Power Electronics and Motor Drives in Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

With the requirements for reducing emissions and improving fuel economy, automotive companies are developing electric, hybrid electric, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Power electronics is an enabling technology for the development of these environmentally friendlier vehicles and implementing the advanced electrical architectures to meet the demands for increased electric loads. In this paper, a brief review of the current trends and future vehicle strategies and the function of power electronic subsystems are described. The requirements of power electronic components and electric motor drives for the successful development of these vehicles are also presented.     

Feasibility Analysis of a Novel Cell Equalizer Topology for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy-Storage Systems

To meet the stringent cost targets for hybrid electric, plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV), and all-electric vehicles, serious improvement in battery cycle life and safety is undoubtedly essential. More recently, lithium batteries, in the form of lithium-ion, lithium-polymer, or lithium iron phosphate, have profoundly been explored. Despite critical research initiatives, lithium-based batteries have not yet been able to meet the steep energy demands, long lifetime, and low cost, which are unique to vehicular-propulsion applications. One of the most practical techniques of improving overall performance is to use suitable power electronics intensive cell-voltage equalizers in conjunction with onboard energy-storage devices. There have been some interesting developments in this area during the last few years, but cost constraints and high current specifications have prevented the complete deployment of this versatile technology. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a novel configuration for a cell-voltage equalizer, with the potential of fulfilling the expectations of low cost, high current capability, and high efficiency. A comprehensive comparison between the theoretical novel equalizer, a typical equalizer, and the experimental prototype of the novel equalizer will be presented, which will help analyze performance, complexity, and cost.     

Modeling of a Series Hybrid Electric High-Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle

In an effort to reduce fuel costs and gas emissions, the U.S. Army is looking into replacing their diesel high-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV) with hybrid electric vehicles. The aim of this paper is to present the simulation of the series hybrid electric HMMWV based on a multidomain model using Ansoft Simplorer. Emphasis is placed on the vehicle's transient response to desired speeds dictated by drive cycles based on an urban dynamometer driving schedule and SAE J227a Schedule D. Also included in this paper were the vehicle's responses to hill climbing up to 60% grade     

Advanced Integrated Bidirectional AC/DC and DC/DC Converter for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) technology provides an effective solution for achieving higher fuel economy, better performance, and lower emissions, compared with conventional vehicles. Plug-in HEVs (PHEVs) are HEVs with plug-in capabilities and provide a more all-electric range; hence, PHEVs improve fuel economy and reduce emissions even more. PHEVs have a battery pack of high energy density and can run solely on electric power for a given range. The battery pack can be recharged by a neighborhood outlet. In this paper, a novel integrated bidirectional AC/DC charger and DC/DC converter (henceforth, the integrated converter) for PHEVs and hybrid/plug-in-hybrid conversions is proposed. The integrated converter is able to function as an AC/DC battery charger and to transfer electrical energy between the battery pack and the high-voltage bus of the electric traction system. It is shown that the integrated converter has a reduced number of high-current inductors and current transducers and has provided fault-current tolerance in PHEV conversion.     

Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

This paper discusses the need for modeling and simulation of electric and hybrid vehicles. Different modeling methods such as physics-based Resistive Companion Form technique and Bond Graph method are presented with powertrain component and system modeling examples. The modeling and simulation capabilities of existing tools such as Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT), ADvanced VehIcle SimulatOR (ADVISOR), PSIM, and Virtual Test Bed are demonstrated through application examples. Since power electronics is indispensable in hybrid vehicles, the issue of numerical oscillations in dynamic simulations involving power electronics is briefly addressed     

DSP-Based Sensorless Electric Motor Fault Diagnosis Tools for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain Applications

