不同干燥方式对姬松茸挥发性风味成分分析

采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分别对鲜姬松茸、热风恒温干燥、微波干燥、真空冷冻干燥3 种不同干燥方式的姬松茸中挥发性风味成分进行检测与分析。结果表明,鲜姬松茸、热风恒温干燥、微波干燥和真空冷冻干燥分别检测出20、50、43 种及22 种挥发性风味成分。热风恒温干燥新生成了醇、醛、酮、酚、醚类物质,对姬松茸风味的改良和增香具有一定作用;微波干燥生成醛类物质较多,使干燥后的姬松茸具有特殊的肉桂香气和类似苦杏仁的香味;真空冷冻干燥处理的姬松茸与鲜姬松茸在整体风味成分上较为接近,说明真空冷冻干燥方式能够较好的保持姬松茸原有风味。     

干燥方式对猕猴桃果干品质的影响

本研究以“徐香”猕猴桃为研究对象,分别采用真空干燥、热风干燥、冷冻干燥的方法加工猕猴桃果干,并研究几种干燥方式对其色泽、质构、营养品质及挥发性化合物的影响,旨在选取适宜的猕猴桃干燥方式,为猕猴桃的精深加工提供理论支撑。结果表明：采用冷冻干燥得到的猕猴桃果干能最大限度保持原有的色泽,其a^*值为-7.24,与鲜样最为接近;冷冻干燥猕猴桃果干的硬度、韧性和咀嚼性显著低于其他两组(P<0.05),VC含量为278.56 mg/100 g,总酚含量达1.35 mg/g,均显著高于真空和热风干燥(P<0.05)。因此,冷冻干燥处理能显著降低猕猴桃营养成分的损失。此外,鲜样中共检测出46种挥发性成分,主要挥发性成分为(E)-2-己烯醛和丁酸甲酯。热风干燥的猕猴桃中检测出53种,主要为己酸乙酯和辛酸乙酯;真空干燥果干检测出48种,糠醛和甲基庚烯酮的相对含量较高;冷冻干燥果干检测出40种,丁酸乙酯占比最高。但热风干燥和真空干燥后产生了一些4-甲基-3-戊烯-2-酮、丁酸、正己酸等负面的气味,而冷冻干燥的果干含有更多鲜果中含有的挥发性物质,且干燥后的三组样品中仅在冷冻干燥...     

干燥方式对真姬菇菌柄和菌盖挥发性风味物质的影响

采用电子鼻结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术探究热风干燥（60、70、80℃）、冷冻干燥、自然干燥对真姬菇菌柄和菌盖挥发性风味物质的影响,并通过相对气味活度值（relative odor activity value,ROAV）分析各风味物质对干燥样品总体风味的贡献。结果表明：通过电子鼻检测发现这10组样品传感器数值存在明显差异且电子鼻可以对其风味很好地区分。热风干燥（60、70、80℃）、冷冻干燥、自然干燥的菌盖分别鉴定出32、41、40、53、48种风味物质,而菌柄分别鉴定出34、33、33、43、44种风味物质。相同干燥方式处理的菌盖挥发性风味物质含量高于菌柄,相较于自然干燥和冷冻干燥,热风干燥生成了较高含量的新型风味物质。由ROAV分析得出25种风味物质,其中三甲胺、异戊醛、1-辛烯-3-醇风味贡献较大。进一步对这25种风味物质进行主成分分析,建立综合函数品质评价模型,发现热风干燥80℃时制得菌盖样品（g-80℃）评分最高,说明其风味品质最好。     

基于SPME-GC-MS分析不同干燥方式对香葱挥发性成分的影响

为比较不同干燥方式对香葱干制品挥发性成分的影响,本研究采用顶空固相微萃取（Solid-phase Micro-extraction,SPME）和气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）分析了香葱鲜样及不同干燥方式制得干制品的挥发性成分,并对其中挥发性成分进行主成分分析,明确不同干燥方式所得香葱干制品的主要挥发性物质。结果表明:香葱鲜样和干制品中主要存在8类挥发性成分,分别是含硫化合物、醇类、醛类、酮类、酯类、烯烃、烷烃和其他化合物。其中,香葱叶片和叶柄鲜样中主要挥发性成分为含硫化合物,干制品中主要挥发性成分则为烷烃类化合物。不同干燥方式制得的叶片和叶柄中挥发性成分的种类和含量不同,经主成分分析发现叶片鲜样中含硫类化合物、醛类物质相对含量较高;热风干燥后叶片中噻吩类和烷烃类物质含量较高;微波干燥和微波联合热风干燥制得的叶片中烷烃类化合物含量较高;叶柄鲜样中含硫类化合物含量较高,超声辅助热风干燥后叶柄中醛类和呋喃类含量较高;而热风干燥后叶柄干样中烷烃类物质含量较高。因此,不同干燥方式后香葱叶片和叶柄中挥发性化合物种类和相对含量变化较大,联合干燥方法后香葱干制品具有更浓郁的风味。     

