Phaseless near-field to far-field transformation based on source current reconstruction and signal subspace optimization

In this article, an algorithm for the phaseless near-field (NF) to far-field (FF) transformation based on the source current reconstruction method (SRM) is proposed. The algorithm starts with decomposing the equivalent currents of the antenna under test (AUT) into a deterministic and ambiguous current. The deterministic portion of the current is determined from the phaseless signal subspace-based optimization method (SOM), while several iterative forward-backward propagations add the ambiguous portion. It is shown that with the SOM initialization, no further prior information about the antenna under test is needed and the iterative scheme can converge to the desired result within a few iterations. A simulation and a measurement example validate the proposed algorithm. All results show an accurate, fast, and stable phaseless field transformation is obtained.     

Implementation and optimization of GPU‐based parallel one‐step leapfrog ADI‐FDTD for far‐field scattering problems

The one‐step leapfrog alternative‐direction‐implicit finite‐difference time‐domain (ADI‐FDTD), free from the Courant‐Friedrichs‐Lewy (CFL) stability condition and sub‐step computations, is efficient when dealing with fine grid problems. However, solution of the numerous tridiagonal systems still imposes a great computational burden and makes the method hard to execute in parallel. In this paper, we proposed an efficient graphic processing unit (GPU)‐based parallel implementation of the one‐step leapfrog ADI‐FDTD for the far‐field EM scattering simulation of objects, in which we present and analyze the manners of calculation area division and thread allocation and a data layout transformation of z components is proposed to achieve better memory access mode, which is a key factor affecting GPU execution efficiency. The simulation experiment is carried out to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the GPU‐based implementation. The simulation results show that there is a good agreement between the proposed one‐step leapfrog ADI‐FDTD method and Yee's FDTD in solving the far‐field scattering problem and huge benefits in performance were encountered when the method was accelerated using GPU technology.     

Comparison of image reconstruction by using near‐field and far‐field data for an imperfect conductor

Image reconstruction by using near‐field and far‐field data for an imperfectly conducting cylinder is investigated. A conducting cylinder of unknown shape and conductivity scatters the incident wave in free space and the scattered near and far fields are measured. By using measured fields, the imaging problem is reformulated into an optimization problem and solved by the genetic algorithm. Numerical results show that the convergence speed and final reconstructed results by using near‐field data are better than those obtained by using far‐field data. This work provides both comparative and quantitative information. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 11: 69–73, 2001.     

Multi‐color LC/BL algorithm in field‐sequential‐color LCD for color‐breakup suppression

Abstract— The proposed liquid‐crystal and backlight (LC/BL) algorithm presents the dynamic field‐sequential‐color (D‐FSC) algorithm to reduce the color‐breakup (CBU) effect without greatly increasing the subframe rate. The D‐FSC algorithm can intelligently select one adequate color sequence from multiple color sequences according to the image data. In other words, the scope of CBU suppression of the proposed LC/BL algorithm is more extensive than other conventional FSCs. Simulation results show that the CBU suppression can be improved substantially by the proposed evaluation equation.     

Self‐calibration three‐dimensional light field display based on scalable multi‐LCDs

Approach to achieve self‐calibration three‐dimensional (3D) light field display is investigated in this paper. The proposed 3D light field display is constructed up on spliced multi‐LCDs, lens and diaphragm arrays, and directional diffuser. The light field imaging principle, hardware configuration, diffuser characteristic, and image reconstruction simulation are described and analyzed, respectively. Besides the light field imaging, a self‐calibration method is proposed to improve the imaging performance. An image sensor is deployed to capture calibration patterns projected onto and then reflected by the polymer dispersed liquid crystal film, which is attached to and shaped the diffuser. These calibration components are assembled with the display unit and can be switched between display mode and calibration mode. In the calibration mode, the imperfect imaging relations of optical components are captured and calibrated automatically. We demonstrate our design by implementing the prototype of proposed 3D light field display by using modified off‐the‐shelf products. The proposed approach successfully meets the requirement of real application on scalable configuration, fast calibration, large viewing angular range, and smooth motion parallax.     

