Analysis of an advanced satellite digital audio broadcasting systemand complementary terrestrial gap-filler single frequency network

Digital audio broadcasting (DAB) to mobile and fixed users exploiting the latest advances in compression coding, and transmission techniques represents an appealing application for future satellite systems. This paper introduces coded quasi-orthogonal code division multiplexing (CQO-CDM) as a transmission technique for digital audio broadcasting. The proposed technique performs well over both the L-band satellite fading channel and the terrestrial gap-filler type of transmission. Preliminary link budgets based on extensive computer simulation results are provided. Numerical results show that remarkable overall capacity can be achieved by using a constellation of satellites in highly elliptical orbit (HEO) complemented by a terrestrial gap-filler network. A variety of transmission rates and hence broadcasting services can be realized with the proposed transmission technique. It is shown that a geostationary orbit (GEO) satellite can provide limited service availability to the mobile user, but can also be used for experimental purposes     

Development of a TDM/FDM Transmultiplexer

Recently, digital systems such as digital telephone switching systems and digital transmission paths are being introduced more and more into communications networks in which signals are handled with Time Division Multiplex (TDM). There still exists, on the other hand, a number of analog transmission paths in which signals are multiplexed with Frequency Division Multiplex (FDM). Therefore, it is important to develop a scheme to interconnect efficiently TDM and FDM systems. Transmultiplexer, which is an equipment directly converting PCM.TDM signals and SSB.FDM signals with each other, is expected to provide an efficient interconneetion between TDM and FDM systems. Authors have developed an experimental transmultiplexer which can provide mutual conversion between a 24-channel PCM primary group (1.544 Mbits/s) and two 12-channel FDM basic groups (60-108 kHz). The developed equipment is designed so as to achieve reduction of the computation rate and simplicity of the hardware by the following techniques: (1) The FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) technique is used to optimize the filtering and multiplexing processes. (2) The spectrum reversion of odd-numbered channel signals is achieved by inverting the sign bits of the PCM signals every other frame. (3) The bandpass sampling technique is applied to obtain SSB.FDM signals directly without frequency shifts at analog FDM stages. In order to evaluate the characteristics of the developed transmultiplexer, experiments have been conducted by connecting it with FDM terminal equipments. The experimental results showed that the transmultiplexer can offer better performance than the tandem connection of standard PCM multiplex equipments and standard FDM terminal equipments with reasonable hardware.     

Application of 32 and 16 kb/s speech encoding techniques to digital satellite communications

This paper describes the performance of various voice encoding techniques at 32 and 16 kb/s for applying to digital satellite communication systems. The subjective performances of adaptive differential PCM (ADPCM), adaptive predictive coding (APC), subband coding (SBC) and adaptive delta modulation (ADM) are compared under various satellite channel environments, that is, random and burst channel errors in satellite link and an ambient noise in the ship-to-shore direction in a maritime satellite channel. The performance of the voiceband data at 4·8 and 2·4 kb/s is also evaluated for these coders. ADPCM encoding at 32 kb/s is very attractive for conventional fixed satellite systems, keeping the equivalent quality to 64 kb/s PCM. On the other hand, APC encoding at 16 kb/s is also most suitable for maritime satellite communication systems at the sacrifice of a small degradation of speech quality.     

Robust Frame Synchronization for Noisy PCM Systems

Serial digital transmission requires reliable frame synchronization at the receiver in order to demultiplex and recover the transmitted signals. This paper proposes a faster and more robust method of detecting frame synchronization. A large serial memory is used to store sufficient received history to include all bits of the synchronizing codeword. Equations have been developed which predict the search and "in frame" performance. These equations have been verified with laboratory models. Using, for example, the well-known D3 PCM system, the reframe time is improved from 48 to 3 ms. With an error rate of 1 percent, the predicted "in frame" time is improved from 1.9 s to several centuries! Techniques for hardware implementation are suggested and application to the extended framing format is discussed.     

