基于光纤光栅的冻土含冰量监测可行性试验研究

含冰量是冻土研究的一项重要参数。针对现有含冰量测量的局限性,提出了一种基于光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）的冻土含冰量监测方法。结合冻土温度场,应用内加热FBG刚玉管传感器,通过室内标定试验验证该方法的可行性;基于传统导热系数模型推导出温度特征值与含冰量之间相应函数模型,并应用试验数据进行验证。研究结果表明：试验所得温度特征值随冻土含冰量增加而减小,可以通过该规律初步判断含冰量范围;在温度特性值与含冰量数值关系的拟合中,指数函数模型与本次试验数据拟合度最高,含冰量测量误差小于2%,在可接受范围内;本方法实现冻土含冰量监测具有可行性。     

Application of a GIS-AF/RF model to assess the risk of herbicide leaching in a citrus-growing area of the Valencia Community, Spain

We integrated an index-based attenuation factor/retardation factor (AF/RF) model into a GIS to evaluate the risk of leaching of the most frequently applied herbicides (glyphosate, diuron, diquat, bromacil, simazine, linuron, terbuthylazine, and terbumeton) used in citrus orchards of the Valencia Community, Spain. The GIS-model system was applied to a region of 33,800 ha located near Valencia City. The soil and climate data required by the model were stored in an Arc/Info GIS in which the model algorithms were integrated using the AML programming language. A graphical user interface was developed to facilitate the use of the GIS-model system. The resulting simulation maps indicate that terbumeton, bromacil, and simazine herbicides have the highest risk of leaching because of their high mobility and low K(oc) (32-158 mg l(-1)). The remaining herbicides are strongly adsorbed by clay particles and organic matter, thus minimising the risk of leaching through the soil profile and into groundwater. The obtained ranking of the leaching potential of analysed herbicides is as follows, from highest to lowest risk: terbumeton>bromacil>simazine>terbuthylazine>diuron>linuron>glyphosate>diquat.     

冻土毛细-薄膜水迁移统一模型及其试验验证

针对毛细水迁移机制难以解释冻结缘及不连续分凝冰的形成,薄膜水迁移机制难以解释孔、裂隙间水迁移造成的不均匀冻胀,在毛细理论和冻结缘理论的基础上,通过对冻结缘区增加一组不同孔径的毛细管,对所有毛细管壁增加一层未冻水膜,构建出冻土的毛细-薄膜水分迁移统一模型。该模型从液压驱动角度分析了冻结大孔和未冻小孔中的液压、冰压以及驱动力分布,统一了冰透镜体暖端的液压驱动力与表面吸附力,并结合分凝冰形成机制,推导出分凝-冻结温度的控制方程。再根据表面吸附力、冻结缘渗透系数随分凝 冻结温度的变化律,在达西定律的基础上,给出了水分迁移速度的显式方程。最后,将Konrad冻胀试验中的主要参数代入该显式方程,发现理论计算值与试验值高度一致,验证了该模型的正确性。     

探讨抑制冻结铺装的效果

通过不同温度条件下冰附着强度试验,进行了物理系和化学系抑制冻结铺装的抑制结冰能力研究,结果显示物理化学综合类抑制冻结铺装在不同温度条件下均有较好的抑制结冰效果。     

Linking the mechanical properties of frozen sandstone to phase composition of pore water measured by LF-NMR at subzero temperatures

