Computer image analysis: an additional tool for the identification of processed poultry and mammal protein containing bones

The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the potential of image analysis measurements, in combination with the official analytical methods for the detection of constituents of animal origin in feedstuffs, to distinguish between poultry versus mammals; and (2) to identify possible markers that can be used in routine analysis. For this purpose, 14 mammal and seven poultry samples and a total of 1081 bone fragment lacunae were analysed by combining the microscopic methods with computer image analysis. The distribution of 30 different measured size and shape bone lacunae variables were studied both within and between the two zoological classes. In all cases a considerable overlap between classes meant that classification of individual lacunae was problematic, though a clear separation in the means did allow successful classification of samples on the basis of averages. The variables most useful for classification were those related to size, lacuna area for example. The approach shows considerable promise but will need further study using a larger number of samples with a wider range.     

加工食品中若干动物成分的PCR检测技术应用研究

本研究应用PCR技术检测了12种加工食品中的牛、羊、鸡、猪等动物源性成分，在此基础上还开发了真核生物所共有的18S核糖体DNA（18S rDNA）与食品中牛、羊、鸡、猪等多种动物物种特异性基因片段之间的二重PCR检测方法，还分析了牛、羊源性成分单PCR检测的灵敏度，以及18S rDNA与牛、羊之间的二重PCR检测方法的灵敏度。     

International consumer insights into the desires and barriers of diners in choosing healthy restaurant meals

Overweight and obesity are global public-health problems and unhealthy restaurant meals have been identified as one contributing factor. Given the increase in restaurant meals and the number of chefs and restaurants throughout the world, small changes in restaurant meals can have a large public health impact. However, to ensure that chefs and operators are able to provide changes that diners will accept and find appealing, an understanding of diners’ desire for healthier menus items and the barriers faced in choosing healthier meals is required. As such we conducted an international consumer study to identify these barriers and needs. A cohort of restaurant diners was recruited from ten countries: United Kingdom, United States of America, Germany, Poland, Turkey, Russia, Brazil, South Africa, Indonesia and China (n = 5000, aged 18–65 years, 50% females). Participants completed a comprehensive web-based questionnaire on aspects related to healthy eating at restaurants. Globally only 18% of the sampled diners were strongly satisfied with current healthy options on restaurant menus. Among the diners there was a preference to have “slightly healthier” options. The top 3 small changes that these diners wanted to see included on restaurant menus to make them healthier included: steamed, baked or grilled instead of fried, fresh ingredients used, and served with plenty of vegetables. Taste, price and satiation were seen as key barriers to current healthy options. Diners had clear preferences for when they wanted to see healthy items on the menu in terms of time of day, time of the week and occasions. Country, age and gender had a large influence on preferences, while personal factors such as diet type, family status and food reactions had minimal influence. In the current study, diners were largely unsatisfied with current healthy options and clear barriers and triggers for healthier meals were identified. Nutritionists, dietitian, chefs and managers working for restaurants and other out of home food services can leverage these insights to provide healthier and appealing meals.     

Development of a real-time PCR protocol for the species origin confirmation of isolated animal particles detected by NIRM

At present, European legislation prohibits totally the use of processed animal proteins in feed for all farmed animals (Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1234/2003–extended feed ban). A softening of the feed ban for non-ruminants would nevertheless be considered if alternative methods could be used to gain more information concerning the species origin of processed animal proteins than that which can be provided by classical optical microscopy. This would allow control provisions such as the ban of feeding animals with proteins from the same species or intra-species recycling (Regulation (EC) No. 1774/2002). Two promising alternative methods, near-infrared microscopy (NIRM) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), were combined to authenticate, at the species level, the presence of animal particles. The paper describes the improvements of the real-time PCR method made to the DNA extraction protocol, allowing five PCR analyses to be performed with the DNA extracted from a single particle.     

饼粕检测技术的研究现状

本文重点对大豆豆粕、菜籽饼粕和花生饼粕的检测技术的发展现状与问题进行了综述.     

低温脱脂大豆粕理化性质及挤压组织化特性关系研究

以2012年9家大豆蛋白生产企业的9份低温脱脂大豆粕为原料,以德国Brabender DSE-25型同向啮合双螺杆挤压机为挤压设备,采用相关性和主成分法分析大豆粕理化性质与挤压组织化系统参数、产品特性的关系。结果显示,挤压机扭矩与挤压组织化蛋白的硬度、咀嚼度、拉断强度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);模头处物料的表观黏度与挤压组织化蛋白硬度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与挤压组织化蛋白咀嚼度、拉伸强度呈显著正相关(P<0.05);单位机械能耗与色差△E*、咀嚼度、拉断强度之间呈显著正相关(P<0.05);大豆粕粗蛋白含量和挤压组织化产品硬度、咀嚼度、拉断强度之间正相关系数大于0.543;乳化性与挤压组织化蛋白组织化度的正相关系数为0.627。主成分载荷分布和得分分布图显示,参试大豆粕中P1、P2和P7的粗蛋白含量及其产品硬度较高;P3和P9的乳化性及其产品组织化度较高;P5和P7的粗纤维含量较高。结论认为,粗蛋白含量较高的大豆粕可生产出拉断强度较大、硬度和咀嚼度较高的挤压组织化蛋白;粗蛋白含量、乳化性可作为挤压组织化蛋白生产原料大豆粕的分类性状。     

