花生皮壳的综合利用

花生是我国的主要油料作物和经济作物,花生皮壳是花生加工中的副产物,通常被当作饲料和燃料使用,造成了资源的浪费.如何将这一废物资源充分合理的开发利用,对于提高花生的经济效益和保护环境都有重要意义.通过对花生皮壳主要成分的分析可知,花生皮壳中含有丰富的粗纤维、碳水化合物、蛋白质,花生壳中还含有一些矿物质及药用成分等,花生皮中含有原花青素、白藜芦醇、维生素K等生物活性物质.由于这些物质的存在,使花生皮壳在化工、医药、食品、饲料等方面都具有开发利用价值.     

花生高级烹调油加工工艺探讨

加工花生高级烹调油的原料油可以为二级花生油、预榨花生油和浸出花生油,对于不同的原料油加工成花生高级烹调油要采取不同的工艺,这样得出的各项质量指标才能稳定,白土、磷酸、液碱、柴油等辅料消耗也低,从而节约生产成本.     

花生多肽研究进展

花生是我国主要的经济作物之一,也是重要的油料作物,目前我国对花生的利用主要集中于油脂的榨取,对花生多肽的研究和利用却相对较少。花生榨油后的粕可以用于制备花生多肽,花生多肽中氨基酸的种类齐全,具有多种良好的功能活性和极高的利用价值。本文从花生多肽的制备、分离、功能活性以及其开发利用四个方面展开,综合阐述了花生多肽的研究进展及其应用现状,分析存在的问题,展望了今后的发展方向,为花生多肽的进一步研究和利用提供总结及合理化建议。     

微生物发酵技术在花生及其副产物中的应用

花生是世界五大油料作物之一,是榨油、食用兼具的经济作物。花生在深加工的过程中会产生大量的副产物,包括花生粕、花生皮、花生壳、花生茎叶等,这些副产物虽然营养物质丰富,例如蛋白质、膳食纤维、多酚和黄酮等成分,但利用率却不高。目前花生及其副产物发酵方面的研究主要集中在提高副产物的营养成分作为畜禽饲料,而其他领域利用研究的较少。该文对花生及其副产物和微生物发酵技术进行了阐述,并对微生物发酵技术在花生及其副产物中的应用、花生及其副产物发酵后在营养成分、风味、致敏性以及抗氧化物质等方面变化进行了综述,旨在提高花生及其副产物的附加值和利用率。     

花生功能成分及营养价值的研究进展

花生是全球最重要的四大油料作物之一,是我国食用油脂和蛋白质的重要来源.花生含有丰富的功能成分和很高的营养价值,应重视对我国花生资源开发利用的研究,大力开发花生营养保健食品,满足国人健康消费需求.     

吐温辅助水剂法制备花生油的原料预处理工艺研究

花生水剂法提油过程中容易形成大量乳状液导致花生清油提取率降低,这可能与其原料特性密切相关。本文探究了花生种类、花生浆储藏条件和花生红衣对花生清油提取率的影响。首先比较了四种不同种类花生的水剂法清油提取率,并通过制备花生蛋白模拟乳状液比较其乳化性质。将花生浆在不同温度下放置0、2、4、6、8 d,进一步以0.5%吐温20溶液（水作为参照）提取花生油脂。结果表明,大白沙（陈）花生的水剂法清油提取率最高,蛋白乳化性质较好。采用纯水或0.5%吐温20溶液提取,花生浆合适的储藏时间（2~6 d）和储藏温度（室温或37℃）能促进油脂相互聚集并最终提高花生清油提取率;但随着储藏时间的延长,吐温辅助破乳的效果有所降低。经过烘烤脱红衣处理后,花生清油提取率显著下降（P<0.05）。     

紫外LED冷光降解黄曲霉毒素B1技术对花生油品质影响的研究

目的考察紫外LED冷光降解黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)对花生油品质的影响。方法通过测定紫外LED冷光照射前后脂肪酸、酸价、过氧化值的变化来初步评价对花生油脂肪酸的影响。结果经紫外LED冷光技术处理的花生油,其脂肪酸组成及含量变化,酸价和过氧化值的变化均无显著性差异(P0.05),对花生油的品质影响不大。结论黄曲霉毒素降解机(紫外LED冷光技术)基本对花生油品质无影响,为花生油加工企业的实际生产提供一定的参考。     