The integrity of electric motors in work and passenger vehicles can best be maintained by frequently monitoring its condition. In this paper, a signal processing-based motor fault diagnosis scheme is presented in detail. The practicability and reliability of the proposed algorithm are tested on rotor asymmetry detection at zero speed, i.e., at startup and idle modes in the case of a vehicle. Regular rotor asymmetry tests are done when the motor is running at a certain speed under load with stationary current signal assumption. It is quite challenging to obtain these regular test conditions for long-enough periods of time during daily vehicle operations. In addition, automobile vibrations cause nonuniform air-gap motor operation, which directly affects the inductances of electric motors and results in a noisy current spectrum. Therefore, it is challenging to apply conventional rotor fault-detection methods while examining the condition of electric motors as part of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) powertrain. The proposed method overcomes the aforementioned problems by simply testing the rotor asymmetry at zero speed. This test can be achieved at startup or repeated during idle modes where the speed of the vehicle is zero. The proposed method can be implemented at no cost using the readily available electric motor inverter sensors and microprocessing unit. Induction motor fault signatures are experimentally tested online by employing the drive-embedded master processor (TMS320F2812 DSP) to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.      

ECE R10.04电动车和混合动力车的新增要求

介绍了ECE R10第4版法规关于电动车和混合动力车在充电过程中,对外界环境所产生的辐射干扰和对电网及网络产生的传导干扰要求,以及车辆本身对来自外界辐射和传导干扰的抗干扰能力要求,并针对这些要求与相关的国际标准进行了比较与分析。     

混合动力电动汽车逆变系统中驱动高达600A—IGBT用的一种600V高压半桥式栅极驱动器集成电路

本文研制了一种600V高压半桥式、用于驱动IGBT栅极的集成电路（IC）。本文将先介绍基于监测IGBT传感电流的短路保护功能，然后介绍电平下移功能。之后，还将讨论另一种我们研制的短路保护功能电路，它通过对集电极和栅极的监测实现对IGBT的短路保护。本文中的IC最多可以驱动带有几个外部部件的600A／600V等级IGBT。本电路不仅适用于工业逆变器，而且适用于混合动力电动汽车。     

Power-Electronics-Based Solutions for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage and Management Systems

Batteries, ultracapacitors (UCs), and fuel cells are widely being proposed for electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid EVs (PHEVs) as an electric power source or an energy storage unit. In general, the design of an intelligent control strategy for coordinated power distribution is a critical issue for UC-supported PHEV power systems. Implementation of several control methods has been presented in the past, with the goal of improving battery life and overall vehicle efficiency. It is clear that the control objectives vary with respect to vehicle velocity, power demand, and state of charge of both the batteries and UCs. Hence, an optimal control strategy design is the most critical aspect of an all-electric/plug-in hybrid electric vehicle operational characteristic. Although much effort has been made to improve the life of PHEV energy storage systems (ESSs), including research on energy storage device chemistries, this paper, on the contrary, highlights the fact that the fundamental problem lies within the design of power-electronics-based energy-management converters and the development of smarter control algorithms. This paper initially discusses battery and UC characteristics and then goes on to provide a detailed comparison of various proposed control strategies and proposes the use of precise power electronic converter topologies. Finally, this paper summarizes the benefits of the various techniques and suggests the most viable solutions for on-board power management, more specific to PHEVs with multiple/hybrid ESSs.      

电动车辆电磁发射测试实例分析

对电动车电磁干扰特性及其标准进行分析和讨论,并对带有不同电机的四个电动车与一款开关磁阻式电机进行了电磁发射的测试。根据测试结果,分析出不同种类的电机的电磁干扰特性有一定的差异,并给出了更合理的测试建议。     

Transient Modeling and Analysis of Pulse-Width Modulated Z-Source Inverter

The newly proposed Z-Source inverter has been proven in the literature to exhibit both steady-state voltage buck and boost capabilities using a unique LC impedance network coupled between the power source and converter circuit. This paper now presents transient modeling and analysis of a voltage-type Z-source inverter. These aspects are found to be challenging and they need to be carefully investigated before attempting to design advanced control algorithms for controlling the Z-source inverter. Through detailed analysis, the paper identifies several phenomena on the dc and ac-sides of the inverter, which would result in the inverter having a non-minimum-phase transient response. The dc-side phenomenon is associated with the Z-source impedance network, which is shown through small-signal and signal-flow-graph analyses to be having a right-half-plane zero in its control-to-output transfer function. Also, the ac-side phenomenon is shown through space vector analysis to depend on the time intervals of inverter states used for reconstructing the desired inverter output voltage. Based on the ac vectorial analysis, a method for improving the inverter transient response is also presented. Last, simulation results obtained using a switching-functional model and experimental results obtained using a laboratory prototype are presented for validating the described theoretical concepts     

基于虚拟原型的机电一体化建模与仿真技术分析

随着我国虚拟技术的发展,它在各行各业中的应用更加广泛,尤其是虚拟原型技术能够更好地完善产品性能,提高设计效果.文章分析了虚拟原型技术的原理及机电一体化建模和仿真技术,期望更好的促进科学技术的发展.     

