Biogenic amine formation in Turkish dry fermented sausage (sucuk) as affected by nisin and nitrite

BACKGROUND: The effects of nitrite (0, 100, and 200 mg kg^?1) and nisin (0, 250, and 500 mg kg^?1) on biogenic amine formation in sucuk were investigated by utilising a central composite design of response surface methodology. RESULTS: The addition of nitrite led to decreased levels of tryptamine, 2‐phenylethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, and histamine, whereas nisin decreased the tryptamine level and counts of lactic acid bacteria. However, nisin increased putrescine, cadaverine, and spermidine levels. Their interactive effect was also found to be significant (P < 0.05) for putrescine values. CONCLUSION: The additional nitrite levels can be decreased by the addition of nisin, which will hinder biogenic amine formation. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

The use of bulgur as a meat replacement: bulgur‐sucuk (a vegetarian dry‐fermented sausage)

In this study, bulgur was used to produce a new sucuk (Turkish dry‐fermented sausage) as a vegetarian product. Yellow and black/brown bulgurs were mixed into the sucuk dough as fat and meat imitations respectively. Instead of animal fat, olive oil was used for lubrication. Nitrite and nitrate were not added to the recipe. The bulgur‐sucuk was ripened at 60–95% relative humidity and 18–25 °C over 15 days. During ripening, pH, moisture content and textural (hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and resilience), sensory (flavour, colour, cutting and overall scores) and colour (Hunter L, a, b, yellowing index (YI), total colour difference, hue angle, chroma and browning index values) attributes were monitored. The pH and moisture content of the bulgur‐sucuk were 5.81 and 493 g kg^?1 respectively before ripening and decreased to 4.14 and 280 g kg^?1 during ripening. The colour values L, a, b and YI decreased significantly (P < 0.05) to 33.03, 7.67, 11.63 and 80.70 respectively during ripening. Some of these decreases in colour values were expected owing to the lack of nitrite and nitrate. All instrumentally measured textural properties of the bulgur‐sucuk increased significantly (P < 0.05) during ripening. From the results of the parameter measurements and sensory evaluations, bulgur appears to be suitable as a meat replacement when used in a dry‐fermented formulation. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of processing methods and starter culture (Staphylococcus xylosus and Pediococcus pentosaceus) on proteolytic changes in Turkish sausages (sucuk) during ripening and storage

Proteolytic changes in Turkish sausages (sucuk) produced by two methods (heat processing and traditional) were determined during processing and storage for 90 days. The sausages were produced with or without starter culture in both methods. A mixture of Staphylococcus xylosus and Pediococcus pentosaceus was used as starter culture for their acidic and proteolytic characteristics.The major changes in proteolytic characteristics of sucuk took place during the fermentation stage, with an increase in non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and a decrease in protein solubility. Proteolytic activity was observed in both starter-inoculated and non-inoculated (control) sausages during processing. Moreover, a slight increase in proteolytic activity was detected during storage in both starter-inoculated and control traditional sausages, and also in heat-processed sausages due to some heat-resistant proteolytic enzymes. Protein solubility was significantly affected by processing time and heat treatment. Sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins were also affected by starter addition, fermentation, drying and heat processing. During fermentation, starter-inoculated and control sausages showed intense proteolysis in both the traditional and heat processing methods. After heating, intensive degradation of both sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins due to denaturation was observed in heat-processed samples.     

Changes in nitrate and nitrite content of four vegetables during storage at refrigerated and ambient temperatures

The nitrate and nitrite contents of four kinds of vegetables (spinach, crown daisy, organic Chinese spinach and organic non-heading Chinese cabbage) in Taiwan were determined during storage at both refrigerated (5 ± 1°C) and ambient temperatures (22 ± 1°C) for 7 days. During storage at ambient temperature, nitrate levels in the vegetables dropped significantly from the third day while nitrite levels increased dramatically from the fourth day of storage. However, refrigerated storage did not lead to changes in nitrate and nitrite levels in the vegetables over 7 days.     

