A critical review on biodegradable food packaging for meat: Materials,sustainability, regulations,and perspectives in the EU

The development of biodegradable packaging is a challenge, as conventional plastics have many advantages in terms of high flexibility, transparency, low cost, strong mechanical characteristics, and high resistance to heat compared with most biodegradable plastics. The quality of biodegradable materials and the research needed for their improvement for meat packaging were critically evaluated in this study. In terms of sustainability, biodegradable packagings are more sustainable than conventional plastics; however, most of them contain unsustainable chemical additives. Cellulose showed a high potential for meat preservation due to high moisture control. Polyhydroxyalkanoates and polylactic acid (PLA) are renewable materials that have been recently introduced to the market, but their application in meat products is still limited. To be classified as an edible film, the mechanical properties and acceptable control over gas and moisture exchange need to be improved. PLA and cellulose-based films possess the advantage of protection against oxygen and water permeation; however, the addition of functional substances plays an important role in their effects on the foods. Furthermore, the use of packaging materials is increasing due to consumer demand for natural high-quality food packaging that serves functions such as extended shelf-life and contamination protection. To support the importance moving toward biodegradable packaging for meat, this review presented novel perspectives regarding ecological impacts, commercial status, and consumer perspectives. Those aspects are then evaluated with the specific consideration of regulations and perspective in the European Union (EU) for employing renewable and ecological meat packaging materials. This review also helps to highlight the situation regarding biodegradable food packaging for meat in the EU specifically.     

基于建构主义的《食品营养学》课程教学改革与实践探索

食品营养学是食品科学与工程应用型人才培养的一门重要专业基础课程。为了提高教学质量,在对食品营养学教学现状分析的基础上,应用建构主义理论从内容、模式和实践等方面进行课程的教学改革与实践,激发了学生的主观学习能动性和实践动手能力,取得了良好的教学效果。     

基于食品安全的企业会计改革与创新探析

当前,在全世界范围内,食品安全问题已经成为焦点性问题,严重威胁着消费者的生命健康。改革企业的会计制度,完善信息披露制度,增强企业食品安全意识,建立科学的风险应对机制对减少食品安全事件发生具有重要意义。本文分析了食品安全事件频发的原因,总结了企业食品安全管理会计的职责,并提出了企业会计改革与创新策略,以期能够促使企业履行社会责任,并对食品安全问题的解决提供一定参考。     

Global Hunger: A Challenge to Agricultural,Food, and Nutritional Sciences

Hunger has been a concern for generations and has continued to plague hundreds of millions of people around the world. Although many efforts have been devoted to reduce hunger, challenges such as growing competitions for natural resources, emerging climate changes and natural disasters, poverty, illiteracy, and diseases are posing threats to food security and intensifying the hunger crisis. Concerted efforts of scientists to improve agricultural and food productivity, technology, nutrition, and education are imperative to facilitate appropriate strategies for defeating hunger and malnutrition. This paper provides some aspects of world hunger issues and summarizes the efforts and measures aimed to alleviate food problems from the food and nutritional sciences perspectives. The prospects and constraints of some implemented strategies for alleviating hunger and achieving sustainable food security are also discussed. This comprehensive information source could provide insights into the development of a complementary framework for dealing with the global hunger issue.     

开放性食品科研实验室管理改革的探讨

实施开放性实验教学对于培养具有创新素质的应用型人才具有重要的现实意义,开放性食品科研实验是一种以学生为主体的全新开放型的实验教学模式,作为食品传统实验教学的有效补充,有利于激发学生的积极性,培养学生的创新意识,实践证明：食品实验教学改革,有利于提高学生动手能力和创新能力。     

Co-existence of GM,conventional and organic crops in developing countries: Main debates and concerns

ABSTRACT

The co-existence approach of GM crops with conventional agriculture and organic farming as a feasible agricultural farming system has recently been placed in the center of hot debates at the EU-level and become a source of anxiety in developing countries. The main promises of this approach is to ensure “food security” and “food safety” on the one hand, and to avoid the adventitious presence of GM crops in conventional and organic farming on the other, as well as to present concerns in many debates on implementing the approach in developing countries. Here, we discuss the main debates on (“what,” “why,” “who,” “where,” “which,” and “how”) applying this approach in developing countries and review the main considerations and tradeoffs in this regard. The paper concludes that a peaceful co-existence between GM, conventional, and organic farming is not easy but is still possible. The goal should be to implement rules that are well-established proportionately, efficiently and cost-effectively, using crop-case, farming system-based and should be biodiversity-focused ending up with “codes of good agricultural practice” for co-existence.     

