator plates, represents one of the practical embodiments of the stripline ozonizer. The pulse-peaking method provides a possibility of enhancing the level of Yo. An improvement of the coupling method is likely to improve the level of Yc.     

Dielectric withstand and breaking capacity of SF6circuit breakers at low temperatures

The influence of low temperatures on the dielectric withstand and the breaking capacity of a puffer-type SF₆ circuit breaker was studied. Results of a dielectric and breaking tests are analyzed for temperatures ranging from -50°C to 20°C. The tests suggest that the decrease in performance at lower temperatures is related not only to the gas density but also, and principally, to the real pressure of the gas in the interruption chamber, which would take account of both the gas temperature and its density. The test results also indicate that drops of liquid on the breaker contacts or adjacent parts do not seem to jeopardize the dielectric withstand of the intercontact gap     

大气压反常辉光放电特性

为研究大气压反常辉光放电的特性,用50 Hz交流电驱动1:500的高压变压器产生稳定的大气反常辉光放电,并利用示波器对其作了测量。维持稳态放电的典型参数为电压400~850 V,电流60~110 mA,其伏安特性曲线表明放电处于反常辉光区。当放电的原始驱动电动势取为余弦波形时,放电端电压呈方波形,放电电流呈正弦波形。对放电过程的电路分析表明,高压变压器次级线圈固有的高感抗产生的负反馈避免了放电进入弧光区,由于电路的感抗特性,余弦电动势驱动了正弦形放电电流。而等离子体电阻对放电电流的非线性响应使得放电端电压呈近似方波形。估算得到放电通道中电子平均温度和电子密度分别为2.73 eV和3.45μm-3。用热电偶测得等离子气体温度为700~900 K。该种等离子体相对于其它冷等离子体具有较高的等离子体气体温度和能量密度,更适宜于一些化学气相反应。     

Characteristics of ozone generation by a diffuse glow discharge at atmospheric pressure using a double discharge method

In this research, a diffuse glow discharge generated by a double discharge is used to improve the efficiency of ozone generation. In this method, corona discharge occurs in the space between the cathode and the trigger electrode covered by Pyrex glass tubes, set in a groove cut on the cathode. Thus, many initial electrons are generated around the cathode. In the present research, experiments were done in air (O₂/N₂ mixture) at atmospheric pressure and the discharge repetition frequency was 1 Hz for all experiments. The maximum ozone concentration generated was about 150 ppm. The average ozone yield was about 400 g O₃/kWh, much higher than the typical yield of about 100 g O₃/kWh. The efficiency of energy transfer from energy stored in storage capacitor C₁ to the main discharge zone was about 40% to 50%. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 127(2): 8–14, 1999     

高频平板型介质阻挡放电臭氧产生的试验研究

电源频率的适当增大能提高臭氧发生效率。针对目前臭氧发生器电源频率偏低的情况,采用合适的高频高压电源和放电室结构,进行了试验和模拟研究。试验研究了峰值电压、气隙间距对臭氧产生的影响。试验结果表明:气隙间距为1、2、3mm时,电晕起始电压分别约为4.1、6.5和8.04kV;气隙间距为1mm时,臭氧体积分数和臭氧产率最高分别为24.55×10-3和134g/(kW.h)。然后首次模拟并分析了臭氧发生器内的电场强度,气隙间距为1、2、3mm时,气隙中心区域的电场强度分别为280.545、261.672和227.311kV/m。电源频率为7.47kHz能有效地提高气隙中心区域的电场强度,进而提高所产生的臭氧体积分数和臭氧产率,降低了成本。     

介质阻挡放电型臭氧发生器的一种等效模型

介质阻挡放电(DBD)型臭氧发生器工作时存在放电和未放电两个模态,因而其电源的设计非常繁琐.本文分析大量试验数据后发现,DBD型臭氧发生器上电压峰值与流过发生器的电流峰值和逆变电路的输出功率基本符合线性变化规律.基于这一特性,本文提出了臭氧发生器的一种线性化的等效模型,将它等效为与功率相关的电阻和容抗串联电路.并用此模型对主回路进行了分析计算,给出其设计方法.与其他方法相比,本文提出的主回路参数设计方法具有设计步骤少、计算简单和无需考虑DBD电路参数变化等优点,可为工程中分析和设计臭氧发生器供电电源提供参考.实验结果验证了本文推导的正确性.     

中频正弦电压下大气压氦等离子体射流的产生机理

为了探讨He大气压等离子体射流(APPJ)的产生机理,采用增强型电荷耦合元件(ICCD)分别拍摄HeAPPJ的纵截面和横截面图像发现,He在17kHz中频正弦外施电压下正负半周的APPJ图像不对称,在正半周电压下,He APPJ以空间流光的形式向石英管口传输,至石英管外转换为沿He/Air界面传输的沿面放电;而在负半周电压下,He APPJ传播较正半周下短,为一种典型的存在于He气流中的电晕放电现象。研究APPJ长度与管内介质阻挡放电(DBD)放电模式的关系发现,随着外施电压的升高,DBD放电将依次呈现出"倍周期"、"混沌"、"流光-辉光过渡"、"非对称辉光"、"对称辉光"和"辉光+丝状"等6种模式,各个模式的放电电流波形具有不同的特征,等离子体羽流长度并不是单纯地随着外施电压增大而增长的量,而是放电所产生的He激发态粒子浓度与放电对气流的扰动两方面共同作用的结果。     