不同干燥方式对葛根全粉抗氧化性能和香气成分的影响

以葛根为原料,研究热风干燥、冷冻干燥、真空干燥对葛根全粉的基本成分、抗氧化性能和香气成分的影响。结果表明:不同干燥方式下葛根全粉的淀粉、粗蛋白、粗脂肪等基本成分含量差异显著(P0.05),冷冻干燥葛根全粉中总黄酮和总酚含量分别为2.46 g/100 g和1.37 g/100 g,显著高于其他2种干燥方式(P0.05);冷冻干燥所得葛根全粉的自由基清除力、还原力和金属离子螯合能力最高,而热风干燥所得产品的抗氧化能力最低。运用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用对鲜葛根和3种干燥方式葛根全粉的香气物质进行分析,鲜葛根、热风干燥、真空干燥和冷冻干燥全粉各自鉴定出43、68、66种和64种挥发性香气成分。真空干燥和冷冻干燥对于鲜葛根中的香气成分有更好的保留和增加效果,并且减少了部分对风味有反作用的物质。     

基于HS-SPME-GC-MS和OAV分析不同干燥方式菊花脑的挥发性物质差异

通过顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱（headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS）联用法对热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥、微波-热风联合干燥菊花脑挥发性物质进行定性以及定量,明确干燥方式对菊花脑挥发性物质的影响,并探索菊花脑的关键呈香物质。结果表明：菊花脑中共分离出140种物质,新鲜菊花脑中检出112种物质,热风干燥样品中检出86种物质,微波-热风联合干燥样品中检出83种物质,真空冷冻干燥样品中检出85种物质,分别为萜烯类、酯类、醛类、醇类、芳香族化合物以及其他类共六大类物质。萜烯类含量最高,分别在新鲜菊花脑中检出229 474.33μg/kg,热风干燥样品中检出64 629.68μg/kg,微波-热风联合干燥样品中检出56 469.88μg/kg,真空冷冻干燥样品中检出70 832.87μg/kg。与另两种干燥方式对比,真空冷冻干燥较好地保留了挥发性物质的丰度。真空冷冻干燥菊花脑与新鲜菊花脑风味相似,主要呈樟脑、松节油以及花草的清香。GC-MS结合气味活度值分...     

Heat and storage effects on the flavour of peanuts

Two peanut varieties, Giza 4 and Giza 5 were subjected to different heat treatments such as drying in solar drier at air speed 0.5 and 2 m/sec with average temperature 45 and 60°C and heating in oven at 120 and 150°C. The sensory evaluation of the two varieties showed insignificant differences among varieties and heating processes. A correlation between the sensory and instrumental data was found. The high sensory scores of samples heated at 150°C were attributed to the presence of high concentration of pyrazines which were thought to contribute to flavour and aroma of fresh roasted peanut. A comparative study between the main chemical classes retained in peanut samples after storage for 3 months at room temperature showed that the aldehydes derived lipids increased significantly in the solar dried samples. The antioxidative components produced via Maillard reaction resulted in oxidative stability of the samples heated in oven     

Effect of vacuum‐drying,hot air‐drying and freeze‐drying on polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of lemon (Citrus limon) pomace aqueous extracts

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of freeze‐drying, hot air‐drying and vacuum‐drying at 70, 90 and 110 °C, on dried lemon pomace polyphenols and antioxidant capacity. The total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were higher in lemon pomace dried by hot air or under vacuum than those dried by freeze‐drying and increased as the temperature increased. The highest total flavonoid content was recorded in the pomace dried under vacuum at 70 and 90 °C. Lemon pomace dried by freeze‐drying had the highest neohesperidin content, whereas pomace dried under vacuum at 70 °C had the highest rutin and p‐coumaric acid content. The highest gallic acid content was recorded in the pomace dried by hot air at 110 °C. The results of this study indicate that drying technique should be carefully selected according to the bioactive compounds aimed to be extracted.     

