孕妇的福音——孕妇奶粉

由北京婴幼儿食品营养开发中心和有关单位联合研制生产的孕妇奶粉,最近通过部级鉴定.专家们认为孕妇奶粉的研制成功,将有助于提高我国人口素质.     

关于孕妇奶粉问题的解答

自从我刊连载了“孕妇福音——孕妇奶粉”这篇文章之后,编辑部收到不少读者的电话和来信,询问有关事宜,现请原文作者给予综合答复——编者。     

蜂王浆奶粉的研制

蜂王浆奶粉是由蜂王浆、鲜牛奶添加适量砂糖经杀菌、浓缩、高压喷雾而成,含有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪、人体必需氨基酸、维生素、微量元素等成分,是一种老少皆宜的滋补营养食品。     

育儿奶粉的研制

育儿奶粉的研制孙云，韩兴杰，张国仁，滕大荣（齐齐哈尔乳品厂）前言近年来，随着乳品工业技术的发展，研制适合于婴幼儿生长发育的乳粉已成为系列，如婴儿配方乳粉Ⅰ、婴儿面己方乳粉Ⅱ、儿童乳粉、孕妇乳粉、强化乳粉等。育儿奶粉从调整乳中蛋白质、，脂肪、碳水化合物...     

绿豆奶粉的研制

绿豆奶粉由绿豆蛋白与奶类按适当比例混合,经喷雾于燥而成,必需氨基酸齐全,具有营养高、成本低、价格廉及生产工艺简单等优点。     

红茶奶粉的研制

介绍用鲜牛奶、红茶、砂糖及阿期巴甜为原料研制的具有西式奶茶风味的固体乳饮料。经1∶16水稀释成奶茶,牛奶含量达40%以上,甜度以蔗糖计为6.0%。其中每加工1000kg牛奶需投入碎红茶37.5kg。产品经真空浓缩、喷雾干燥制成。     

绿豆奶粉的研制

绿豆奶粉是由绿豆蛋白与奶按适当比例混合，经喷雾干噪而成，蛋白质含量丰富。必需氨基酸齐全，营养价值于奶蛋白，具有营养高，成本低，价格廉及生产工艺简单等优点。     

老年人奶粉的研制

老年人的膳食调配应是营养丰富、清谈、易消化,即营养素搭配是蛋白质宜稍高、脂肪和糖应稍低、维生素和无机盐要充足.老年人奶粉的配方调制应使其营养素之间的搭配比一般全脂奶粉或脱脂奶粉更合理、其生理价值更高.目前老年人奶粉在国内市场上较少,只有极少数乳品厂生产,其研制报道也不多.现将本人对老年人奶粉的试制结果整理成文,以供大家参考讨论.     

高活性酸奶粉的研制

高活性酸奶粉是将牛奶发酵后经冷冻干燥加工而成,含有酸奶菌10~8个/克,可作为酸奶粉等系列干燥食品的活性添加剂。     

富锌奶粉的研制

一、研制目的: 我国儿童缺锌状况严重,56～60％儿童发锌低于110PPM(正常值为152→9PPM),目前市场上销售的含锌儿童食品有星星儿宝、娃哈哈等,但乳制品是少年儿童最常食用的营养品,而普通牛奶和奶粉含锌量(前者为3～4 PPM,后者为20～30PPM)不能满足儿童生长发育的需要,因此美国等规定婴儿奶粉中必须加锌。锌与蛋白类食品同食,也     

Changes in physical properties of bovine milk from the colostrum period to early lactation

The aim of this study was to analyze individual cows’ samples from the colostrum, postcolostrum, and early lactation periods to investigate how milk composition, physical properties, stability, and suitability for processing change throughout this period. Attention was paid to the first week postpartum in which the composition of bovine mammary secretion can change markedly. Properties including pH, titratable acidity, ethanol stability (ES), rennet clotting time, and casein micelle size were analyzed, together with some compositional factors such as fat, total protein, lactose, total and ionic calcium, magnesium, citrate, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium. Total Ca (36.2 mM) and free ionic Ca (2.58 mM), Mg (5.9 mM), P (32.2 mM), and Na (24.1 mM) appeared to be high on d 5 postpartum, having decreased substantially over the first 5 d; they gradually decreased thereafter. The average pH on d 5 was only 6.49, compared with 6.64 at 1 mo postpartum. Stability measurements showed that the average ES on d 5 was 70% and the rennet clotting time was 12.2 min, which were significantly lower than values at later stages. A number of milk properties including ES, pH, protein content, and Ca²⁺ concentration could be useful for identifying the point of transition from colostrum to the early lactation period. Knowing the composition and physical properties of colostrum and postcolostrum secretions will help establish when such milk is suitable for processing and determine the best use for that milk.     