A pair of parallel differential magnetic‐field probes with high measurement accuracy and high electric‐field suppression ratio

Magnetic‐field probes can be used for electromagnetic interference measurement of high‐speed circuits. The main magnetic probe performance includes sensitivity, spatial resolution, electric‐field suppression ratio (EFSR), and measurement accuracy. In this article, a pair of differential magnetic‐field probes is proposed to improve measurement accuracy without reducing sensitivity. The proposed differential probes consist of two asymmetric loop probes, which are designed in the same plane and separated by a row of periodic vias. The proposed differential probes are fabricated under PCB process. High accuracy can be achieved by measuring difference between outputs of the two probes. In addition, EFSR can be improved by size optimization of the differential magnetic‐field probes. Simulation and measurement results show the operating bandwidth is from 100 MHz to 12 GHz, the measurement error is 3.4% and the EFSR is about 40 dB. The proposed probes have higher measurement accuracy and higher EFSR than the conventional single probe, and larger operation bandwidth than the stacked differential probes.     

Design of a low‐cost 1‐20 GHz magnetic near‐field probe with FR‐4 printed circuit board

An ultra‐wideband magnetic near‐field probe based on a conventional low‐cost four layers of FR‐4 printed circuit board is proposed in this article. It can be used to measure the magnetic near‐field strength from RF magnetic sources or electronic devices for EMI conformance test. The operating frequency of the probe is from 1 GHz up to 20 GHz. The probe is constructed based on a coplanar waveguide and stripline with a short‐end loop. The probe dimension is 10 mm × 25 mm × 0.6 mm. The prototype probe is electric field‐shield structure and has a very high unwanted electric field suppression ratio about 17.7 dB. The probe calibration factor from the simulation agrees well with the calibration factor computed from the measurement. The average probe factor is 38.8 dBS/m and probe sensitivity is 47.4 dB μ A/m.     

Mean‐field backward stochastic differential equation with non‐Lipschitz coefficient

This paper establishes a new existence and uniqueness result of a solution for one dimensional mean‐field backward stochastic differential equation (MFBSDE), where its coefficient is weaker than the classical Lipschitz case. An example is given to illustrate its applicability. This new solution will provide a key tool for studying mean‐field control problems.     

Multivehicle coverage control for a nonstationary spatiotemporal field

This paper presents a multivehicle sampling algorithm to generate trajectories for nonuniform coverage of a nonstationary spatiotemporal field characterized by spatial and temporal decorrelation scales that vary in space and time, respectively. The sampling algorithm described in this paper uses a nonlinear coordinate transformation that renders the field locally stationary so that existing multivehicle control algorithms can be used to provide uniform coverage. When transformed back to the original coordinates, the sampling trajectories are concentrated in regions of short spatial and temporal decorrelation scales. For fields with coupled spatial statistics, i.e., the spatial decorrelation scales are functions of both spatial dimensions, the coordinate transformation is implemented numerically, whereas for decoupled spatial statistics, the transformation is expressed analytically. We show that the analytical transformation results in vehicle motion that preserves the vehicle sampling speed (which is a measure of vehicle speed scaled by the ratio of the spatial and temporal decorrelation scales), in the original domain; the sampling speed determines the minimum number of vehicles needed to cover a spatiotemporal domain. Theoretical results are illustrated by numerical simulations.     

Polarization‐independent blue‐phase liquid‐crystal gratings driven by vertical electric field

Abstract— A blue‐phase liquid‐crystal grating is proposed by applying a vertical electric field with lateral periodic distribution. Simulation on electric‐field distribution was also carried out, the results of which suggest the alternation of isotropic and ordinary refractive indices in the lateral direction. Through the electrode configuration design, both 1 D and 2D gratings were demonstrated with high transmittance of ca. 85%. The diffraction efficiency of the first order reached up to 38.7% and 1 7.8% for the 1D and 2D cases, respectively. The field‐induced fast phase modulation permits a rapid switching of diffraction orders down to the submillisecond scale.     