低温油炸与冷冻干燥生产草菇脆片的特性

为研究真空低温油炸草菇脆片和真空冷冻干燥草菇脆片的品质特征,采用化学方法和气相色谱-质谱联用技术对新鲜草菇和2种草菇脆片的感官品质、水分、脂肪、粗蛋白和粗多糖等营养成分以及挥发性风味成分进行检测分析。结果表明,真空冷冻干燥草菇脆片内部组织孔径大,其硬度和脆度分别为5.965 kg和1.881 mm,脆片的颜色和营养成分含量与新鲜草菇接近;真空低温油炸草菇脆片内部结构疏松,硬度和脆度分别为4.454 kg和3.336 mm,其呈现出油炸食品特有的色泽,与新鲜草菇相比,脆片中的主要营养成分含量显著降低。此外,2种草菇脆片中挥发性风味物质的种类和数量与新鲜草菇相比都存在很大差异。新鲜草菇、真空低温油炸草菇脆片和真空冷冻干燥草菇脆片中检测出的总挥发性风味物质种类分别为27、16种和29种。新鲜草菇中主要的挥发性化合物为醛类(54.0%)、酮类(40.27%)和醇类(4.1%),其主要呈现出清香、花香和蘑菇风味;真空低温油炸草菇脆片中主要的挥发性化合物为烷烃类(79.83%)、含氮、硫化合物类(12.12%)及酮类(6.6%),主要呈现出焦香和烤香风味;真空冷冻干燥草菇脆片中主要挥发性化合物为烷烃类(81.07%)、酯类(8.54%)和含氮、硫化合物类(7.9%),其呈现的主要是果香味辅以烤香风味,因真空冷冻干燥草菇脆片中含有较多的挥发性化合物使其整体风味更丰富多样。     

GC-MS结合电子鼻分析不同干燥方式对黄花菜粉挥发性物质的影响

为明确干燥方式对黄花菜粉挥发性的影响,采用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取技术结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术对自然干燥、热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥制得的黄花菜粉样品进行挥发性成分分析,并进一步对这4?种干样的挥发性成分进行主成分分析。结果表明,4?种干燥方式共检测出68?种挥发性物质,分别检测到41（自然干燥）、41（热风干燥）、35?种（真空冷冻干燥）和26?种（喷雾干燥）。其中真空冷冻干燥的总挥发成分最高为56.36?μg/kg,主成分分析与线性判别分析可以良好区分不同干燥方式,从提高挥发性风味物质的角度出发,热风干燥可以得到风味较好的黄花菜粉,本研究为今后黄花菜粉的利用研究提供一定的理论基础。     

不同干燥方式对冬笋挥发性成分的影响

以冬笋为原料,经过真空冷冻干燥、热风干燥和微波干燥得到冬笋干制品,运用顶空固相微萃取法和气相色谱-质谱联用技术对鲜冬笋及其干制品的挥发性成分进行分析,阐明鲜冬笋和冬笋干制品的挥发性风味物质的性质,比较其挥发性成分的差异,揭示干燥后冬笋风味物质的变化。结果表明,在鲜冬笋及其干制品中共检测出52种挥发性成分。鲜冬笋中检测出31种挥发性成分,经过真空冷冻干燥、热风干燥和微波干燥后干制品分别检测出12、30和33种,其中,醛类为最主要的挥发性成分,分别为11、4、8和8种。鲜冬笋的主要挥发性成分为正己醛,经过干燥处理后其关键的挥发性成分为正己醛、异戊醛、2-甲基丁醛,正己醛的相对含量最高。经过干燥加工后,冬笋的挥发性成分有明显的变化,但主要的挥发性成分(醛类化合物)没有改变。     

Effects of drying methods on qualitative and quantitative properties of essential oil of two basil landraces