Water-bearing porous rocks can be greatly strengthened by freezing; its microscopic mechanisms lie in how subzero temperature modifies pore structure but have not yet been clearly defined. In this study, we link the mechanical properties of frozen sandstone to phase composition of pore water (i.e., relative amount of unfrozen water and ice). Both the strength (uniaxial compressive strength and tensile strength) and the phase composition of pore water (tested through the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method) of frozen sandstone at nine subzero temperatures were measured. The results showed the following: (1) subzero temperature strengthened saturated sandstone significantly, both the strengths increased in a three-stage mode and each stage showed an approximately linear trend as temperature decreased from 0 to – 20 °C; and (2) change of phase composition with freezing displayed two distinct stages: the rapid decreasing stage of unfrozen water content (0 to – 4 °C), when bulk water and capillary water froze almost completely, and the slow decreasing stage (? 4 to – 20 °C), when adsorbed water froze partially. Based on direct observations on microscopic pore structure of sandstone and detailed discussion on the mechanical interactions between water, ice, and pore wall, phase composition may modify the mechanical properties of frozen rocks through the following effects: the supporting effect of ice under compression, the crack-filling effect of ice, the cementing effect of unfrozen water film under tension or under shearing load, and the frost damage effect. The former three are strengthening effects, while the latter one is weakening effect.

     

基于与围岩相互作用的冻结壁弹塑性设计理论

冻结壁设计理论是冻结法凿井技术的核心之一。传统的冻结壁厚度弹塑性设计公式在冻结壁与围岩的弹性模量之比小于10时有较大的误差。为了更合理地设计冻结壁,建立了考虑开挖卸载作用的冻结壁与围岩相互作用弹塑性力学模型,推导了应力与位移解析解,建立了新的弹塑性冻结壁厚度计算公式,分析了各因素对冻结壁厚度的影响规律。分析表明,新公式较传统的多姆克公式更合理,并建议选用Coulomb-Mohr屈服准则进行冻结壁厚度计算。     

A study on pesticide runoff from paddy fields to a river in rural region--1: field survey of pesticide runoff in the Kozakura River, Japan

Runoff characteristics of nine kinds of herbicides from paddy fields were surveyed in the Kozakura River, that is one of the tributaries flowing into the Lake of Kasumigaura, over a period of 23 April to 30 June (before and after rice transplantation) of year. The flow rates of river water and the concentrations of herbicides in the river water were measured every day in May and every 2 days in April and June at six survey sites along the river. The runoff characteristics of herbicides were elucidated by taking account of the rainfall data, the detailed application data (application date and quantities of herbicides applied to each paddy field in a region), and their physico-chemical properties. The runoff rates (the runoff/application amounts ratio) were calculated for each herbicide, resulting in the range of 8.2-22.4%. The runoff rates were correlated fairly well with octanol-water partition coefficient, logP(ow), rather than with water solubility of herbicides.     

遮阳棚在多年冻土区路基工程中的应用研究

基于青藏铁路路基遮阳棚工程的监测资料,结合室内模拟试验及计算,就该措施保护多年冻土地基的效果进行了分析。分析表明,遮阳棚通过遮挡太阳直接辐射、降低近地表气温和地表温度,进而降低了其影响范围内的土体温度,起到了保护冻土的良好作用。     

Photodecomposition du bioxyde de chlore et des ions chlorite par irradiation U.V. en milieu aqueux—partie I. Sous-produits de reactionPhotodecomposition of chlorine dioxide and chlorite by U.V.-Irradiation—Part I. Photo-products

Literature data about the photochemistry of oxychlorine compounds in aqueous solutions (flash photolysis, pulse radiolysis, solar radiation) indicate that the products (ClO, Cl, O, O⁻,…) generated from the primary photochemical reactions of decomposition of chlorine dioxide and hypochlorite can then initiate complex reactions which lead to the formation of many secondary products (Cl₂O₂, Cl₂O₁, ClO⁻,…) and of chlorate, chloride and molecular oxygen as end-products (Table 1). The aim of this work was to study the photodecomposition of aqueous solutions of chlorine dioxide and chlorite in u.v. reactors equipped with low pressure mercury vapour lamps in order to show the effects of pH and of the initial concentrations on the nature of photoproducts and on the rate of photodecomposition of ClO₂ and ClO₂⁻. This paper presents the data obtained for the identification of photoproducts. The kinetics of photodecomposition will be presented in another paper (Part II).     

