Saponin content of chickpea and black gram: Varietal differences and effects of processing and cooking methods

Differences were observed in saponin contents of eight varieties of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and four of black gram (Phaseolus mungo). Common domestic processing and cooking treatments reduced the saponin level of the pulses significantly. Sprouting had the most pronounced effect followed by autoclaving, soaking and ordinary cooking. Cooking of soaked as well as unsoaked seeds had a similar diminishing effect.     

欧姆加热技术对肉块品质的影响

自主设计的欧姆加热装置被用来进行研究。研究了不同电场强度(3、6、9V/cm),不同保温时间(7、9、11min)欧姆加热处理对肉块品质(加热程度值,微生物杀灭效果,质构)的影响,并与改进的水浴加热方式处理的肉块进行了品质上的比较。     

Effect of vacuum cooking treatment on physicochemical and structural characteristics of purple‐flesh potato

Cook‐vide (CV, vacuum boiling) and sous‐vide (SV, cooking in a vacuum‐sealed pouch) have been applied to cook purple‐flesh potatoes. Response surface methodology (RSM) sets up the work conditions of temperatures (78–92 °C) and times (16–44 min). Textural parameters, colour and anthocyanins have been measured in cooked samples, and microstructure of cooked tissues was observed with cryo‐SEM technique. CV and SV provided similar hardness (P > 0.05), while SV treatments provided samples more adhesive and cohesive than CV ones (P ≤ 0.05). Micrographs of cooked samples showed rounder cells in cook‐vide samples and higher swelling than in sous‐vide ones. SV treatment avoided the leaching into the water of anthocyanins (chromophore) retaining more of them in potatoes (P ≤ 0.05), as a consequence of which total colour difference was lower in SV samples compared with CV ones (P ≤ 0.05). Particularly, CV samples were lighter (higher values of L*) and less reddish (lower values of +a*) than SV ones (P ≤ 0.05).     

浸泡和糊化工艺对半干米粉品质的影响

目的:优化半干米粉的浸泡工艺和糊化工艺。方法:分析浸泡温度、浸泡时间、糊化温度、糊化时间、水添加量对半干米粉吐浆率和质构特性的影响,并优化浸泡工艺和糊化工艺。结果:最佳工艺条件为浸泡温度40℃,浸泡时间2 h,糊化温度90℃,糊化时间8 min,水添加量7 0%,在最佳工艺下制得的半干米粉具有较好的蒸煮品质和质构特性。结论:通过优化半干米粉的浸泡工艺和糊化工艺可提升半干米粉的品质。     

Physical and cooking characteristics of black gram (Phaseolus mungoo L.) cultivars grown in India

Pulses are important component of diet, and information on their physical properties is needed for designing machines while cooking quality is important for consumer acceptance. Three black gram cultivars grown in India were evaluated for physical and cooking properties. Proximate composition revealed that three cultivars contained 24.5–26.7% protein, 1.1–1.3% fat, 2.8–3.7% ash and 60.4–63.3% carbohydrates. Length, breadth and thickness of seeds were in the range of 4.66–5.11 mm, 3.71–3.79 mm and 3.20–3.29 mm, respectively. True density and porosity varied from 1.25–1.29 g mL^?1 to 33.43–36.09%, respectively. Hydration and swelling capacities of the seeds varied from 0.036–0.041 g per seed to 0.037–0.042 mL per seed, respectively. Cooking time of unsoaked seeds varied significantly from 35.3 to 42.7 min. Hardness and adhesiveness of the cooked seeds varied from 2.12–2.55 kg to 0.02–0.99 kg s, respectively. The black gram cultivars are rich in protein, and soaking treatment improved their cooking quality.     

The utilisation of grapeseed oil in improving the quality of dry fermented sausages

This study aims to examine the scope of changes in colour, texture and sensory characteristics of fermented sausages by substituting 20% of backfat with grapeseed oil prepared as liquid (GS), encapsulated (EGS) and pre‐emulsified [with soy protein isolate (GSI) and alginate (GSA)], and their stability during 30 days of refrigerated storage. Protein and fat contents, pH and TBA values were not significantly different between products after production and storage. Treatments with added oil had higher weight loss (1.5–2.5%), while moisture content was significantly lowest in GS. Internal product colour evaluation showed the highest values of L*, b* and hue angle in GSI. GSI had the highest hardness and chewiness. Storage affected more surface than internal product colour, hardness was significantly changed only in GSI (lower) and EGS (higher), and increasing of TBA did not lead to significant differences between treatments. The study showed that GSA was the most promising of all treatments investigated.     