基于通识教育理念的食品营养与安全课程教学改革

食品营养与安全是一门自然学科类通识公选课程,可帮助学生提升生活质量、增强责任意识、开拓学科视野等。文章通过阐述把握通识教育理念,明确课程开设意义,选取科学、普适、新颖的教学内容,运用多元互动、理实一体的教学方法,建立过程与结果互补的教学考核,进行了食品营养与安全公选课程教学新模式的探索。     

Recent Advances in Microalgal Bioactives for Food,Feed, and Healthcare Products: Commercial Potential,Market Space,and Sustainability

To combat food scarcity as well as to ensure nutritional food supply for sustainable living of increasing population, microalgae are considered as innovative sources for adequate nutrition. Currently, the dried biomass, various carotenoids, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, omega fatty acids, and enzymes are being used as food additives, food coloring agents, and food supplements. Apart from nutritional importance, microalgae are finding the place in the market as “functional foods.” When compared to the total market size of food and feed products derived from all the possible sources, the market portfolio of microalgae‐based products is still smaller, but increasing steadily. On the other hand, the genetic modification of microalgae for enhanced production of commercially important metabolites holds a great potential. However, the success of commercial application of genetically modified (GM) algae will be defined by their safety to human health and environment. In view of this, the present study attempts to highlight the industrially important microalgal metabolites, their production, and application in food, feed, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. The current and future market trends for microalgal products have been thoroughly discussed. Importantly, the safety pertaining to microalgae cultivation and consumption, and regulatory issues for GM microalgae have also been covered.     

Critical points of Brazil nuts: a beginning for food safety,quality control and Amazon sustainability

BACKGROUND: One difficulty of self‐sustainability is the quality assurance of native products. This research was designed to study the risks and critical control points in the collection, handling and marketing of Brazil nuts from native forests and urban fairs in the Brazilian Amazon by characterisation of morphological aspects of fungi and posterior identification by molecular biology and determination of aflatoxins by high‐performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Several corrective actions to improve product quality were found to be necessary in both sites. Growth of fungi was observed in 95% of fragments of Brazil nuts from both sites during the between‐harvest period. Aflatoxin levels indicated that, although fungal growth was observed in both sites, only Brazil nuts from the native forest showed a high risk to human health (total aflatoxin level of 471.69 µg kg^?1). CONCLUSION: This study has shown the main issues related to the process design of Brazil nuts, supporting the necessity for research on new strategies to improve the quality of nuts. Also, the habit of eating Brazil nuts stored throughout the year may represent a risk to farmers. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

国内外有机农业和有机食品的发展现状及前景

近年来，有机农业和有机食品得以快速发展。本文介绍了有机农业的由来及有机食品的标准，综述了国内外有机农业和有机食品的最近发展现状，存在的问题，并展望了有机食品的发展前景。另外，本文还指出了我国发展有机农业和有机食品的有利条件，提出了健全法规、强化科学管理、强化过程管理及规模发展是我国现阶段发展有机农业有机食品的关键。     

Health,Wellbeing and Social Sciences

For social interventions aimed at improving nutrition behavior evidence from randomized trials is essential but cannot be the only approach of research activities. Interventions on dietary habits require considerations on food security, economic and environmental sustainability, and a broad meaning of wellbeing which includes, but also goes beyond, health effects. The model of research in nutrition requires a new consideration of observational studies, mainly through different analytical models. Nutrition and food studies need research programs where medical (nutrition and health), psychology (how we behave), economics (how resources are used and their impact on wellbeing) and sociology (how social determinant shape behavior) collaborate.     