基于多个自主水下航行器的分布式协同流场估计

本文考虑利用多个自主式水下航行器(AUV)实现流场估计, 提出了一种基于树型网络的分布式方法来估计 水下流场. 在本文中, 借助绝对运动积分误差和相对运动积分误差, 流场估计问题被描述为求解一个以未知流场为 变元的非线性方程组. 继而本文在多AUV系统内建立一个低通讯成本的树型网络, 并在该网络上运行一种分布式 算法以求解与流场估计相关的非线性方程组. 在该算法中, 每个AUV将当前的流场估计值连续地投影到自身拥有 的约束方程的解集中, 并通过扩散和池化两个步骤在树型网络间传递流场估计值. 本文证明了上述算法的收敛性, 并通过仿真实验验证了所述分布式协同流场估计方法的有效性.     

Supervised Multi‐Rejector of Periodic Disturbances for Nonlinear Systems Using Decoupled State Multimodel

In this paper, a multi‐rejector of periodic disturbances is proposed for discrete‐time nonlinear systems represented by a decoupled state multimodel. We report a decoupled state multimodel repetitive‐predictive control based on a supervised algorithm to ensure reference trajectory tracking and periodic disturbances rejection. Partial predictors associated to the local controllers make the best choice of the most valid partial controller that meets the desired closed loop performances. The effectiveness of the supervised multi‐rejector is shown via a simulation example. The obtained results are satisfactory and show a good rejection of periodic disturbances and reference trajectory tracking.     

Rigorous interference and diffraction analysis of diffractive optic elements using the finite-difference time-domain method

The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method has proven to be a useful tool to analyze electromagnetic scattering phenomena. In this work, the FDTD method is applied at optical wavelengths. More precisely, we present the results obtained using the FDTD algorithm to simulate the performance of optical devices such as volume diffraction gratings. The Perfectly Matched Layers (PML), Total-Field Scattered-Field formulation (TF/SF) and Near-Field to Far-Field transformation (NF/FF) are some add-ons included in order to correctly calculate the far field distribution obtained from the numerical near-field values computed in the simulation region. These values in the near-field region are computed by illuminating the grating with of a plane wave at the Bragg angle of incidence. In addition, we compare the results obtained by the FDTD method to those obtained using the Rigorous Coupled Wave Theory (RCWT) applied to diffraction gratings. As will be seen in this paper there is good agreement between the two approaches, thus validating our FDTD implementation.     

Quasi sliding mode‐based single input fuzzy self‐tuning decoupled fuzzy PI control for robot manipulators with uncertainty

This paper presents a robust adaptive control strategy for robot manipulators, based on the coupling of the fuzzy logic control with the so‐called sliding mode control (SMC) approach. The motivation for using SMC in robotics mainly relies on its appreciable features. However, the drawbacks of the conventional SMC, such as chattering effect and required a priori knowledge of the bounds of uncertainties can be destructive. In this paper, these problems are suitably circumvented by adopting a reduced rule base single input fuzzy self tuning decoupled fuzzy proportional integral sliding mode control approach. In this new approach a decoupled fuzzy proportional integral control is used and a reduced rule base single input fuzzy self‐tuning controller as a supervisory fuzzy system is added to adaptively tune the output control gain of the decoupled fuzzy proportional integral control. Moreover, it is proved that the fuzzy control surface of the single‐input fuzzy rule base is very close to the input/output relation of a straight line. Therefore, a varying output gain decoupled fuzzy proportional integral sliding mode control approach using an approximate line equation is then proposed. The stability of the system is guaranteed in the sense of the Lyapunov theorem. Simulations using the dynamic model of a 3DOF planar manipulator with uncertainties show the effectiveness of the approach in high speed trajectory tracking problems. The simulation results that are compared with the results of conventional SMC indicate that the control performance of the robot system is satisfactory and the proposed approach can achieve favorable tracking performance, and it is robust with regard to uncertainties and disturbances. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improved iterative algorithm for 3D edge FEM analysis of electromagnetic field boundary value problems

In this article, an improved iterative arithmetic of the symmetric successive over‐relaxation preconditioning biconjugate‐gradient algorithm (ISSOR‐PBCG) is utilized to solve the 3D edge FEM equations derived from the time‐harmonic electromagnetic‐field boundary value problems. Several typical structures have been analyzed, and the computation time is compared with that of other algorithms such as biconjugate‐gradient (BCG) algorithm and the conventional symmetric successive over‐relaxation preconditioning biconjugate‐ gradient algorithm (SSOR‐PBCG). The CPU time saved using the ISSOR‐PBCG algorithm is nearly 27% and 65.5%, as compared with that using the SSOR‐PBCG and the BCG algorithm. It can be seen that the ISSOR‐PBCG algorithm is efficient for edge FEM equation sets derived from large‐scale time‐harmonic electromagnetic‐field problems. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2006.     