Planning of a Digital Hierarchy

The choice of the fundamental parameters of a pulsecode modulation (PCM) system hierarchy depends on many factors, such as transmission media characteristics, time division switching and multiplexing plant requirements, traffic demand and network topology, etc. This paper deals with the problem of clarifying these interdependences and gives the general design criteria for planning a digital hierarchy. In accordance with these criteria, the main characteristics of a digital hierarchy, starting from the 2.048-Mbit/s primary PCM system, are derived and proposed. At present, systems in accordance with this proposal are being developed in Italy.     

Carriage of SDH over satellite systems

This paper examines the potential of satellite systems to carry synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) transmissions and proposes a possible earth-station architecture capitalizing on the benefits that SDH equipment offers. It is shown that a range of SDH multiplexing rates are viable over satellite and that multi-destination operation of satellite systems is facilitated by using the inherent features of the SDH. The use of STM-1 (155 Mbit/s) and sub-STM-1 transmission rates as transmission sections along with appropriate integration of the multiplexing and modem equipment would:. (a) enable SDH path continuity between earth-stations, allowing the satellite network to be integrated with managed terrestrial networks to form global managed transmission platforms. (b) provide bandwidth and equipment savings at earth-stations. Several technical issues relating to SDH operation over satellite systems are considered and SDH pointer corruption is examined in some detail.     

基于G.704数字接口转换器的设计

卫星通信地面站的有线信号远端传输,无论同轴电缆还是光纤方式,通常使用E系列标准接口。基于G.704的数字接口转换器可实现基带同步串行数据信号与E1接口信号的互相转换。在简要介绍硬件设计和软件设计基础上,详细阐述了串行接口速率自适应、E1帧时隙选择、收发时钟的产生和先进先出存储器的设计思路,给出了性能测试结果。     

40-Gbit/s ETDM Channel Technologies for Optical Transport Network

We review recent progress and the future of 40-Gbit/s electrical time division multiplexed (ETDM) channel technologies for the optical transport network (OTN), where optical technologies, including high-speed ETDM channel transmission and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), dramatically enhance network flexibility while reducing transport node cost as well as transmission cost. The 40 Gbit/s channel has recently been specified to be one of the optical channels in OTN. A new digital frame for the optical channels [optical channel transport unit (OTU)] was introduced for the network node interface of OTN in International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication (ITU-T) standard. The specified data bit rates are 2.7 Gbit/s (OTU1), 10.7 Gbit/s (OTU2), and 43.0 Gbit/s (OTU3). These OTU frames have additional overhead bytes that support the network management overhead for OTN and out-of-band forward error correcting (FEC) codes. We discuss the feasibility and impact of the OTU3 frame in terrestrial networks. A newly developed 43-Gbit/s OTN line terminal prototype that confirms the feasibility of 43-Gbit/s ETDM channels and the OTU3 management capability is discussed. As a guide to the evolution of OTN, modulation formats for 43Gbit/s-based DWDM transmission are described for long distance application with the total capacity over one terabit per second.     

S-WiMAX: adaptation of IEEE 802.16e for mobile satellite services - [WiMAX update]

Mobile satellite services are attracting renewed attention stemming from the FCC ancillary terrestrial component ruling that allows satellite spectrum to be used for integrated terrestrial services in the footprint of the satellite. This attention is focused on the development of dual-mode satellite-terrestrial devices to facilitate hybrid satellite-terrestrial networks intended by the ATC order. The satellite component in these dual-mode devices is best adapted from the air interface chosen for the ATC to optimize form factor, especially for small hand-held devices, mobility management, power efficiency, and a common core network functionality. With the advent of WiMAX as a viable 4G technology, satellite adaptation of WiMAX has been considered for the satellite services coupled with WiMAX ATC. The main considerations for satellite adaptation of WiMAX, relative to its terrestrial counterpart, are reduced link margin and longer transmission delays ? both absolute delay from the center of a spot beam to the satellite and differential delay between the beam edge and the beam center to the satellite. These considerations suggest adaptation of the subchannelization schemes, the frame synchronization methods, and the ranging process in WiMAX to make it operable over satellite, while keeping the general framework of the WiMAX protocol stack intact, thereby facilitating the incorporation of S-WiMAX into a common baseband processor with terrestrial WiMAX; this allows S-WiMAX to be added to terrestrial WiMAX devices with minimal cost and formfactor impact. Methods for these adaptations are considered here.     