密闭气体环境对夏菠菜硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及贮藏品质的影响

以菠菜为实验材料,研究低温贮藏条件下(4℃)密闭气体环境对菠菜贮藏品质,尤其对硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及硝酸还原酶等酶活性的影响。结果表明:与对照(非密闭环境)相比,低温密闭气体环境可显著减缓菠菜可溶性固形物、VC、叶绿素等贮藏品质的下降,维持菠菜较高的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性和抗逆酶活性(SOD、POD、CAT),抑制丙二醛的产生,贮藏8d硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐分别为1318.44、0.42mg/kg,较对照分别降低了31.96%、26.19%,实验表明低温密闭气体环境有效降低了硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的累积,提升了菠菜的安全贮运品质。      

冷藏对蔬菜中亚硝酸盐及硝酸盐含量的影响

目的 探索冰箱冷藏(4℃)条件下蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量随时间的变化,对冷藏食品的安全性进行评价.方法 分别采用重氮偶合分光光度法和麝香草酚分光光度法对生菜、菠菜、油麦菜及苦苣4种常用蔬菜在冷藏条件下其亚硝酸盐及硝酸盐的含量变化进行测定.结果 1～4d内,生菜、苦苣中的亚硝酸盐含量随着时间的延长逐渐增加;菠菜、油麦菜中亚硝酸盐含量分别在第2天和第3天达到最大,之后逐渐降低,而菠菜中亚硝酸盐含量在第4天又出现上升趋势.4种蔬菜中亚硝酸盐含量4d中最大值仅为0.419 4 mg/kg(生菜),均＜4 mg/kg的限量值.苦苣和油麦菜中硝酸盐含量在1～4d内逐渐上升.菠菜中硝酸盐含量第2天达到418.48 mg/kg,之后又降低至20.83 mg/kg.生菜中硝酸盐含量在第3天达到最大值317.26 mg/kg,之后逐渐下降,但均在安全范围内(432 mg/kg).结论 在4℃下冷藏4d后,4种常见蔬菜均可安全食用.可见,冷藏能有效减缓亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐含量的升高.     

Effect of fat level and ripening temperature on biochemical and sensory characteristics of naturally fermented Turkish sausages (sucuk)

Changes in chemical and sensory characteristics of naturally fermented Turkish sausages during ripening were evaluated for three fat levels (10, 20 and 30%) and two different ripening temperatures, i.e. 20–22 and 24–26 °C. Fat level, ripening temperature and time affected total acidity, free fatty acids (FFA) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values. Both higher fat content and higher temperature resulted in higher FFA and TBA values during ripening, indicating high lipolytic and oxidative activity. TBA values showed an increase from the first to the ninth day, but were lower at 20–22 °C than at 24–26 °C. High fat level and temperature adversely affected rancid flavor and overall acceptability.     

Investigation of the effect of sumac extract and BHT addition on the quality of sucuk (Turkish dry‐fermented sausage)

The effect of sumac extract and BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) addition on the quality (pH, colour, biogenic amine, TBARS values and sensory attributes) of sucuk (Turkish dry‐fermented sausage) were investigated during the ripening period. Addition of BHT decreased the TBARS value by about 23.7%, whereas sumac extract decreased it by 42.0%. Sumac extract decreased (P < 0.05) putrescine formation more than BHT addition. However, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed in histamine formation for both the sumac extract and BHT‐added recipe. The highest tyramine concentration was observed in a control recipe (R1) prepared without any antioxidants, and the lowest was in the sumac extract‐added recipe (R3) with mean values of about 96.62 and 63.17 mg kg^?1, respectively. The control recipe (R1) was found to be the worst (P < 0.05) sample with respect to overall sensory quality and addition of either sumac extract or BHT increased (P < 0.05) the overall sensory quality of sucuk. The pH and colour attributes of sucuk were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between the addition of sumac extract and BHT. This study demonstrated that sumac extract had more effect on the quality of sucuk during the ripening period, hence it could be easily utilised in sucuk to enhance quality. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