沙湾姜埋奶制作原理初探

对姜埋奶的制作原理以及影响姜埋奶凝固的主要因素进行初步研究 ,结果表明 ,能使牛奶凝固主要是蛋白酶的作用 ,而温度、pH值、乳酸钙含量等因素均对姜埋奶凝固时间有影响 ;同时 ,作者用木瓜蛋白酶代替生姜蛋白酶 ,对影响姜埋奶凝固的主要因素还进行了更进一步的探索。     

Ginger in the Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting: A Review

Nausea and vomiting are physiological processes experienced by every human being at some stage of their life. They are complex protective mechanisms and the symptoms are influenced by the emetogenic response and stimuli. However, when these symptoms recur frequently, they can significantly reduce the quality of life and can also be detrimental to health. The existing antiemetic agents are ineffective against certain stimuli, are expensive, and possess side effects. Herbal medicines have been shown to be effective antiemetics, and among the various plants studied, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale, commonly known as ginger, has been used as a broad-spectrum antiemetic in the various traditional systems of medicine for over 2000 years. Various preclinical and clinical studies have shown ginger to possess antiemetic effects against different emetogenic stimuli. However, conflicting reports especially in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and motion sickness prevent us from drawing any firm conclusion. The current review for the first time summarizes the results. An attempt is also made to address the lacunae in these published studies and emphasize aspects that need further investigations for it to be of use in clinics in the future.     

生姜红糖风味发酵乳的制备

以生牛乳、白砂糖、红糖、生姜汁为主要原料,保加利亚乳杆菌（Lactobacillus bulgaricus）为发酵剂,研制生姜红糖风味发酵乳。以酸度和感官评分为评价指标,通过单因素试验、正交试验优化生姜红糖风味发酵乳的工艺条件。结果表明,生姜红糖风味发酵乳的最佳工艺条件为白砂糖5.0%、红糖3.5%、生姜汁2.5%、发酵时间5.0 h。在此优化条件下,生姜红糖风味发酵乳呈红褐色,红糖风味浓郁,生姜味明显且辣感舒适,酸甜适中,组织细腻均匀,感官评分为93分,酸度为74.8 °T,蛋白质含量为2.89%,脂肪含量为3.17%,乳酸菌总数为5.1×108 CFU/g,致病菌未检出。产品质量指标满足国标GB 19302—2010《食品安全国家标准 发酵乳》要求。     

即溶葛根奶茶的研制

利用乙醇法制备颗粒状冷水可溶性葛根粉,在可溶性葛根粉中添加奶粉、蔗糖,用感官分析评定与正交实验法研制葛根奶茶。着重探讨了乙醇法葛根奶茶里葛根粉的生产工艺参数,确定了葛根奶茶的配方。结果表明NaOH溶液的添加量45ml、乙醇浓度50%、温度40℃时,葛根粉溶解度高达96%。葛根奶茶配方为：奶粉14%、白砂糖12%、红茶粉6%、香兰素0.2%。     

Angiogenin content in human milk in the early period of lactation

The content of angiogenin in human milk and dairy produce for feeding of children of the first year of life is investigated. It is revealed, that the highest concentration of angiogenin in human milk takes place in colostric period (18.00 +/- 0.72 mg/l). During the subsequent time of lactation the concentration of angiogenin keeps at a level 2.00 +/- 0.06 mg/l. In products of infant's feeding the angiogenin either was absent, or its concentration was much lower, than in breast milk.     

Assessing the effect of pregnancy stage on milk composition of dairy cows using mid-infrared spectra

Changes in milk production traits (i.e., milk yield, fat, and protein contents) with the pregnancy stage are well documented. To our knowledge, the effect of pregnancy on the detailed milk composition has not been studied so far. The mid-infrared (MIR) spectrum reflects the detailed composition of a milk sample and is obtained by a nonexhaustive and widely used method for milk analysis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of pregnancy on milk MIR spectrum in addition to milk production traits (milk yield, fat, and protein contents). A model including regression on the number of days pregnant was applied on milk production traits (milk yield, fat, and protein contents) and on 212 spectral points from the MIR spectra of 9,757 primiparous Holstein cows from Walloon herds. Effects of pregnancy stage were expressed on a relative scale (effect divided by the squared root of the phenotypic variance); this allowed comparisons between effects on milk traits and on 212 spectral points. Effect of pregnancy stage on production traits were in line with previous studies indicating that the model accounted well for the pregnancy effect. Trends of the relative effect of the pregnancy stage on the 212 spectral points were consistent with known and observed effect on milk traits. The highest effect of the pregnancy was observed in the MIR spectral region from 968 to 1,577 cm^?1. For some specific wavenumbers, the effect was higher than for fat and protein contents in the beginning of the pregnancy (from 30 to 90 or 120 d pregnant). In conclusion, the effect of early pregnancy can be observed in the detailed milk composition through the analysis of the MIR spectrum of bovine milk. Further analyses are warranted to explore deeply the use of MIR spectra of bovine milk for breeding and management of dairy cow pregnancy.     