A Satellite Radio Interface for IMT‐2000

This paper presents a new satellite radio interface, satellite code division multiple access (SAT‐CDMA), for the satellite component of IMT‐2000. The SAT‐CDMA was proposed by Korea and was based on wideband CDMA (WCDMA) for a high degree of commonality with the terrestrial component of IMT‐2000. Because a satellite link has a longer round trip delay and a higher Doppler shift than a terrestrial link, we developed new technologies that would make the satellite component especially efficient. We present the main features of the SAT‐CDMA radio interface by focusing on satellite‐specific schemes. We also demonstrate with extensive comparison results the performance of the main technologies in the SAT‐CDMA radio interface.     

LTE空中接口在卫星通信中的适用性

目前LTE体制已成熟,在卫星通信系统中应用LTE技术有利于星地一体化网络的发展.移动卫星系统在4G网络中成功应用的一个关键因素是设备和地面系统得到最大的通用性.一种有效的解决这个问题的方法是利用地面空中接口作为卫星空中接口的基础.由于3GPP(The 3rd Generation Partnership Project...     

A digital transmission system for global maritime satellite communications

A digital transmission system for global maritime satellite communications has been designed, and experimental communications equipment has been developed, taking account of its potential application to the INMARSAT system where analog modulation is currently used for telephone signal transmission. This paper discusses possible digital technologies to realize an efficient digital transmission system, and presents a concept for the designed system. The paper also describes the hardware configuration and the performance characteristics of the experimental equipment.     

Wide-band CDMA for the UMTS/IMT-2000 satellite component

This paper describes the main aspects relevant to the development of a third-generation radio transmission technology (RTT) concept identified as satellite wide-band CDMA (SW-CDMA), which has been accepted by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as one of the possible RTTs for the satellite component of International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000). The main outcomes of the extensive system engineering effort that has led to the above ITU RTT are described. In particular, we address propagation channel characteristics, satellite diversity, power control, pilot channel, code acquisition, digital modulation and spreading format, interference mitigation, and resource allocation. Due to its similarity with respect to the terrestrial W-CDMA proposal from which it is derived, the SW-CDMA open air interface solution is described briefly, with emphasis only on the major adaptation required to best cope with the satellite environment. Quantitative results concerning the physical-layer performance over realistic channel conditions, for both forward and reverse link, are reported. A system capacity study case for a low-Earth-orbit constellation is also provided     

高清晰度电视（HDTV）的压缩编码

本文简述HDTV压缩编码的发展;介绍HDTV的140兆比特/秒传输,数字/模拟混合型HDTV卫星广播,以及全数字HDTV地面广播中采用的图像压缩编码原理;并简要展望其发展前景。     

An Experiment in Integrated Digital Satellite Communications

The experiment we conducted for integrated digital satellite communications is aimed at realizing integrated services digital networks by satellite communication. The experiment was carried out in 1980 using the Japanese experimental communication satellite "CS." This experiment uses 30/20 GHz small earth stations and demand-assignment time-division multiple-access (TDMA) systems. Communications between customer terminals, which contain video conferencing, high-speed facsimile communication, high-speed computer communication, and packet-switching signal transmission, were carried out through the experimental digital satellite link. This paper describes the configuration of the experimental integrated digital satellite communications system and the experimental results of communications between customer terminals.     