Immunological detection of osteocalcin in meat and bone meal: a novel heat stable marker for the investigation of illegal feed adulteration

A sandwich ELISA was developed for the detection of bovine meat and bone meal (BMBM) in feed, based on polyclonal rabbit antibodies raised against the synthetic N-terminal amino acid sequence 1–9 (YLDHWLGAP) of bovine osteocalcin. To set up a sandwich ELISA pair, a commercial mouse monoclonal capture antibody binding to a highly conserved epitope in the mid-fragment of the peptide was employed. It is shown that the bone marker osteocalcin is immunologically well detectable in BMBM extracts obtained by a simple EDTA-based procedure even in a sample heated up to 145°C. Furthermore, a genus-specific restriction of the major specificity to cattle and horse was possible. The observed bi-specificity is consistent with theoretical predictions. The assay sensitivity with bovine osteocalcin of 1?ng was sufficient to enable the detection of 0.1% BMBM in compound plant feed or fish meal, for which no cross reaction was observed. In general the quantification of osteocalcin in extracts is possible using a standard curve procedure with pure bovine osteocalcin.     

动物性食品源空肠弯曲杆菌二重PCR检测方法的建立及应用

根据GenBank空肠弯曲杆菌(Campylobacter jejuni,Cj)的16S rDNA及hipO(编码马尿酸酶基因)序列设计两对特异引物,建立检测动物性食品源Cj的二重PCR方法,并应用于样品检测。结果显示只对Cj能特异的扩增出699bp和366bp两个基因片段,而大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌等其他11种细菌均未扩增出条带;Cj标准株ATCC33560的16S rDNA及hipO序列与GenBank其他Cj的相应序列具高度相似性(分别为99.7%~99.9%,98.1%~99.7%);该方法可在27h内完成,其灵敏度为2.4~16 CFU/mL;四川省雅安市鸡肉、猪肉、牛肉和牛奶样品中的Cj阳性率分别为38.0%(19/50)、28.3%(15/53)、17.1%(6/35)和8.6%(4/46)。     

动物肌肉组织基因组DNA两种提取方法的比较

以猪、牛、羊、鸡等动物新鲜冷冻样品为实验材料,采用SDS法和异硫氰酸胍法提取动物肌肉组织基因组DNA,对提取的DNA进行光密度、琼脂糖凝胶电泳和PCR检测,比较了这两种方法的提取效果。结果表明:采用SDS法和异硫氰酸胍法均能从动物肌肉组织提取到完整的基因组DNA,均可满足PCR等后继分子生物学实验的要求。但是异硫氰酸胍法提取的基因组在纯度和浓度及稳定性方面优于SDS法,且操作简单,耗时短,更利于快速检测。      

Address the Public Health and Food Security Concerns of Babesiosis Through Molecular Detection of Babesia Bovis in Suspected Carrier Cattle of Selected Localities in Sri Lanka

Emergence of babesiosis in both public health and food security concern in global perspectives cannot be ignored. The dairy farming plays an important role in food industry that, fulfilling the protein requirement through producing both milk and meat. The farming operations may get hampered due to non-infectious and infectious diseases. Infectious diseases also cause huge production losses in all farming operations in time to time. Babesiosis becomes a major concern in public health and animal production specialists in recent years both locally and internationally due to severity of out breaks, carrier animals and zoonotic nature. Babesiosis as an emerging zoonotic disease and also causing heavy production losses due to the both clinical diseases and carrier animals. Babesia parasites, mainly Babesia bovis and B. bigemina, are tick-borne hemoparasites inducing bovine babesiosis in cattle globally. Babesiosis is known to occur in tropical and subtropical regions of the world and it is one of the major constraints to the livestock industry which adversely affects economic return and food security by reducing milk, meat production and if not treated leads to the death of the animal. Babesia parasites are considered to be endemic in central Sri Lanka and the prevalence of babesiosis is high in other areas. Carrier cattle infected with babesiosis have low number of parasites in circulation. Babesiosis is difficult to detect and is a challenge to conventional diagnostic methods. However, diagnosis of carrier animals in herd is important for preventing outbreaks by transmission through vector ticks to healthy animals and for obtaining epidemiological data of the disease. Here, we have conducted nested PCR detection of Babesia bovis in carrier cattle (Jersey crosses, Friesian crosses and Australian milking zebu) of selected localities of Sri Lanka. For this study, 30 blood samples were collected from suspected carrier cattle and analyzed using light microscopy and nested PCR. Screening by light microscope indicated that 47% of the samples to be positive. PCR analysis of samples diagnosed 80% as positive. Hence, 33% of the animals appeared to be healthy through routine light microscope diagnosis were in fact carriers posing a threat for the healthy herd population. The high prevalence of babesiosis in carrier cattle in Sri Lanka emphasized that island-wide control and prevention programs against bovine babesiosis are needed to minimize the financial burden caused by the parasites to reduce to production losses. This preliminary study on molecular detection of Babesia bovis in selected localities offers a rapid and efficient screening method for suspected carrier herds while providing new avenues to minimize losers incurred in milk production due to unidentified carrier animals.     