甜菜粉与亚硝酸钠复合对中式香肠品质的影响

研究甜菜粉对中式香肠品质的影响,以期达到替代或部分替代亚硝酸钠目的。采用甜菜粉(0、0.5%、1.0%)与亚硝酸钠(0、50、100 mg/kg)正交组合添加于中式香肠中,分别于第2、7、14 d测定亚硝酸盐残留量、色泽(L*、a*、b*)、亚硝基肌红蛋白(NOMb)含量、脂质氧化(TBARS)、质构(TPA)及酸度等指标。结果表明:各甜菜粉添加组的亚硝酸盐残留量显著低于100 mg/kg亚硝酸钠添加组的和国标规定(p<0.05);0.5%甜菜粉复合50 mg/kg亚硝酸钠添加组的a*值显著大于1.0%甜菜粉复合50 mg/kg亚硝酸钠添加组的(p<0.05);在第7、14 d,0.5%甜菜粉与50 mg/kg亚硝酸钠复合添加组的NOMb含量显著低于1.0%甜菜粉复合50 mg/kg亚硝酸钠添加组的(p<0.05);在第14 d,0.5%甜菜粉复合50 mg/kg亚硝酸钠组的TBARS值显著小于1.0%甜菜粉复合50 mg/kg亚硝酸钠组(p<0.05);但添加甜菜粉对中式香肠的质构影响不显著(p>0.05)。综合亚硝酸盐残留量、色泽、NOMb、TBARS等指标,最优的组合为0.5%甜菜粉与50 mg/kg亚硝酸钠复合组。由此可见:甜菜粉可以替代部分亚硝酸钠添加于中式香肠中。      

复合发酵剂对羊肉发酵香肠亚硝酸盐残留量和品质的影响

以羊肉为原料不添加发酵剂、添加市售发酵剂和复合发酵剂(植物乳杆菌与肉葡萄球菌混合发酵剂比为1∶3)采用同种工艺生产三组发酵香肠。研究三组羊肉发酵香肠发酵和干燥成熟过程中的p H、Aw、色差、亚硝酸盐(NIT)含量变化以及成品的质构特性。结果显示:发酵过程中,三组发酵香肠的p H、Aw和e值均下降,混合发酵剂组p H迅速降低为4.7,低于对照组和市售发酵剂组,其NIT含量为0.66mg/kg,低于对照组和市售发酵剂组的0.79、0.8mg/kg;成熟结束时,三组的p H和e值开始上升,混合发酵剂组的Aw下降极显著(p<0.01)快于市售发酵剂组和对照组,并且三组各项质构指标除黏聚性外均差异极显著(p<0.01),最终对照组、市售发酵剂组、混合发酵剂组发酵香肠的NIT含量分别为1.38、1.46、1.26mg/kg。整体上,混合发酵剂香肠品质优于其他两组。      

基于高光谱技术的香肠亚硝酸盐快速检测方法

选取7个不同储藏时期的香肠分别进行亚硝酸盐含量检测和对应的光谱数据采集,并用Savitzky-Golary法进行光谱数据预处理,以减少光谱数据的噪声;在预处理后的光谱数据基础上,用偏最小二乘回归系数法提取出29个特征波长;对比分析了特征波长和全波长下香肠中亚硝酸盐含量预测模型的检测精度。结果表明:全波长下的回归模型预测结果均高于特征波长下,且全波长下偏最小二乘回归模型优于主成分回归模型,表征偏最小二乘回归模型精度的决定系数和均方根误差分别为0.982 9和0.059 2。说明全波长下的光谱信息更适用于香肠储藏过程中亚硝酸盐含量高光谱检测模型的构建。     