氖气介质阻挡放电中斑图放电与均匀放电模式的转化

为了找到控制非均匀放电向均匀放电转化的条件,采用楔形气隙研究了氖气介质阻挡放电(DBD)中均匀放电和斑图放电模式之间的转化条件。实验发现,随着气隙距离的增大,放电由斑图放电逐渐向均匀放电过渡。对其放电特性的研究结果表明,在相同的气压和气隙距离下,外加电压的增加将导致均匀放电向斑图放电转变;在相同的外加电压和气隙距离下,气压的升高将导致斑图放电向均匀放电转化。经过分析发现这种转化现象的本质与电场强度E与气压p的比值E/p有关,即在一定的气隙距离下,E/p的增加将导致均匀放电向斑图放电转变。实验结果对空气大气压均匀辉光放电的产生具有一定的参考价值。     

A novel pulse-density-modulated high-frequency inverter forsilent-discharge-type ozonizer

This paper presents a novel prototype of a voltage-source load resonant inverter using insulated gate bipolar transistors for driving a silent-discharge-type ozone-generation tube. Ozone-generation technology has a history of more than 100 years and ozonization has been recognized as one of the best methods for water treatment, desinfection, industrial wastes utilization, and so on. However, some technological difficulties related to efficient ozone production and high cost of the ozone-generating equipment have been significant problems restricting ozone usage in the industrial plants. Introduced in this paper is a pulse-density-modulated high-frequency inverter for a silent-discharge-type ozonizer, which is developed with the aim to improve power conversion and control characteristics of the ozone generation by using advances in power electronic technology. The developed system implements the feedforward control-based pulse-density-modulation control scheme with pulsewidth-modulation feedback control strategy to compensate temperature and other environmental influences on ozone gas output     

火花放电预电离对空气中介质阻挡放电的影响

实现大气压下空气中辉光放电的办法之一是降低空气的击穿场强,避免放电以流注的形式发生.为此,利用脉冲电路产生的火花放电为介质阻挡放电提供初始电子,以验证预电离对介质阻挡放电的作用.实验证明:1. 火花放电预电离确有"点燃"放电,降低空气击穿场强的作用,在正常大气压下,采用预电离手段可使击穿场强降低25%左右;2. 预电离的有效率随气压升高而逐渐减小;3. 在有气体流动的条件下,预电离的作用显著增强;4. 预电离并不是实现大气压下空气中的辉光放电的唯一条件.本文中的方法可以用于在较低场强下提供初始电子以建立均匀介质阻挡放电,但在目前的实验条件下,这种作用还远未达到获得大气压下辉光放电的程度.     

Influences of gas density depletion on high‐pressure,pulsed‐glow discharge

High‐pressure, pulsed glow discharge has been studied for the excitation discharge in TEA gas lasers. Various instabilities occur in the subsequent discharge, which induce the arc and collapse for the highly repetitive operation. In this paper, the influences of the gas density depletion on the high‐pressure, pulsed glow discharge have been investigated, eliminating the other instabilities such as shock waves, residual ions, discharge products, and electrode heating. The gas density depletion was produced by utilizing a subsonic flow between the curved electrodes. The comparison has been made on the discharge occurring in the presence of the gas density depletion with that by the double‐pulse experiment in a stable gas. The big gas density nonuniformity tends to cause the arc without the shocks, ions, discharge products, and electrode heating. The transition from glow to arc discharge discontinuously occurs with respect to the gas density depletion. On the other hand, the second discharge in the double‐pulse experiment becomes an arc in much smaller gas density nonuniformity, and the transition from glow to arc occurs gradually. The arc discharge might be driven by some factors other than the gas density depletion. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 130(4): 9–16, 2000     

空气放电产生臭氧的研究

在臭氧产生机理分析的基础上 ,实验研究了功率、气量、气压和气体湿度对臭氧和NOx 产生的影响。结果表明 ,在一定范围内随着功率增加或气体流量减少 ,臭氧体积分数增加 ,臭氧产生效率降低 ,NOx 和NOx/O3 相对体积分数增大 ;一定条件下 ,随着气压增加 ,臭氧体积分数降低 ,NOx/O3 相对体积分数先减少后增加 ;湿度降低 ,臭氧产生体积分数提高 ,NOx/O3 相对体积分数减少。     

Hydrogen peroxide and ozone formation in hybrid gas-liquid electrical discharge Reactors

Ozone in the gas phase and hydrogen peroxide in the liquid phase were simultaneously formed in hybrid electrical discharge reactors, known as the hybrid-series and hybrid-parallel reactors, which utilize both gas phase nonthermal plasma formed above the water surface and direct liquid phase corona-like discharge in the water. In the series configuration the high voltage needle-point electrode is submerged and the ground electrode is placed in the gas phase above the water surface. The parallel configuration employs a high voltage electrode in the gas phase and a high voltage needle-point electrode in the liquid phase with the ground electrode placed at the gas-liquid interface. In both hybrid reactors the gas phase concentration of ozone reached a power-dependent steady state, whereas the hybrid-parallel reactor produced a substantially larger amount of ozone than the hybrid series. Hydrogen peroxide was produced in both hybrid reactors at a similar rate to that of a single-phase liquid electrical discharge reactor. The resulting concentration of H/sub 2/O/sub 2/ in the hybrid reactors, however, depended on the pH of the solution and the gas phase ozone concentration since H/sub 2/O/sub 2/ was decomposed by dissolved ozone at high pH.