Effect of pregnancy on milk production and bodyweight from identical twin study

The energy requirements of the fetus through pregnancy have been previously investigated in several slaughter experiments, and many studies have attempted to estimate the effect of pregnancy on milk production. Data from 154 pasture-based dairy cows (77 twin pairs) were subjected to a retrospective analysis to determine the effect of pregnancy on milk production and body weight. A decline in milk yield from 126 d of pregnancy was observed in twins that were pregnant, but the decline was small and insignificant until 147 d of gestation (at 33 wk of lactation), after which pregnant cows produced less milk (0.8 kg/cow per day). Protein and fat concentration increased in pregnant cows from 77 and 133 d of gestation, respectively. The yield of milk fat and protein was not affected by pregnancy until 168 d of gestation, after which pregnant cows produced less milk fat (0.06 kg/cow per day) and milk protein (0.04 kg/cow per day) compared with their nonpregnant twins. Body weight was higher in pregnant twin cows after 90 d of gestation and continued to increase until the end of lactation (182 d of pregnancy). Fitted splines showed higher milk protein concentrations in pregnant cows throughout lactation, and milk protein yield was higher (20 g/cow per day) during the breeding season (between 12 to 17 wk of lactation) in pregnant twins. Higher milk yield and energy secreted in milk (net energy for lactation) were also found in the pregnant twins during the breeding season. Although pregnancy-related reductions in yields of milk, milk fat, and milk protein occurred after midgestation, overall effects of pregnancy on milk production in this pasture-based, seasonal calving system were small.     

The use of milk Fourier-transform mid-infrared spectroscopy to diagnose pregnancy and determine spectral regional associations with pregnancy in US dairy cows

Accurate early diagnosis of pregnancy is important for timely reproductive management of dairy farms. Fourier-transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) milk spectral data are routinely used for determining milk components such as fat and protein, whereas milk composition is known to change with advancing stages of pregnancy. The objectives of this study were to compare partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and a Bayesian variable selection regression model (BayesC) for the diagnosis of pregnancy status (PS) from milk FT-MIR data and to infer any spectral regions that might be highly associated with PS at various stages of pregnancy. Conception dates on confirmed pregnant cows were obtained from Holstein cows within 123 herds in Michigan, Ohio, and Indiana during 2018 and 2019. Milk samples from these pregnant cows at 7 different stages of pregnancy were case-control matched to open contemporary herd mates to be within the same stage (±10 d for days in milk) of lactation for the same milk sample test date. The FT-MIR data were obtained for all of these milk samples. Ten-fold herd-independent cross-validation was used to compare PLS-DA versus BayesC using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The BayesC model demonstrated higher mean AUC compared with PLS-DA at all stages exceeding 60 d of pregnancy. The mean BayesC AUC at stage 1 (1–30 d) was 0.58 ± 0.02, which was superior to a random guess (AUC = 0.50) yet too low to be of practical use. The mean BayesC AUC at stage 7 (≥180 d) was 0.13 greater compared with that of stage 1 (1–30 d) and 0.07 to 0.10 greater compared with stages 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 (31–180 d in 30-d increments). The mean AUC of stages 2 to 6 were 0.03 to 0.06 greater compared with stage 1 yet again too low to be of practical use. Because of high multicollinearity between many adjacent wavenumbers, a spatially constrained clustering algorithm was used to adaptively partition wavenumbers into 68 windows before inferring associations of spectral regions with pregnancy. Pregnancy status was highly associated with wavenumber windows 1,063 to 1,134 cm^?1, 1,201 to 1,257 cm^?1, and 1,260 to 1,432 cm^?1 based on an estimated BayesC posterior probability of association (PPA) approaching 100% for each of these windows at all pregnancy stages. Other windows ranging from 1,730 to 1,764 cm^?1, 1,775 to 1,992 cm^?1, 1,995 to 2,163 cm^?1, and 2,167 to 2,316 cm^?1 had varying medium to high PPA (30% to 100%) across stages. The estimated PPA in wavenumber regions from 1,477 to 1,507 cm^?1, and 1,510 to 1,574 cm^?1 was weaker in stages 1 and 2 compared with later stages, whereas for the regions 2,984 to 3,077 cm^?1 and 3,081 to 3,133 cm^?1 the effect of pregnancy was greater for stage 1 compared with other stages. Despite our conclusion that milk FT-MIR data poorly diagnose PS, our study provides new insights into spectral regions that are strongly associated with PS and warrant greater attention.     

Development of an LC-MS/MS method to quantify sex hormones in bovine milk and influence of pregnancy in their levels

Hormones work in harmony in the body, and this status must be maintained to avoid metabolic disequilibrium and the subsequent illness. Besides, it has been reported that exogenous steroids (presence in the environment and food products) influence the development of several important illnesses in humans. Endogenous steroid hormones in food of animal origin are unavoidable as they occur naturally in these products. The presence of hormones in food has been connected with several human health problems. Bovine milk contains considerable quantities of hormones and it is of particular concern. A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, based on hydroxylamine derivatisation, has been developed and validated for the quantification of six sex hormones in milk [pregnenolone (P₅), progesterone (P₄), estrone (E₁), testosterone (T), androstenedione (A) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)]. This method has been applied to real raw milk samples and the existence of differences between milk from pregnant and non-pregnant cows has been statistically confirmed. Basing on a revision of existing published data, it could be concluded that maximum daily intakes for hormones are not reached through milk ingestion. Although dairy products are an important source of hormones, other products of animal origin must be considered as well for intake calculations.