新鲜蔬菜的添加对发酵香肠成熟过程中理化指标变化的影响

将新鲜蔬菜（芹菜、洋白菜、菠菜）添加到发酵香肠的加工中,以期替代化学合成硝酸盐的作用,生产出更加安全的肉制品。本实验以冷却猪通脊肉和背膘肉（8∶2）为原料,添加萨科WBL-45复合菌株和各种辅料制作发酵香肠,分为5组:阴性对照CK组,不添加硝酸盐;阳性对照SN组,添加0.3 g/kg的硝酸盐;芹菜QC组,添加6.3%芹菜浆;菠菜BC组,添加8.1%菠菜浆;洋白菜YBC组,添加9.0%洋白菜（使得硝酸盐含量均为0.3 g/kg）。研究3种新鲜蔬菜替代化学合成硝酸盐对发酵香肠理化性质的影响。实验结果表明:3组蔬菜发酵香肠（QC、BC和YBC组）在干燥成熟期间,色泽（菠菜发酵香肠呈现鲜亮绿色除外）、TBARS值、TVB-N值和亚硝酸盐残留量变化表明蔬菜发酵香肠的品质显著优于CK组（p<0.05）,亚硝酸盐残留量仅在3.63⁵.46 mg/kg范围,远远低于国家限量标准（30 mg/kg）,产品安全性高。添加蔬菜后的发酵香肠在成熟期间,产品的p H、水分含量和Aw的变化与对照组（CK和SN组）相比差异不显著（p>0.05）,表现为p H先升后降的变化趋势,水分降低至21.07%²6.84%,Aw值降低至0.849⁰.881,表明蔬菜的添加不会影响到产品的成熟过程。      

分光光度法测定火腿肠中亚硝酸盐含量的不确定度评定

目的根据JJF1059.1-2012《测定不确定度的评定与表示》和GB 5009.33-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐的测定》测定火腿肠中亚硝酸盐含量并进行不确定度评定。方法利用分光光度法测定火腿肠中亚硝酸盐含量,并建立相应的数学模型对测定过程中的称量、定容、分取、稀释、测定等引入的不确定度来源及其分量进行系统的分析。结果火腿肠中亚硝酸盐含量为4.31mg/kg,置信概率为95%时,最终得到测量的扩展不确定度为0.138 mg/kg (k=2)。结论火腿肠亚硝酸盐测定过程中最主要的不确定度来源为最小二乘法拟合的曲线,可通过减小标准品称量、定容等操作误差对曲线绘制的影响,进而有效降低最终检测结果的扩展不确定度。     

适宜后熟对猕猴桃果实冷藏后货架品质的影响

该文以‘贵长’猕猴桃为试材,研究适宜后熟对其冷藏后货架品质的影响。结果表明,猕猴桃果实采收后于阴凉处散去田间热,然后转入(4±0.5)℃贮藏,冷藏后货架成熟时果实呼吸速率、乙烯释放速率显著增加,抗氧化物质含量低,超氧阴离子(O₂^-)和H₂O₂快速积累,活性氧代谢失衡,从而导致其在冷藏40 d后货架时全部腐烂。猕猴桃果实后熟至可溶性固形物9.5%时再转入(4±0.5)℃贮藏,可有效抑制其冷藏后货架时呼吸速率和乙烯释放速率,减少果实营养物质损耗,维持果实抗氧化物含量和活性氧代谢平衡,进而降低果实的腐烂率,延长冷藏期。然而,猕猴桃果实后熟至可溶性固形物含量14.5%再冷藏则加速猕猴桃果实腐烂。因此,适宜后熟通过抑制乙烯释放速率、提高抗氧化物酶活性、维持活性氧代谢平衡来维持其冷藏后货架品质,为猕猴桃贮藏保鲜技术开发奠定了理论基础。     

贮存条件对蔬菜及其食品中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量的影响

对不同温度、容器等贮存条件下蔬菜及菜汤中NO3-和NO2-含量状况的研究。结果表明:不论是在新鲜蔬菜还是菜汤中,这两种有害物质的含量均随贮存温度的升高而相应增加,且含盐菜汤中的含量高于无盐菜汤;在同种温度条件下,3种不同质地容器贮存的菜汤中NO3-特别是NO2-的含量差异较大,均为铝容器>不锈钢容器>铁容器。     