基于CT图像的冻结岩石冰含量及损伤特性分析

冻结岩石中冰含量对其热力学及损伤特性有重要影响,研究岩石冻结过程中冰含量随温度的变化规律可以为冻结岩石工程的安全稳定性评价提供科学依据。运用CT识别技术,进行不同温度梯度下冻结岩石的CT扫描实验,获得20 ℃、-2 ℃、-5 ℃、-10 ℃、-20 ℃、-30 ℃下岩石的CT扫描图像,实现了冻结岩石CT图像的伪彩色增强和直方图分析,完成了冻结岩石冰含量及损伤信息的数字表述,对冰含量随温度的变化规律进行定量分析。依据损伤力学理论,定义以冰含量表示的冻结损伤变量,探讨了未冻水含量和温度梯度对冻结岩石损伤特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:(-2 ℃,-5 ℃)是水冰剧烈相变的温度区间,冻结损伤演化起始和急剧增大阶段;(-5 ℃,-10 ℃)是冻结损伤发展阶段;(-20 ℃,-30 ℃)是冻结损伤趋于稳定的温度区间。所定义的冻结损伤变量能够描述温度降低过程中岩石损伤的演化过程,基于冻结岩石CT图像伪彩色增强的冻结岩石损伤演化的定量分析为冻结岩石工程的稳定性研究提供了新的思路和方法。     

中国冻土力学研究50a回顾与展望

中国多年冻土和季节冻土面积分别占国土面积的 21.5% 和 53.5% 。在这些地区,地表层都被一层冬冻夏融的冻结–融化层覆盖,作为地基的冻结–融化层,在其冻融过程中土体性质受气温的变化直接影响着上部建筑物的稳定与安全,因此,在冻土地区进行水利工程、工业与民用建筑及交通运输工程的建设,就必须对冻土及其与工程建筑物相互作用的一系列工程冻土学理论和实践问题做出解答,以确保冻土地基上工程建筑物的稳定性、耐久性及经济合理性。简要回顾了中国冻土力学的创始和发展过程,阐述了冻土力学在强度与变形、本构模型研究、水热过程研究、冻土与结构物相互作用研究及冻土力学测试技术的发展等 5 个方面的成就,并根据冻土力学学科特点、工程建设对冻土力学发展的要求以及相关学科的发展趋势,展望了冻土力学未来的发展方向。     

Laboratory study and interpretation of mechanical behavior of frozen clay through state concept

Towards the development of a mechanical model that can be part of multi-physical analysis of frozen soils, a program of systematic frozen-unfrozen parallel triaxial tests at different temperatures and strain rates was conducted. The mechanical behavior of the reconstituted high-plasticity clay samples was investigated and interpreted through a state concept based on Ladanyi and Morel’s (1990) postulate on the unique relationship between the inter-particle “effective” stress and the strain path. The Critical State Lines (CSLs) for clay specimens frozen undrained were mapped by referring to the shear behavior of unfrozen specimens sharing the same strain history. With other conditions set identical, the shear strength linearly increased with a decrease in the temperature for the range from ?10 °C to ?2 °C, and log-linearly increased with an increase in the strain rate for the range from 0.001%/min to 0.1%/min. Direct comparison of the strain-rate effects between frozen and unfrozen specimens with identical strain paths and states in the soil skeleton clearly indicates that the viscoplasticity derives from that of pore ice. A conceptual interpretative framework invoking temperature- and strain rate-dependent state bounding surfaces and CSLs was proposed to describe the behavior of frozen soils under steady and non-steady temperature and strain rate. The above observations of the behavioral features of frozen and unfrozen soils, with further experimental work, are expected to lead to the construction of a unified framework for describing the behavior under both states and the transition between them.     