电动汽车充电模式及方式浅析

电动汽车是未来新能源汽车的发展方向,能实现交通领域能源利用的多元化和清洁化。充电设施的建设是电动汽车产业发展的重要支撑和前提。文中介绍了三种充电模式及各类电动汽车适用的充电方式,以深圳市为例分析了充电设施的现状及问题,并对其规划布局和规范接口提出了原则性建议。     

混合动力汽车能量管理系统的模糊控制与仿真研究

前言 环境和能源问题的日益突出,使低排放甚至零排放汽车的开发受到了广泛的关注.电动汽车以无(低)污染、高燃油经济性、高性能和低排放的优点成为当代汽车发展的主要方向.但是,电动汽车的发展需要解决两大关键问题:即能量存储和动力驱动问题,由于短期内动力电池贮能不足的问题很难解决,于是能量管理技术就成为电动汽车发展的重要部分.     

电动车辆电磁兼容性整车测量与分析

基于电磁兼容理论,指出了电动车辆系统中的电磁干扰源与干扰途径,详细说明了电动车辆驱动系统中高功率变换器件和高频率陡沿等干扰源;同时对电动车辆中电磁干扰中的耦合与串扰、共地干扰等进行建模与分析。最后通过整车干扰的测试,总结了电动车辆电磁骚扰在电磁干扰方面的特性。     

基于Sunplus SPCE061A控制核心的电动车跷跷板设计及实现

为设计一可以在跷跷板上自动找到平衡的电动小车,采用凌阳SPCE061A作为电动车的控制核心,直流电机驱动,将无触点磁敏电位器加重锤改造后自制成角度传感器检测平衡点,黑线作为方向引导,车载LCD为状态显示界面,并由相应的语音播报进行平衡提示,实现了电动车自动寻找跷跷板和板上平衡点的自动寻找等功能.经过多次测试验证,电动车均能很好地找到跷跷板上的平衡点,证明该设计方案可行.该设计新思想具有简单、方便、实用的特点.     

软交换系统在宁夏电力的实现及优化分析

基于软交换技术实现电力企业内部多种网络和业务的融合,是未来电力通信网的发展方向。文章从宁夏电力软交换系统组网架构设计出发,介绍了宁夏电力软交换系统与传统程控交换机初期共存、平滑过渡、完全替代的建设方案,并对其从提高承载网安全性、扩大覆盖范围及拓宽增值业务种类等方面,提出了进一步优化的思考。     

Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Architecture and Motor Drives

Electric traction is one of the most promising technologies that can lead to significant improvements in vehicle performance, energy utilization efficiency, and polluting emissions. Among several technologies, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) traction is the most promising technology that has the advantages of high performance, high fuel efficiency, low emissions, and long operating range. Moreover, the technologies of all the component hardware are technically and markedly available. At present, almost all the major automotive manufacturers are developing hybrid electric vehicles, and some of them have marketed their productions, such as Toyota and Honda. This paper reviews the present technologies of HEVs in the range of drivetrain configuration, electric motor drives, and energy storages     

大功率光伏并网逆变器控制系统分析与实现

文章深入分析了大功率光伏并网逆变器的控制系统。介绍了光伏并网逆变器的分类,以及大功率光伏并网逆变器的电路拓扑;重点分析了最大功率跟踪MPPT、功率因数调节、锁相、孤岛检测、低电压穿越等关键技术。应用这些关键技术设计的500 kW光伏并网逆变器,具有变换效率高、MPPT范围宽、并网电流失真度小、功率因数高、体积重量小、成本低等优点。