超声波解冻与传统解冻方式的比较与竞争力评估

超声波解冻通过空化效应、机械效应和热效应对冷冻食品进行解冻,解冻效率高、对冷冻食品的损伤较小.该文简要介绍了空气解冻、水解冻和电解冻的解冻机制及研究进展,详细阐述了超声波解冻的机制及研究进展.将超声波解冻与空气解冻、水解冻和电解冻进行对比,发现超声波解冻的解冻效率最优,且将超声波与这3种传统解冻方式结合可以提高解冻效率...     

Effect of different feeding strategies in intensive dairy farming systems on milk fatty acid profiles,and implications on feeding costs in Italy

The aim of this work was to characterize the fatty acid (FA) profile of milk from intensive dairy farming systems in the Po Plain (Italy) to estimate the costs of the adopted feeding strategies and to simulate the effect of supplementary premiums on the basis of milk FA composition on milk income. Twenty dairy farms with 5 different feeding strategies were studied: 3 corn silage-based systems in which cows were supplemented with a great proportion (CCH), a medium proportion (CCM), or without commercial concentrate mix (CC0), and 2 systems in which part of corn silage was replaced with grass or legume silage (HF) or with fresh herbage (G), cut and fed indoors. Bulk milk was sampled and lactating cow performance, feeding strategies and forage characteristics were recorded through a survey, 3 times during a year. The milk FA supplementary premium was calculated considering C18:3n-3 and saturated FA (SFA) concentrations, and ratio of total cis C18:1 isomers to C16:0. The CCH, CCM, and CC0 systems bought most of their dairy cow feeds off farm, which allowed them to increase milk production to 35,000 L/yr per hectare. Their low dry matter and crude protein self-sufficiency led to higher feeding costs per liter of milk (from €0.158 to €0.184), and highest income over feed cost was achieved only for milk yield performance greater than 10,000 kg/cow per year. The use of homegrown forages in HF and G increased dry matter and crude protein self-sufficiency and reduced the feeding costs per liter of milk from 9 to 22%, compared with the other studied systems, making HF and G feeding economically competitive, even for a lower milk yield per cow. The studied systems highlighted a remarkable variation in FA profiles. The concentrations of C16:0 and SFA were the highest in CCH (31.53 and 67.84 g/100 g of FA) and G (31.23 and 68.45 g/100 g of FA), because of the larger proportion of commercial concentrate mix in the cow diet. The concentrations of C16:0 and SFA were the lowest in CCM (27.86 and 63.10 g/100 g of FA), because of low roughage-to-concentrate ratio in the cow diet, which is known to favor milk fat depression, affecting particularly these FA. The calculated supplementary premium was the highest in the CCM system, based on milk FA profiles from those herds. The HF diet was rich in forages and resulted in greater concentration of C18:3n-3 in milk (0.57 g/100 g of FA) than the other systems and thus led to an increase in milk FA supplementary premium. Milk from G and HF milk had the lowest ratio of Σn-6:Σn-3 FA compared with milk from the systems based on higher corn silage proportion in the cow diet (3.71, and 3.25, respectively, vs. 4.58 to 4.78), with the lower ratios being closer to recommendation for human nutrition.     

大学开设《食品营养与卫生》课程教学改革的探索

在大学生中开设《食品营养与卫生》选修课程是十分必要的。通过对课程教学的一系列改革,其中包括教学内容、教学方式及评价体系等方面的改革,对提高教学质量,增加学生的食品营养与安全意识都起到了很好的促进作用。     

Anti-glycation and inhibition of starch hydrolyzing enzymes by enzymatically hydrolysed djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) hull,leaf and seedling

Glycation is the reaction of the carbonyl group of the reducing sugars to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are major contributors to glycation-related diabetes. Hence, it is necessary to find an alternative approach in management of diabetes that can reduce the formation of AGEs. Therefore, we investigated the anti-glycation and starch hydrolysing enzymes inhibition by djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) hull, leaf and seedling treated with enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) and studied the possible phenolic compounds responsible for the anti-glycation efficacy. Djulis samples treated with EH showed a high inhibitory effect on AGEs (65.04–72.77%), methylglyoxal (80.01–90.70%), α-amylase (86.37–93.50%) and α-glucosidase (35.50–38.16%). Bioactive compounds were significantly contributed to the anti-glycation potential of djulis samples. Therefore, djulis hull, leaf and seedling treated with EH could be used as a natural potential source in the prevention of glycation-associated diabetes, health risks and to increase food productivity.     