花生粕中功能活性成分提取工艺研究进展

花生粕是脱壳花生果榨油后的副产物,我国资源丰富。花生粕中含有多种功能活性成分,如蛋白质、多糖、膳食纤维、植酸、色素及黄酮等,是一种很好的营养物质,极具开发利用价值。本文综述了近年来国内花生粕功能活性成分提取工艺研究进展,并展望了其研究方向,旨在为花生粕的综合开发利用及其功能活性成分的深入研究提供参考和借鉴。     

Minimizing the Negative Flavor Attributes and Evaluating Consumer Acceptance of Chocolate Fortified with Peanut Skin Extracts

In recent years, there has been increased interest in antioxidant‐rich products by consumers wanting to enhance the health benefits of their diet. Chocolate has been identified as a natural source of antioxidant compounds, which resulted in the development of polyphenol‐enriched chocolate products that are now available commercially. This study investigated the use of phenolic compounds extracted from peanut skins as a novel antioxidant source for the enrichment of milk chocolate. The extracts were encapsulated with maltodextrin to lessen their bitterness. Antioxidant potential of the encapsulated peanut skin extracts was evaluated by the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazl radical quenching assay. Encapsulated peanut skins were found to have a corrected Trolox equivalency of 31.1 μmol/g of chocolate up to 0.8% (w/w). To produce a product with an antioxidant content similar to that of dark chocolate yet which maintained the milder flavor of milk chocolate, the best estimate threshold of encapsulated peanut skin extract in chocolate was 0.9 % (w/w) based on the standard method (American Society of Testing Materials; ASTM E‐679). Consumer liking of milk chocolate enhanced by adding subthreshold (0.8 % (w/w)) inclusion levels of encapsulated peanut skin extract was found to be at parity with milk chocolate as a control.     

Optimization of extraction of phenolic antioxidants from peanut skins

This work was conducted to optimize the extraction conditions for the best recovery of antioxidant compounds from peanut skins. The extracts from the peanut skins were obtained by different extraction methods. The extraction conditions were: different ethanol proportions as the solvent (0, 30, 50, 70 and 96% v/v in distilled water), different peanut skin particle sizes (0–1, 1–2 and 2–10 mm and non‐crushed skins), different proportions of solvent/skins (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 ml g^?1), different extraction times (by maceration and shaking) and different numbers of extractions. The different extracts obtained under different extraction conditions were compared with special regard to yield, total phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity. The results showed that the best delivery of phenolic compounds was reached using 70% ethanol, non‐crushed peanut skins, ratio of solvent/solid of 20 ml g^?1, at 10 min shaking and three extractions. The maximum yield of 0.118 g g^?1 was recorded for phenolic compounds when extracted at the optimum conditions. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

黑、红花生衣中原花色素的分析

对黑、红花生衣中的原花色素成分进行考察。通过乙醇溶液提取、有机溶剂萃取分离以及大孔树脂纯化的方法对花生衣色素成分进行分离制备,采用高效液相色谱法对色素中原花色素的含量进行测定,并应用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术对原花色素成分的组成进行鉴定。黑、红花生衣色素中原花色素的含量分别为29.19%和43.04%。依据质谱信息初步鉴定出红花生衣中含有4 种原花色素二聚体和4 种原花色素三聚体,黑花生衣中含有3 种原花色素二聚体和4 种原花色素三聚体。该法测定原花色素含量简便、快捷,可以较好的鉴定花生衣中原花色素的主要成分。     

花生红衣多酚类物质的制备及其抗氧化活性研究进展

花生红衣是花生加工过程中的廉价副产品,含有丰富的酚类物质,具有良好的抗氧化活性。本文在对花生红衣多酚文献分析统计的基础上,综述了花生红衣多酚类物质水提法、有机溶剂提取法、超声波辅助提取法、微波辅助提取法、酶辅助提取法和闪式提取法等制备方法,有机溶剂萃取法、大孔树脂分离法和膜分离法等分离纯化方法及组分分析方法,抗氧化活性评价方法以及其在食品工业中的应用,并对其研究中的重点和存在的问题进行了总结和展望。     