粉蒸肉质构特性的研究

研究了酱油、水、食盐、白糖、腌制时间、蒸煮时间对粉蒸肉质构特性的影响。结果表明,酱油对带皮肥肉的弹性、凝聚性、回复性影响较小;水是影响带皮肥肉的凝聚性、耐嚼性和无皮肥肉的弹性和耐嚼性的主要因素;食盐主要影响带皮肥肉的凝聚性和无皮肥肉的回复性;白糖是影响无皮肥肉的硬度、回复性的主要因素;腌制时间主要影响带皮肥肉的硬度、耐嚼性和无皮肥肉的回复性;蒸煮时间是影响带皮肥肉弹性、凝聚性、无皮肥肉弹性、回复性的主要因素。酱油、腌制时间、蒸煮时间对瘦肉的弹性影响较小,加水量对瘦肉的回复性影响较小。除加水量以外的五个因素变化时,瘦肉的硬度差异显著(p<0.05)。     

籽瓜种子蛋白对肌原纤维蛋白功能的影响

本研究以籽瓜种子为原料,利用碱溶酸沉方法提取籽瓜种子蛋白,在40、60、80℃条件下获得不同籽瓜种子蛋白,分别进行分子质量、溶解度测定,并与肌原纤维蛋白形成凝胶,对凝胶作用力、弹性、回弹性、粘结性、水相分度、白度进行试验。结果表明,40~80℃范围内随着提取温度的升高,籽瓜种子蛋白溶解度先升高后降低差异显著(P0.05),并获得4个吸收峰,峰1为699~103ku的大分子蛋白聚集体,峰2、峰3分别为340、212 ku的球蛋白,及10~54 ku部分清蛋白、球蛋白的亚基,随着碱溶温度继续升高,峰2、峰3逐渐消失。籽瓜种子蛋白与肌原纤维蛋白形成凝胶的三维网状结构稳定性通过疏水键、氢键、以及二硫键维持,其中疏水键、氢键为主要作用力。碱溶温度为60℃时,WPS与MP形成凝胶弹性较好、保水性较好,差异显著(P0.05)。随着温度的增加,凝胶白度逐渐加,WPS结构发生改变、变性,差异显著(P0.05)。由此可知,温度对籽瓜种子蛋白结构、功能影响较大,不同碱溶温度提取的籽瓜种子蛋白对肌原纤维蛋白功能影响差异显著,碱溶温度为60℃时,获得籽瓜种子蛋白与肌原纤维蛋白形成的凝胶有利于改善对肉制品品质,可作为非肉蛋白稳定剂添加到猪肉制品中。     

Phytic acid content of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and black gram (Vigna mungo): varietal differences and effect of domestic processing and cooking methods

Phytic acid content of various cultivars showed a narrow variation: 7.48-8.00 g kg^?1 and 6.47-6.68 g kg^?1 for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) and black gram (Vigna mungo L), respectively. Phytic acid was lowered significantly by the common methods of domestic processing and cooking including soaking, cooking, autoclaving and sprouting of the legume grains. Sprouting had the most marked phytic acid lowering effect followed by autoclaving and soaking. Cooking of soaked seeds lowered phytic acid by 20-26% in chickpea and 35-40% in black gram grains whereas the loss was 7-11% and 6-9% in these pulses, respectively, when unsoaked seeds were cooked.     

酱牛肉质构特性主成分分析

酱牛肉的质构特性是决定其品质的重要因素之一,仪器测定是质构特性的重要评价手段。本研究选用五个品牌酱牛肉作为实验样品,通过TPA测试方法对其质构进行了测定,然后对实验数据进行统计分析,包括相关性分析和主成分分析。实验结果表明:通过主成分分析,从酱牛肉七个TPA质构指标中提取出两个主成分,累计方差贡献率为91.31%,即TPA测定的七个参数可以归纳为两类——咀嚼特性和抗压特性。运用主成分分析法减少了酱牛肉质构特性的评价指标,简化了评价过程,为仪器测定来代替感官评定质构特性提供了条件。      

Microwave vs. convection heating of bovine Gluteus Medius muscle: impact on selected physical properties of final product and cooking yield

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of two convection–microwave heating (M100 and M30) on texture and colour properties, cooking yield and thermal shrinkage of bovine product (gluteus medius muscle) as compared with conventional roasting at constant temperature (P180 and P80) and roasting with ΔT program (Δ80 and Δ40). The product processed by the M100 method was characterised by high shear force (WBSF) and high compression force (TPA). The reduction of microwave intensity to 30% (roasting M30) could improve the tenderness of final product. In addition, microwave heating at the intensity of 30% shortened the roasting time, and the produced sample exhibited comparable process loss and heat shrinkage extent compared to those treated by the high‐temperature conventional roasting method (P180). The study indicated that combining of convection and low‐intensity microwave heating could be successfully used in catering business for beef roasting due to the shorter cooking time, reduced cooking loss and higher tenderness of meat.     

Effect of fermentation on ionizable iron in cereal-pulse combinations

The average diet in most developing countries is predominantly cereal based. Wheat, rice and millets are major staple foods. Although these diets are sufficient in iron, their low bioavailability is one of the most significant factors for iron deficiency anaemia. Traditional techniques like fermentation show promise in improving iron bioavailability. In vitro ionizable iron was estimated in 31 different combinations of rice, wheat, sorghum, black gram, bengal gram, green gram and coriander in five replicates with or without, fermentation in steamed products. Results indicate that in general cereal pulse combination and fermentation significantly ( P <0.05) increase the per cent ape of ionizable iron. Combination effects dominated in rice whilst fermentation dominated in sorghum. There was a significant reduction ( P <0.05) in phytate phosphorus on fermentation but no loss of tannin.