Influence of breed,milk yield,and temperature-humidity index on dairy cow lying time,neck activity,reticulorumen temperature,and rumination behavior

The objective of this study was to compare weekly mean lying time (LT), neck activity (NA), reticulorumen temperature (RT), and rumination time (RU) among 3 breed groups, milk yield (MY), and temperature-humidity index (THI). Cows (n = 36; 12 Holstein, 12 crossbred, and 12 Jersey) were blocked by parity group (primiparous or multiparous), days in milk, and MY. Lying time, NA, RT, RU, and MY were recorded and averaged by day and then by week for each cow. For study inclusion, each cow was required to have 10 wk of LT, NA, RT, and RU data. Maximum THI were recorded and averaged daily. Mean (±SE) days in milk, LT, MY, RT, RU, NA, and maximum THI were 159.0 ± 6.0 d, 11.1 ± 0.1 h/d, 28.7 ± 0.5 kg/d, 38.8 ± 0.0°C, 6.4 ± 0.1 h/d, 323.8 ± 3.8 activity units, and 56.5 ± 0.6, respectively. The MIXED Procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) was used to evaluate fixed effects of breed, MY, parity, THI, and their interactions on LT, NA, RT, and RU with cow nested within breed as subject. All main effects remained in each model regardless of significance level. Stepwise backward elimination was used to remove nonsignificant interactions. The interactions of breed × parity group and maximum THI × parity group were associated with RT. Increasing THI coincided with increasing RT. Least squares means LT for multiparous cows was significantly greater than LT for primiparous cows (11.4 ± 0.3 and 10.5 ± 0.5 h/d, respectively). Least squares means NA for primiparous cows was greater than for multiparous cows of all breeds (372.1 ± 10.9 and 303.4 ± 7.8, respectively). The CORR Procedure of SAS was used to evaluate relationships among RT, RU, LT, NA, and MY. Rumination time was positively correlated with MY (r = 0.30) and negatively correlated with LT (r = ?0.14). Reticulorumen temperature was negatively correlated with MY (r = ?0.11). Rumination time was positively correlated with NA (r = 0.18) and negatively correlated with LT (r = ?0.14). Lying time and NA were negatively correlated (r = ?0.43). Neck activity was positively correlated with MY (r = 0.14). Lying time was negatively correlated with MY (r = ?0.25). Milk yield was associated with RU, which may be related to cows with greater MY also having a greater feed intake. Lying time increased and NA decreased with increasing parity, which may be effects of social hierarchy, where primiparous cows are more susceptible to being pushed away from the feed bunk and freestalls. Milk yield was positively associated with RU. Greater milk production requires greater feed intake, which may result in longer RU than for low-yielding cows. Lying time decreased as milk yield increased. The behavioral and physiological differences observed in this study provide new insight into the effects that breed, parity, MY, and THI have on cows.     

Future outlook for the Irish dairy industry: a study of international competitiveness, influence of international trade reform and requirement for change

European Union (EU) trade liberalisation policies will continue to push EU milk price downwards and necessitate increased efficiency and scale at farm and processing level to maintain profitability. In Ireland pasture-based dairying, based on the efficient conversion of grazed grass into milk can be competitive within the EU. Continued technical innovation increasing animal performance from grazed grass, increasing herd genetic potential and developing labour efficient lower fixed cost systems will be essential. At processing level, increased efficiency in commodity processing, higher margin product development and the evolution of milk payment systems to reflect the true product value of supplies received will be required.     

中国食品安全问题现状、成因及对策研究

食品安全问题由来已久,而最近十几年更为突出,已是全球范围内人们广泛关注的话题,也是各国政府面临的严峻考验。我国与其他国家相比,食品安全问题的成因除环境污染、食品供应链长等共同特征外,还存在区域经济发展不平衡、城镇化加速等个性特征。本文以宏观的视角、经济成本学的分析方式来审视我国的食品安全问题,并试图从政府、企业、消费者等层面来提出我国食品安全问题的解决方案。