内蒙古医科大学新华校区周围市售香肠和 火腿肠中亚硝酸盐含量的测定

目的采用反相高效液相色谱法检测内蒙古医科大学新华校区周围市售香肠和火腿肠中亚硝酸盐含量。方法选择四丁基溴化铵作为离子对试剂,以甲醇-磷酸缓冲盐为流动相,样品经La Chrom C_(18)色谱柱分离,采用二极管阵列检测器定量分析亚硝酸盐的含量。对市售香肠和火腿肠随机抽样126份,进行亚硝酸盐含量测定,并对结果进行合格性评价。结果亚硝酸盐在0.10~5.0μg/m L浓度范围内有较好的线性关系,线性相关系数为0.9999,检出限为0.015 mg/L,相对标准差均小于5%,回收率在85.0%~99.8%之间。测得该地区市售带包装火腿肠和散装香肠中亚硝酸盐含量分别为4.92±2.29 mg/kg和8.61±1.76 mg/kg,二者差异极显著(P0.01),但均低于国标限量值。结论该地区亚硝酸盐均在安全范围以内,散装香肠和火腿肠中亚硝酸盐含量高于带包装样品。     

Nisin替代部分亚硝对中式香肠品质影响的研究

主要研究通过对比实验,以挥发性盐基氮、过氧化值、pH值、菌落总数及感官评定作为评价指标,探讨了Nisin代替部分亚硝对中式香肠品质的影响。实验结果表明:在其他条件相同的情况下,添加600mg/kg Nisin及40mg/kg亚硝制作的中式香肠,与按90mg/kg添加亚硝制作的中式香肠品质差异不明显。     

柠檬酸对泡菜中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及其风味物质的影响

以豇豆为原料,分别采用自然发酵、添加不同浓度的柠檬酸制作泡菜,对比分析了其在不同的发酵过程中对硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氨基酸态氮及香气的影响。结果表明,添加柠檬酸0.30%能最大程度的降解泡菜中的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐,使其含量分别达到97.86 mg/kg,2.33 mg/kg;且氨基酸态氮含量为0.52 g/kg,与自然发酵泡菜相近。经柠檬酸处理的泡菜在发酵7 d后共检测出148种香气成分,其中,柠檬酸0.30%处理组香气物质种类最多,为88种,包括酯类20种,醇类13种,醛类19种,酮类5种,挥发性酸类5种,芳香族类9种,烯烃类3种,烷烃类14种,使泡菜风味更协调,整体更和谐。综上所述,添加柠檬酸0.30%至泡菜中最适宜,并以期为泡菜的生产加工提供参考。     

Effect of sage (Salvia officinalis) on the oxidative stability of Chinese-style sausage during refrigerated storage

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of sage, at levels of 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.15% (w/w), on the oxidative stability of Chinese-style sausage stored at 4 °C for 21 days. The results showed that inclusion of sage in sausages resulted in lower L* values (P < 0.05) and higher a* values (P < 0.05) compared to the control. During refrigerated storage, sausages containing sage showed significantly retarded increases in TBARS values, and in the formation of protein carbonyls (P < 0.05), but showed accelerated losses of thiol groups (P < 0.05). Addition of sage to the sausages at levels of 0.1% and 0.15% reduced textural deterioration during refrigerated storage (P < 0.05). Sage used in this study had no negative effects on the sensory properties of sausages.     

添加亚硝酸钠和维生素E对哈尔滨风干肠中亚硝胺的影响

研究了哈尔滨风干肠中亚硝酸钠添加量对亚硝胺形成的影响以及抗氧化剂维生素E（VE）对其阻断作用。研究表明添加亚硝酸钠对亚硝基二乙胺（NDEA）、亚硝基酰胺（NDBA）、亚硝基哌啶（NPIP）、亚硝基二丙胺（NDPA）、亚硝基二苯胺（NDph A）等5种亚硝胺的形成有促进作用,尤其是对NDph A影响最大,随着风干肠中亚硝酸钠添加量的增加,会显著增加各种亚硝胺的生成（p<0.05）。同时,添加VE可以有效的阻断风干肠中亚硝胺的生成（p<0.05）,并降低风干肠发酵过程中的硫代巴比妥酸（TBARS）、过氧化物值（POV）和挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）含量。并且发酵过程中NDEA、NPIP、NDPA、NDph A含量与TBARS值、POV值、TVB-N呈显著正相关（p<0.05）。结果表明,亚硝酸钠添加会促进风干肠中亚硝胺形成,添加VE对亚硝胺的形成具有很好的阻断作用。