石油烃混合降解菌对汽油污染土的降解条件优化试验研究

为测定实验室提取的5种石油烃降解菌的混合菌悬液对汽油污染土的降解效果,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对经过降解菌降解的汽油污染土化合物进行定性分析,以鉴定此混合菌悬液对汽油污染土是否有降解能力;考虑pH值、温度、土壤含水率及降解菌接种量等因素,采用单因素试验和多因素正交试验进行降解率测定,以优化此混合菌悬液对汽油污染土的降解条件。试验结果表明,单因素试验条件下,经过试验前后化合物组分比较发现,实验室提取的5种混合降解菌对汽油污染土有良好的降解能力;由相对峰面积比图发现,温度和降解菌接种量相对于含水率和pH值这两个因素来说,对混合降解菌降解效果的影响更为显著;当pH值在6～8、降解温度在30～35 ℃、含水率在15%～25%、降解菌接种量在1～2.5 mL范围时,混合菌悬液的降解效果相对明显。多因素正交试验条件下,混合菌悬液的最佳降解条件是：温度为32 ℃,pH值为7,降解菌接种量为1 mL,含水率为25%。     

微生物协同降解深层石油污染土壤研究

为了消除土壤中石油类物质的污染,从现场油泥中分别筛选出高效降解菌铜绿假单胞和无色杆菌,对其独立使用和复配时对原油的降解规律进行了研究,探讨了复合菌体系加量、含水率、土壤含油量、氮磷营养比以及ｐＨ 值、温度等对石油污染土壤降解率的影响。结果表明：复合微生物对土壤石油污染的降解率高于单独使用时的降解率,且当两者复合比例为１∶１,土壤含水率为２５％ 时,９ｄ 降解率可达４１．４９％;温度为２５ ℃、土壤含水率为２５％、土壤ｐＨ 值为７．５左右、菌液加量为５％、土壤含油率低于５％时,６ｄ降解率可达到６４．９％;保持土壤含水率为２５％,ｐＨ 值为７．５左右,保证充足的营养,含油率为２％的深层土壤５４ｄ降解率可达到４３．２％。     

微生物对石油烃类的降解机理

文章分析了生物降解需要的条件、环境因素对石油烃微生物降解的影响,石油烃类的有氧降解机理、有氧降解方式,石油烃类的厌氧降解机理、厌氧降解过程中某些无机含氧化合物作受氢体的递氢过程,石油烃类化合物微生物降解难易程度,提出了以后应进一步重视原油的生物降解应用于我国微生物采油的研究。     

石油污染土壤原位生物修复的强化实验研究

为研究添加营养物质和高效降解石油微生物对油污土壤生物修复的作用,通过分层土柱的方法,连续监测了不同条件下不同土层的含水率、石油烃含量、细菌数量及脱氢酶活性。结果表明：添加营养物质同时接种高效微生物可使降解效果明显改善,降解率比在自然条件下提高近50％,而单纯添加营养物质不接种高效微生物可使降解率比在自然条件下提高约25％。降解初期,上层土壤降解效果较好,而到中后期,中下层降解效果好于上层。微生物数量和脱氢酶活性与石油降解率之间存在良好的相关性,脱氢酶活性比微生物数量更能反映修复过程中微生物的存活状态。添加营养物质和高效降解石油微生物对油污土壤原位生物修复具有强化作用。     

电动力强化对微生物修复石油污染土壤的影响

将电动力强化作为一种手段应用于微生物修复含油土壤,即在外加电场的作用下,找到合适作用条件,结合微生物处理成本较低、操作简单易行等特点,实现两者的耦合技术,以对油泥进行深度处理。探讨了电场对油泥中ＮＯ３－ 、ＳＯ４２－ 等带电离子以及石油烃在电场作用下的分布特征对微生物作用方式和除油效果的影响;研究了营养液传输损失的过程规律及优化与补给方案,把营养液一次性补给到修复系统中,节约人力;分析了微生物种群伴随迁移特征及原位活性损失的补给,论证了活性补给方案的可行性。     

石油降解菌群构建的研究

通过初步有序组合方法将筛选得到的原油降解菌株A5、A6、YA5、YA6,十六烷降解菌株B3、YB3,萘降解菌株C3、YC3,石蜡降解菌株及表面活性剂菌株D4共9株优良菌株进行组合后分别做液态原油降解实验,排除拮抗效应,优化互生效应。结果发现：A5、YB3、YC3、D4配伍组合为最佳方案,此时的原油降解率达到58.6％,再通过正交法确定这四种菌株的配比,结果发现：当A5∶YB3∶YC3∶D4为0.5∶1∶0.1∶0.5时,对原油的降解效率最高为61.3％。     