Field‐induced photo‐reactive alignment technology for the vertical‐alignment liquid‐crystal mode

Abstract— An advanced vertical‐alignment liquid‐crystal (VA‐LC) technology based on field‐induced photo‐reactive alignment (FPA) as an advanced alignment mode for VA is proposed. FPA realizes uniform alignment and a faster rising response time, especially at high voltage. This technology can generate a pre‐tilt angle only by using photo‐reactive alignment material so that the tact time is shorter and the long‐term reliability is higher than that of conventional photo‐reactive processes, which require additional photo‐reactive monomers. The advanced hybrid FPA was developed by adopting both the tilted alignment with a pre‐tilt angle and conventional vertical alignment. By using an advanced hybrid structure, the response time and contrast ratio can be further improved.     

Robust identification of MISO neuro‐fractional‐order Hammerstein systems

This paper introduces a multiple‐input–single‐output (MISO) neuro‐fractional‐order Hammerstein (NFH) model with a Lyapunov‐based identification method, which is robust in the presence of outliers. The proposed model is composed of a multiple‐input–multiple‐output radial basis function neural network in series with a MISO linear fractional‐order system. The state‐space matrices of the NFH are identified in the time domain via the Lyapunov stability theory using input‐output data acquired from the system. In this regard, the need for the system state variables is eliminated by introducing the auxiliary input‐output filtered signals into the identification laws. Moreover, since practical measurement data may contain outliers, which degrade performance of the identification methods (eg, least‐square–based methods), a Gaussian Lyapunov function is proposed, which is rather insensitive to outliers compared with commonly used quadratic Lyapunov function. In addition, stability and convergence analysis of the presented method is provided. Comparative example verifies superior performance of the proposed method as compared with the algorithm based on the quadratic Lyapunov function and a recently developed input‐output regression‐based robust identification algorithm.     

基于梯度场的工业X射线图像增强算法

在X射线成像检测厚薄不均构件时，经常会出现对比度低或对比度不均以及照度低的问题，这会导致图像显示时构件的一些细节难以被观察与分析。针对这一问题，提出一种基于梯度场的X射线图像增强算法。该算法以梯度场增强为核心，分为两步：首先，提出一种基于对数变换的算法，压缩图像的灰度范围、去除图像冗余灰度信息、提升图像对比度；然后，提出一种基于梯度场的算法，增强图像细节、提升图像局部对比度、提高图像质量，使构件细节清晰显示在检测屏上。选择一组厚薄不均构件的X射线图像进行了实验，并与对比度受限自适应直方图均衡化（CLAHE）、同态滤波等算法进行了比较。实验结果表明所提算法具有更明显的增强效果，能更好地显示构件的细节信息，并且通过计算平均梯度和无参考结构清晰度（NRSS）纹理分析的定量评价标准进一步表明了该算法的有效性。     

A single‐cell‐gap transflective liquid‐crystal display with special electrodes

Abstract— A single‐cell‐gap transflective liquid‐crystal display with special electrodes was demonstrated. In the transmissive region, a strong longitudinal electric field was generated by decreasing the distance between the top and bottom transparent indium‐tin‐oxide electrodes; while in the reflective region, a weak longitudinal electric field is generated by increasing the distance between the top and bottom transparent indium‐tin‐oxide electrodes. And slit‐patterned electrodes were used to optimize the fringe field at the junction of the transmissive and reflective regions. As a result, both the transmissive and reflective display modes show well‐matched gray scales. The simulated single‐cell‐gap TR‐LCD has good performances.