利用荧光定量PCR技术鉴别畜禽肉中猪源性成分

以猪特异性基因序列为靶位点设计特异性引物,以常见畜禽肉包括猪肉、羊肉、兔肉、牛肉、鸽肉、鹌鹑肉、鸡肉、鸭肉、鹅肉等参考动物肌肉DNA为模板,进行荧光定量PCR扩增,建立猪源性成分荧光定量PCR检测方法;并将猪肉DNA模板浓度进行8个梯度稀释,检测其灵敏度。结果显示,该方法能够有效对猪源性成分进行快速检测,具有较强的特异性,灵敏度较高,可快速准确地鉴别畜禽肉中猪源性成分。     

Issues Related to the Use of Blood in Food and Animal Feed

Blood has traditionally been used as a high protein ingredient in both human food and animal feed, with resulting economic, environmental and nutritional benefits. However, potentially serious health and safety issues related to blood consumption, particularly the risk of pathogenic or harmful metabolic materials, the infectivity of prion diseases, and the presence of identified allergens such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), are causing many consumers to shy away from any product containing either animal blood or ingredients derived from animal blood. Thus, despite the significant volumes of blood produced by slaughterhouses, blood is currently underutilized as a food ingredient. This article reviews the use of animal blood as an ingredient in food intended for human consumption or for animal feed and discusses the related consumer concerns.     

Chemico-physical and functional properties of inorganic sunscreens in cosmetic products

This paper reports preliminary results of a study carried out on liquid crystal emulsions added to three different inorganic sunscreens: ultrafine zinc oxide, ultrafine titanium dioxide (inorganic-treated) and ultrafine titanium dioxide (organic-treated hydrophobically).
The aim of the work was to investigate the influence of chemico-physical properties of inorganic sunscreens on the microstructure of cosmetic emulsions. The study was carried out using three different techniques: rheological measurements performed in dynamic conditions, to study the homogeneity of samples and their structural features; dispersion of powders in emulsions by optical microscopy and SEM/EDX analysis; and functionality of emulsions by UV spectroscopy, with adhesive tape as substrate.
Results show that the different chemico-physical properties of the micropigments lead to different interactions with emulsion components; these interactions may affect the functionality and microstructure of the whole system, with loss of stability.     

葵花籽粕多肽的提取工艺研究

以物理取油后的葵花籽粕为原料,用中性蛋白酶进行酶解,研究了葵花籽多肽的直接酶提工艺。在单因素的基础上,选定料液比、酶用量和酶解时间三个因素的三个水平进行正交实验,通过直观分析和方差分析得到最优组合条件。研究结果表明,当提取工艺为料液比1:45,酶用量4%,提取时间4h时,多肽得率达到极大值。该条件下多肽的得率达到10.042%。      

素食中动物源性成分的PCR检测方法的研究

建立了素食产品中动物源性成分的实时荧光PCR检测方法,该方法特异、灵敏,仅通过检测一个基因位点即可判断素食产品中是否含有动物源性成分,对来源于畜类、禽类及鱼类动物源性成分的检出限分别为0.01%,0.05%,0.1%。运用该方法对市场上22份不同类型的素食产品进行了检测,检出2份产品中含有动物源性成分。该方法操作方便快捷,适用于素食中动物源性成分的定性检测。     

花生粕酶水解液中黄曲霉毒素脱毒定性研究

本文研究了一种新工艺,将花生粕深度酶水解后,使微溶于水的黄曲毒素（AFT）从结合的疏水性氨基酸残基上充分游离,采用过滤法,截2留住大部分黄典霉毒素,从而使AFT含量显著下降。     

花生蛋白的开发和利用现状

花生是公认的优质植物蛋白资源,花生蛋白的营养价值与动物蛋白相近。对花生蛋白的成分、功能特性、营养价值、提取方法以及开发利用现状进行了综述,并对花生蛋白的开发利用前景进行了展望。     

Calcium,iron, zinc and copper transport and uptake by Caco-2 cells in school meals: Influence of protein and mineral interactions

A combined in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture system is used to estimate calcium, iron, zinc and copper transported and cell uptake (retention plus transport) corresponding to 8 dishes usually distributed to a Spanish school lunchroom, with an evaluation of the influence of proteins and mineral interactions. Mineral uptake percentages were as follows: Ca (3.3–56.3), Fe (7.8–67.4), Zn (5.6–54.9), Cu (14.6–96.6). The protein content of the menus analyzed (22.9–162.9 mg/g) exerts a positive influence upon iron uptake (r = 0.938), and a negative influence upon calcium uptake (r = −0.755) – with no influence upon the uptakes of either Zn or Cu. Mineral interactions are observed at dietary concentrations in the school menus studied. A negative and positive interaction is seen between soluble iron after in vitro digestion and Zn transported (r = −0.733) and Cu retention (r = 0.800), respectively. Solubilized Zn exerts a negative influence upon iron retained (r = −0.831).