石油污染土壤微生物联合修复技术研究进展

微生物联合修复技术处理成本低、环境影响小、无二次污染,且较微生物修复或植物修复效率更 高,耗时更短,成为当前的研究热点。文章介绍了植物-微生物联合修复、电动-微生物联合修复、氧化-微生物联 合修复和表面活性剂强化微生物修复四种联合修复技术,简要阐述了修复机理、适用范围和工艺参数,为生物 修复技术的选择提供了参考,并对以后生物修复的研究重点进行了展望。     

石油污染土壤微生物联合修复技术研究进展

石油是一种具有生物毒性的复杂有机物,土壤中石油烃的过量积累会给生态环境和人类健康造成严重威胁。微生物联合修复技术因处理成本低、环境影响小、无二次污染等优点,且较微生物修复或植物修复效率更高,耗时更短,成为当前的研究热点。文章介绍了植物-微生物联合修复、电动-微生物联合修复、氧化-微生物联合修复和表面活性剂强化微生物修复四种联合修复技术,简要阐述了修复机理、适用范围和工艺参数,为生物修复技术的选择提供了参考,并对以后生物修复的研究重点进行了展望。     

土壤中石油烃微生物降解动力学

以长安大学渭水校区未被污染的粉质壤土为研究对象,通过土壤灭菌、添加由石油污染土壤红三叶草（Trifolium Repens Linn）根际修复区分离筛选得到的4株以原油作为惟一碳源和能源的高效石油烃降解菌（动性杆菌、藤黄微球菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌和短小芽孢杆菌）,调控反应温度与石油烃初始浓度,研究在土壤中添加优势石油烃降解菌后石油烃降解动力学及其影响因子。结果表明：优势石油烃降解菌对土壤中石油烃降解起主导作用,在40 d内,在2 000 mg/kg石油烃浓度下添加石油烃降解菌其石油烃降解率是灭菌条件下的2倍左右,土壤中石油烃降解菌降解量为36～271 mg/kg,非灭菌处理半衰期时间短于灭菌处理;在设定的实验温度范围内,石油烃降解速率随着温度增加逐渐加快,在（38±1）℃时残留量最小为1 662 mg/kg,半衰期最短;土壤中的石油烃在浓度为2 000 mg/kg时降解最快,随着初始浓度的增加,石油烃降解速率呈递减趋势,半衰期逐渐增长。     

汽油降解菌的筛选及降解性能研究

从某炼油厂排污口的污泥中筛选、分离得到以汽油为唯一碳源的菌株X,经形态学、生理生化鉴定,确定该菌株为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.),并考察了温度、pH、摇床转速等对x菌株降解汽油的影响.结果表明,该菌的最佳降解条件:温度为37℃、pH值为7.0、摇床转速为180 r/min,在此条件下,对汽油的降解率为80%左右;一定浓度的Cu2+和表面活性剂SDS对汽油的降解有促进作用,且X菌可重复利用.     

Migration and sorption of jet fuel aliphatic vapors in unsaturated soil

Multicomponent vapor transport experiments were conducted in large (10.5 cm × 100 cm) columns packed with dry sand and wet soil to evaluate the effect of vapor phase sorption on the migration of jet fuel aliphatic components. A modified diffusion model accounting for sorption at the gas-soil and water-soil interface and vapor partitioning into the soil moisture was fitted to the experimental data of some aliphatic vapors and appeared to adequately describe their behavior. The best fi: results were used to determine an overall diffusion coefficient, D, which combines the effect of diffusion and sorption for each vapor. The two processes were isolated using the soil tortuosity, determined by model fitting of the experimental data of n-butane (used as a conservative gas tracer). Retardation factor, R, and overall linear sorption coefficients, K_obs, computed from the respective D values, increased with decreasing water solubility of the aliphatic vapor for the same soil. Separation between sorption at the gas-soil and water-soil interface was possible only for wet soil but not for dry sand with the available experimental data.     