非饱和膨润土失水收缩与冻结体变关系研究

与饱和膨润土呈现冻胀现象不同,非饱和膨润土在冻结过程中体缩现象显著,其体缩可能与其失水收缩和冰水相变后产生的冰晶胶结作用有关。为探究非饱和膨润土的冻结体变特征,进行了不同初始孔隙比、饱和度下的三维等温体变试验、常温风干试验。试验结果表明:非饱和膨润土冻结温度低于粉质黏土,和其初始含水率正相关;非饱和膨润土在冻融循环中存在低密度土体被压密,高密度土体密度减小的现象。非饱和膨润土在冻结过程中,低饱和度土样存在明显的体缩现象,随着饱和度的提高,其体缩现象逐步消失直至出现明显冻胀;这种现象说明:冻结过程中,不仅存在冰水相变引起的冻胀作用,而且还存在着由于冰水胶结而产生的体缩作用;通过进一步的数据分析,得到了冰水相变导致的体变与土体体积含冰量之间的关系,它综合反映了饱和度、孔隙比、温度等因素对非饱和膨润土冻结体变特性的影响。     

考虑加载速率影响的冻结含盐砂土强度准则研究

围压、加载速率等外部条件对冻结盐渍土强度影响显著。对-15℃德令哈含盐砂土进行了一系列不同加载速率、不同围压下的常规三轴剪切试验,依据广义非线性强度理论建立了考虑加载速率影响的冻结含盐砂土强度准则。依据试验结果采用二次函数拟合得到了子午面上的破坏函数,分析了加载速率对冻结含盐砂土强度及内摩擦角的影响。通过修正的Lade-Duncan强度准则给出了?平面上的破坏函数,探讨了加载速率对子午面破坏函数及偏平面形状函数的影响。提出的模型能够反映在加载速率、压融以及冰晶破碎等因素共同影响下的冻结含盐砂土强度的非线性特点。     

深部人工冻土CT试验分析方法研究

对地层深部人工冻土内部细观结构进行研究,获得不同负温和外荷载下冻土融化时内部结构演化的高精CT实时图像,利用Matlab软件对图像中土颗粒、冰晶及空隙成分统计分析,同时证实了灰度值分析方法的可行性。     

Effect of dissolved oxygen on the photodecomposition of monochloramine and dichloramine in aqueous solution by UV irradiation at 253.7 nm

The effect of dissolved oxygen on the photodecomposition of monochloramine (7.5 < pH < 10) and dichloramine (pH = 3.7 ± 0.2) at 253.7 nm has been investigated. The kinetic study shows that the rate of photodecomposition of monochloramine is about two times faster in the absence of oxygen than in the presence of oxygen, is not significantly affected by pH and by the presence of hydroxyl radical scavengers (hydrogenocarbonate ion and tert-butanol). The apparent quantum yields of photodecomposition of monochloramine at 253.7 nm ([NH₂Cl]₀ ≈ 1.5-2 mM, ?_{253.7 nm} = 371 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹) were equal to 0.28 ± 0.03 and 0.54 ± 0.03 mol E⁻¹ in oxygenated-saturated and in oxygen-free solutions, respectively. The photodecomposition rates or the apparent quantum yields of photodecomposition of dichloramine ([NHCl₂]₀ ≈ 1.5-2 mM, pH = 3.7 ± 0.2) in oxygen-free and in oxygen-saturated solutions were quite identical (Φ = 0.82 ± 0.08 mol E⁻¹; ?_{253.7 nm} = 126 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹). Under O₂ saturation, UV irradiation of NH₂Cl leads to the formation of nitrite (≈0.37 mol/mol of NH₂Cl decomposed), nitrate (≈0.073 mol/mol) and does not form ammonia (<0.01 mol/mol). In oxygen-free solutions, monochloramine decomposes to form ammonia (≈0.37 mol/mol). Photodecomposition of dichloramine did not lead to significant amounts of nitrite and nitrate in the presence and in the absence of oxygen. The nitrogen mass balances also indicate the formation of other nitrogen species (probably N₂ and/or N₂O) during the photodecomposition of monochloramine and dichloramine by UV irradiation at 253.7 nm.     