1.544-Mbits/s Transmission of TV Signals by Interframe Coding System

As a powerful tool for economizing on the digital transmission of videotelephone signals, interframe coding techniques have drawn increasing attention, and various interframe coding schemes have been proposed recently. However, many problems remain to be studied in establishing technical feasibility for these techniques and schemes. This concise paper reports on field trial in which a 1.544-Mbits/s digital transmission of videotelephone signals was conducted over Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation's (NTT's) PCM100M digital repeatered line between Tokyo and Yokohama, Japan. The experimental interframe codec is based on the well-understood conditional picture element replenishment algorithm. The object of the field trial was to demonstrate, not the validity of the algorithm itself, but the technical feasibility of the interframe coding system as an entity. Experimental results are satisfactory enough to assure us of the system's practicality in the near future.     

Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Communications in Japan

This paper reviews the status of research and development in both microwave radio-relay systems and millimeter-wave transmission systems as well as the technical features in these fields, mainly developed under the auspices of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation (NTT). Recent activities have been the development of new solid-state devices and high-capacity systems. The application of solid-state techniques is being extended to systems of both analog and digital transmission, such as the 2700 multichannel telephone transmission system in frequency division multiplexing (FDM)-FM radio-relay system, an experimental 20-GHz PCM radio-relay system capable of 400 Mbits/s pulse transmission, and a guided millimeter-wave system of 800-Mbit/s transmission at 40-80 GHz. The microwave integrated circuit (MIC) is also becoming very important in utilizing these high-frequency regions, which should be a valuable resource in the future when a vast information transmission capability will be required.     

高速Cameralink图像数据光纤传输系统设计

Cameralink接口是目前工业数字相机的主要图像输出接口。但受传输距离限制,在远程视频网络中,图像数据一般以光信号传输。针对Cameralink接口相机在光纤网络中应用的这一具体问题,对Cameralink接口光纤传输系统进行了研究。设计的传输系统可兼容多种像素时钟的相机,最高传输带宽达到1.92Gb/s,可满足1024×1024相机100帧/秒拍摄频率下的数据量要求。     

A Compatible Multiplexing Technique for Anisochronous and Isochronous Digital Data Traffic

This concise paper reports the result of a study on a multiplexing scheme for digital data transmission and switching which can handle both anisochronous and isochronous data traffic of various mix, mainly in one digital channel of PCM primary multiplex level (e.g., 1544 kbits/s) and corresponding time-division switch (TDSW) of data-switching equipment. The study aims to determine a unified scheme which is economical and flexible for intercity heavy-traffic data links, to accommodate a wide range of data speeds. The paper describes various multiplexing schemes and analyzes their features in terms of frame structure, synchronization time, error-correction capability, compatibility with signaling, hardware complexity, etc. A bit-interleaved multiplexing scheme is chosen as suitable and is applied in a laboratory model of a digital data switching system, the DDX-1 System.     

Optimized handover and resource management: an 802.21‐based scheme to optimize handover and resource management in hybrid satellite‐terrestrial networks

Satellite communications can provide fourth generation (4G) networks with large‐scale coverage. However, their integration to 4G is challenging because satellite networks have not been designed with handover in mind. The setup of satellite links takes time, and so, handovers must be anticipated long before. This paper proposes a generic scheme based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 802.21 standard to optimize handover and resource management in hybrid satellite‐terrestrial networks. Our solution, namely optimized handover and resource management (OHRM), uses the terrestrial interface to prepare handover, which greatly speeds up the establishment of the satellite link. We propose two mechanisms to minimize the waste of bandwidth due to wrong handover predictions. First, we leverage the support of 802.21 in the terrestrial access network to shorten the path of the signaling messages towards the satellite resource manager. Second, we cancel the restoration of the satellite resources when the terrestrial link rolls back. We use OHRM to interconnect a digital video broadcasting and a wireless 4G terrestrial network. However for the simulation tool, we use a WiMAX as the terrestrial technology to illustrate the schemes. The simulation results show that OHRM minimizes the handover delay and the signaling overhead in the terrestrial and satellite networks. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.