花生蛋白改性技术研究进展

花生是一年生草本植物,起源于南美洲热带、亚热带地区,是世界上主要的食用植物油料作物之一,在全国大部分地区都有种植。作为花生榨油之后的主要副产物,花生饼粕中约含有50%的蛋白质,丰富的花生资源为花生蛋白的研究与开发利用提供了充足的原料,由此也有力地推动了花生蛋白产品的迅速发展。花生蛋白不仅所含氨基酸种类比较齐全,而且所含人体必需氨基酸的比例较高,是植物蛋白中为数不多能替代动物蛋白的理想营养佳品,通过蛋白质改性技术可以修饰蛋白质的功能特性,提高其加工性能,拓宽花生蛋白在各领域中的应用范围。本文从物理改性、化学改性、酶法改性3个方面探讨花生蛋白改性技术对其功能特性所产生的影响,物理方法主要包括超高压均质、热处理、超声处理、低温等离子体、臭氧、反胶束和冻融循环等;化学方法包括糖基化、酰化、磷酸化、pH偏移处理和多酚化合物处理等;生物方法主要包括酶法水解和酶法交联处理两种。此外,本文总结了不同改性方法的作用机制及其对花生蛋白性质的影响,同时展望了花生蛋白改性技术的应用及发展趋势,旨在为花生蛋白的开发利用和未来发展奠定基础。     

Application of proanthocyanidins from peanut skins as a natural yeast inhibitory agent

Proanthocyanidins were extracted from peanut skins and investigated for their antimicrobial activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zygosaccharomyces bailii, and Zygosaccharomyces bisporus in traditional growth media (Sabouraud Dextrose and Maltose broth) and a simulated apple juice beverage. Peanut skins extracts (PSE) were prepared through a multisolvent extraction procedure. The PSE extended the lag phase growth of the 3 yeasts studied at a concentration of 1 mg/mL and at 10 mg/mL yeast growth was totally inhibited for 120 h. PSE was fractionated by normal phase high performance liquid chromatography and the active components/fractions were determined. Compounds present in the fractions were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine the compounds responsible for inhibition. Fractions consisting mostly of A-type proanthocyanidin dimers, trimers, and tetramers showed the highest percent inhibition toward the yeasts tested in this study. Both optical density (OD) and standard enumeration plating methods were performed in this study. The OD method led to an overestimation of the inhibitory effects of PSE, the 2 methods agreed in respect to treatment effects but not the severity of the inhibition. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: There is a growing consumer demand for "fresh like" products containing reduced amounts of chemical preservatives without compromising food safety and quality. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine if an extract of peanut skins containing flavonoid rich compounds could function as a natural antimicrobial in a model beverage system. Proteins were removed through the process of producing the peanut skin extract, thus it is unlikely to contain peanut allergens. The antimicrobial compounds mentioned in this study were successfully integrated into a model beverage system, and were found to have antimicrobial effect. However, the incorporation of these compounds would likely lead to negative sensory attributes at the concentration needed to achieve an appreciable antimicrobial effect alone.     

超临界CO_2萃取整粒花生仁的工艺研究

采用超临界CO2萃取技术从整粒花生仁中萃取部分油脂。研究了萃取压力、温度、时间和减压速度对出油率和整仁率的影响。确定条件为:压力30MPa,萃取时间1．5h,萃取温度50℃,减压时间1．5h。     

GC-MS在花生油中掺伪花生油香精的鉴别应用研究

采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对花生油及花生油香精中挥发性成分进行分析,剔除共有成分后,对所获得数据采用SPSS统计软件进行分析,将花生油香精中69个特征挥发性成分分为两类。通过对掺伪不同比例花生油香精的花生油样品分析,归为第一类的14种特征物质能很好地区分掺伪花生油香精,其检出限低至0.01%(占花生油体积分数),可为鉴别花生油掺伪花生油香精和评价花生油的品质提供技术参考。