水泥固化硫酸钠污染土的电阻率和强度特性研究

以水泥固化的硫酸钠污染土为对象,首先定量研究水泥土电阻率和无侧限抗压强度随龄期和硫酸钠含量的变化规律,然后研究水泥土电阻率和无侧限抗压强度的关系,最后从化学反应的角度浅析电阻率和强度的变化机理。结果表明:在各个硫酸钠含量下,水泥土电阻率和强度均随着龄期的增加而增大;在各个龄期下,水泥土电阻率和强度均随着硫酸钠含量的增加先增大后减小,当硫酸钠含量等于9g/kg时,它们均达到最大值;水泥土强度随着其电阻率的增加而增大。水泥土电阻率的改变是由于孔隙结构和导电离子含量发生变化,电阻率越高,结构的整体导电性就越差,土颗粒之间的连接越紧密,孔隙比就越小,孔隙的连通性就越差,结构性越强,导致水泥土的抗压强度越高。     

Remediation of groundwater contaminated with MTBE and benzene: the potential of vertical-flow soil filter systems

Field investigations on the treatment of MTBE and benzene from contaminated groundwater in pilot or full-scale constructed wetlands are lacking hugely. The aim of this study was to develop a biological treatment technology that can be operated in an economic, reliable and robust mode over a long period of time. Two pilot-scale vertical-flow soil filter eco-technologies, a roughing filter (RF) and a polishing filter (PF) with plants (willows), were operated independently in a single-stage configuration and coupled together in a multi-stage (RF + PF) configuration to investigate the MTBE and benzene removal performances. Both filters were loaded with groundwater from a refinery site contaminated with MTBE and benzene as the main contaminants, with a mean concentration of 2970 ± 816 and 13,966 ± 1998 μg L⁻¹, respectively. Four different hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) with a stepwise increment of 60, 120, 240 and 480 L m⁻² d⁻¹ were applied over a period of 388 days in the single-stage operation. At the highest HLR of 480 L m⁻² d⁻¹, the mean concentrations of MTBE and benzene were found to be 550 ± 133 and 65 ± 123 μg L⁻¹ in the effluent of the RF. In the effluent of the PF system, respective mean MTBE and benzene concentrations of 49 ± 77 and 0.5 ± 0.2 μg L⁻¹ were obtained, which were well below the relevant MTBE and benzene limit values of 200 and 1 μg L⁻¹ for drinking water quality. But a dynamic fluctuation in the effluent MTBE concentration showed a lack of stability in regards to the increase in the measured values by nearly 10%, which were higher than the limit value. Therefore, both (RF + PF) filters were combined in a multi-stage configuration and the combined system proved to be more stable and effective with a highly efficient reduction of the MTBE and benzene concentrations in the effluent. Nearly 70% of MTBE and 98% of benzene were eliminated from the influent groundwater by the first vertical filter (RF) and the remaining amount was almost completely diminished (∼100% reduction) after passing through the second filter (PF), with a mean MTBE and benzene concentration of 5 ± 10 and 0.6 ± 0.2 μg L⁻¹ in the final effluent. The emission rate of volatile organic compounds mass into the air from the systems was less than 1% of the inflow mass loading rate. The results obtained in this study not only demonstrate the feasibility of vertical-flow soil filter systems for treating groundwater contaminated with MTBE and benzene, but can also be considered a major step forward towards their application under full-scale conditions for commercial purposes in the oil and gas industries.     

Aerated treatment pond technology with biofilm promoting mats for the bioremediation of benzene, MTBE and ammonium contaminated groundwater

A novel aerated treatment pond for enhanced biodegradation of groundwater contaminants was tested under field conditions. Coconut fibre and polypropylene textiles were used to encourage the development of contaminant-degrading biofilms. Groundwater contaminants targeted for removal were benzene, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and ammonium. Here, we present data from the first 14 months of operation and compare contaminant removal rates, volatilization losses, and biofilm development in one pond equipped with coconut fibre to another pond with polypropylene textiles. Oxygen concentrations were constantly monitored and adjusted by automated aeration modules. A natural transition from anoxic to oxic zones was simulated to minimize the volatilization rate of volatile organic contaminants. Both ponds showed constant reductions in benzene concentrations from 20 mg/L at the inflow to about 1 μg/L at the outflow of the system. A dynamic air chamber (DAC) measurement revealed that only 1% of benzene loss was due to volatilization, and suggests that benzene loss was predominantly due to aerobic mineralization. MTBE concentration was reduced from around 4 mg/L at the inflow to 3.4-2.4 mg/L in the system effluent during the first 8 months of operation, and was further reduced to 1.2 mg/L during the subsequent 6 months of operation. Ammonium concentrations decreased only slightly from around 59 mg/L at the inflow to 56 mg/L in the outflow, indicating no significant nitrification during the first 14 months of continuous operation. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) demonstrated that microorganisms rapidly colonized both the coconut fibre and polypropylene textiles. Microbial community structure analysis performed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) revealed little similarity between patterns from water and textile samples. Coconut textiles were shown to be more effective than polypropylene fibre textiles for promoting the recruitment and development of MTBE-degrading biofilms. Biofilms of both textiles contained high numbers of benzene metabolizing bacteria suggesting that these materials provide favourable growth conditions for benzene degrading microorganisms.     