饱和冻结黏土在常应变率下的单轴抗压强度

冻土作为一种复杂的多相介质,其强度受多方面因素的影响。通过三种不同干密度饱和冻结黏土在常应变率下的单轴抗压强度试验,得出了饱和冻结黏土的单轴抗压强度受温度、应变率、破坏时间及干密度等因素的影响规律,并分别建立了以温度、应变率(或破坏时间)及干密度为变量的强度预报方程。     

Various factors affecting photodecomposition of methylene blue by iron-oxides in an oxalate solution

The effect of various factors on the photodecomposition of methylene blue (MB) by iron oxides calcined at various temperatures in various concentrations of oxalate solutions was investigated by illuminating with UV, visible and solar radiation. Iron oxides were prepared by a gel evaporation method and calcined at 200-700 °C. XRD showed that the as-synthesized iron oxides were amorphous, but formed maghemite (γ-Fe₂O₃) at 200-400 °C and hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) at ≥500 °C. The effect of the various iron oxides, their contents, the oxalate concentration and wavelength of the light source (UV, visible and solar) were all found to strongly influence MB photodecomposition. The optimal contents of the iron oxides increased greatly from 25 to 2000 mg/L at higher calcining temperatures. The MB photodecomposition rate at each optimal iron oxide content was related to the calcining temperature in the order 700 °C < uncalcined < 500 °C < 400 °C < 300 °C. The MB degradation was confirmed to occur by visible light illumination. Excellent photodecomposition was found at pH 2-5, but the photodegradation decreased greatly at pH > 6, consistent with the presence of iron-oxalate complexes. A much higher concentration of hydroxyl radicals was generated in the present system compared with those from a commercial TiO₂ (ST-01), as determined by the coumarin method. Since this process does not require the addition of hydrogen peroxide and shows good efficiency even under solar light, it is an economically viable method for pre-treating and/or decolorizing wastewaters containing dyes.     

Study on Fe(VI) species as a disinfectant: quantitative evaluation and modeling for inactivating Escherichia coli

Ferrate (Fe(VI)) has high potentials as a multi-purpose water treatment chemical acting as an oxidant, coagulant, and disinfectant, but little detail has been reported concerning its biocidal ability. In this study, the inactivation efficiencies of three Fe(VI) species (H(x)FeO(4)(x-2), x=0, 1, 2) are quantified using Escherichia coli as a model microorganism. E. coli inactivation by Fe(VI) was performed in solutions buffered with 25 mM phosphate in the pH range of 5.6-8.2 and at 25 degrees C. Kinetics of E. coli inactivation were successfully fitted to the Modified Delayed Chick-Watson model in the tested pH range, indicating that log inactivation level of E. coli is linearly proportional to exposure amount of E. coli to Fe(VI). The rate constant of E. coli inactivation by Fe(VI) (k(obs)) that was obtained from the linear regression increased non-linearly from 0.33 to 6.25 l(mg min)(-1) with decreasing pH from 8.2 to 5.6. From the measured pH dependency of k(obs) and the known acidity constants of Fe(VI) species (pK(a), H(2)FeO(4)=3.50 and pK(a), HFeO(4)(-)=7.23), HFeO(4)(-) and H(2)FeO(4) were found to be 3 and 265 times as effective as FeO(4)(2-) in E. coli inactivation, respectively.     

基于与围岩相互作用的冻结壁塑性设计理论

冻结壁设计理论是冻结法凿井技术的核心之一。传统的冻结壁厚度塑性设计公式是在加载条件下导出的,未考虑冻结壁与围岩的相互作用和内摩擦角的影响,与实际相差较大。为了更合理地设计冻结壁,建立了考虑开挖卸载作用的冻结壁与井壁相互作用塑性力学模型,推导了应力与位移解析解,分析了各因素对冻结壁厚度的影响规律,建立了新的塑性冻结壁厚度计算公式。分析表明,新公式较传统的公式更合理,并建议选用Coulomb-Mohr屈服准则进行冻结壁厚度计算。