上海地区软土旁压加卸载变形特性试验研究

软土具有强度低、压缩性高的特点,在不同应力状态、应力路径下其变形呈现明显不同的非线性特征,研究软土的原位变形特性对各类地下工程土体变形的控制具有重要意义.通过对上海地区不同深度土体进行原位旁压加卸载试验,从加载及卸载两个维度对原位土体的变形特性进行描述.通过旁压加载试验结合室内小应变三轴试验,获取了土体剪切模量G随剪应...     

酸溶液淋溶作用下重金属污染土固化体浸出特性及机理

采用KH_2PO_4—水泥复合材料对铅污染土进行固化/稳定化处理,为了研究酸雨淋溶对铅污染土固化体浸出特性的影响规律及其机理,开展了不同KH_2PO_4添加量、浸出时间和淋溶液pH对Pb浸出行为的影响规律试验研究。探讨了铅污染土固化体浸出机理。结果表明,KH_2PO_4对铅污染土有良好的稳定作用。酸溶液淋溶作用下固化体中Pb的释放行为与pH直接相关,强酸作用下Pb的溶出量大。固化体中Pb的浸出也与浸出液pH相关,强碱性有利于Pb的迁移。浸出液pH与固化体中的碱性水化产物释放量有关。对于pH=2和5溶液,Pb的累积浸出率随时间呈线性变化,而对于pH=3溶液,Pb的累积浸出率随时间呈两阶段线性变化。固化体在pH=2溶液浸泡下,Pb的释放机理为溶解控制;对于pH=3溶液浸泡,机理则为先溶解控制再表面冲刷;而对于pH=5溶液浸泡,Pb的释放机理为扩散控制。     

脱湿状态对膨胀土膨胀变形和强度特性的影响

非饱和膨胀土的脱湿状态对土中水分散失速率影响较大,不同的脱湿速率又会使膨胀土呈现不同的工程性状。通过控制恒温恒湿箱的温湿度工作参数,设置不同的脱湿环境制备土样,进行土工试验,深入认识脱湿状态对膨胀土膨胀变形和抗剪强度的影响。将饱和土样脱湿到设定的不同含水率,进行有荷载膨胀率试验,结果表明:在相对湿度越大的环境下,脱湿速率越小,土体膨胀率越大;起始含水率和上部荷载越小,土体膨胀变形越大。将不同起始含水率的土样膨胀完全后放入直剪仪,进行固结直剪试验,结果表明:脱湿到不同含水率的试样,脱湿速率越小,土体越密实膨胀后的抗剪强度越大;上部荷载存在可提高土体的抗剪强度,起始含水率越小上部荷载越大土样的抗剪强度越高。研究结果可为大气作用下膨胀土边坡的防护设计提供参考,有助于对自然气候环境下膨胀土边坡的灾变进行预警,并可优化膨胀土边坡的施工方案。     

脱湿速率影响下的膨胀土工程性状与持水特征初探

通过控制恒温恒湿箱的温湿度工作参数,实现饱和膨胀土在不同脱湿速率条件下的状态变化,借助收缩试验和非饱和三轴试验,研究脱湿速率对膨胀土收缩特性、强度特性与持水特性的影响规律。试验结果表明,膨胀土的收缩系数随脱湿速率的减小而变大,并先呈现线性脱湿过程,后呈现非线性脱湿特征;在相同含水率条件下,膨胀土的吸附强度亦随脱湿速率的减小而增大,尤在含水率和围压较低时更趋明显。结合吸附强度与吸力关系的乘幂函数表达式,利用收缩系数和吸附强度反算出不同脱湿速率下的膨胀土"双线性"土水特征曲线,发现不同脱湿速率时曲线下降段接近平行趋势,脱湿速率越小,膨胀土的进气值越大,相同含水率时的吸力越高。     

不同剪切速率下滑带土强度特性及孔隙分形特征研究

滑带土的抗剪强度和微观结构的变化与滑坡岩土体的稳定性具有密切的联系.本文开展了不同剪切速率下粘性滑带土的环剪试验和核磁共振试验,从宏观与微观的角度分析了滑带土在不同剪切速率下的残余强度特征及微观孔隙的分形特征.研究结果表明:滑带土的残余强度随剪切速率的增加呈指数函数减小;剪切后试样内部孔隙的总体积随剪切速率的增加而降低...