Sweet basil, a plant that is extensively cultivated in some countries, is used to enhance the flavour of salads, sauces, pasta and confectioneries as both a fresh and dried herb. To determine the effect of drying methods on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the plant and essential oil of basil, two landraces, Purple and Green, were dried in sunlight, shade, mechanical ovens at 40 °C and 60 °C, a microwave oven at 500 W and by freeze-drying. For comparison, the essential oils of all samples were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC and GC–MS. The highest essential oil yields (v/w on dry weight basis) were obtained from shade-dried tissue in both landraces followed by the freeze-dried sample of the purple landrace and the fresh sample of green landrace. Increasing the drying temperature significantly decreased the essential oil content of all samples. Significant changes in the chemical profile of the essential oils from each of the landrace were associated with the drying method, including the loss of most monoterpene hydrocarbons, as compared with fresh samples. No significant differences occurred among several constituents in the extracted essential oils, including methyl chavicol (estragole), the major compound in the oil of both landraces, whether the plants were dried in the shade or sun, oven at 40 °C or freeze-dried, as compared with a fresh sample. The percentage methyl chavicol in the oil, however, decreased significantly when the plant material was dried in the oven at 60 °C or microwaved. In addition, linalool, the second major compound in the purple landrace, and geranial and neral, major compounds in the green landrace, decreased significantly when the plant tissue was dried in the oven at 60 °C or microwaved.     

Effect of drying methods on volatile compounds,fatty acids and antioxidant property of Thai kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix D.C.)

This study investigated the changes in colour, volatile compounds, fatty acids, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity of kaffir lime leaves (makrud in Thai) Citrus hystrix D.C. after three drying treatments, namely hot‐air (HA) drying, low relative humidity (LRH) air drying and far‐infrared radiation (FIR) drying. Overall, when compared with fresh leaves, a slight decrease in L* values of the three dried samples was observed. TPC, TFC and ferric‐reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) values were increased by LRH and FIR drying (LRH: 39%, 43% and 28%; FIR: 62%, 39% and 39%), while HA drying decreased TPC, TFC and FRAP values (28%, 21% and 1%), compared with fresh leaves. The main volatile compounds in fresh leaves were citronellal, followed by linalool and viridiflorol. Drying brought about an increase in the concentrations of volatile components, such as citronellal with HA, LRH and FIR drying (79%, 83% and 64%, respectively), compared with the results for fresh leaves (56%). LRH and HA drying increased essential fatty acid alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n‐3), while linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n‐6) was increased by FIR drying. The present study has provided useful information for the industrial use of dried kaffir lime production.     

Fruit snacks from raspberries: influence of drying parameters on colour degradation and bioactive potential

Raspberries were dehydrated using air and freeze‐drying with wet and dry sugar infusion pretreatments. Product quality factors such as colour, bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity and sensorial characteristics were analysed. Special emphasis was placed on the analysis of anthocyanin degradation and its relationship with colour deterioration and with polymeric compounds development and browning. Freeze‐dried raspberries presented a higher retention of bioactive compounds and a lower content of polymeric compounds than air‐dried ones. Dried samples without pretreatment (control) showed the highest retention of total phenolic content (freeze‐dried ≈82% and air‐dried ≈37% retention), but the lowest sensory acceptability. Although sugar infusion pretreatments caused an important loss of bioactive compounds (9–18% of TPC retention), a higher sensorial acceptability was obtained. Pretreatments with bisulphite and acid allowed obtaining the best quality attributes in terms of anthocyanin and polyphenol content, antiradical activity and colour retention. Polyphenol intake through pretreated dried raspberries (115–299 mg gallic ac./100 g intake) would be higher in some cases than that of usually consumed foods as vegetables, cereals and several fresh fruits.     

Aroma compounds in fresh and dried mango fruit (Mangifera indica L. cv. Kent): impact of drying on volatile composition

Volatile compounds from fresh and dried mango were extracted by the solvent‐assisted flavour evaporation (SAFE) technique and analysed by GC‐MS. Forty‐one and fifty five volatile compounds were identified in fresh and dried mango, respectively. Monoterpenes, followed by sesquiterpenes, lactones and alcohols were the major compounds. Drying induced substantial losses of several compounds. The total amount of volatiles decreased by about 59%. These losses could be mainly attributed to the evaporation of the volatiles during drying, the extent of which seemed to increase with the hydrophobicity and Henry's law constant of the compounds. However, new compounds appeared and enrichment of some compounds was observed after drying. Limonene, β‐myrcene, δ‐3‐carene, β‐caryophyllene, γ‐butyrolactone and 3‐methylbutyl butanoate were found to be flavour contributors in both products on the basis of the odour activity values (OAVs). Mesifuran displayed high OAV only in fresh fruit while hexanal and heptanal only in dried mango.     

干制方式对鲜食枣脆片香气品质的影响

通过对微波真空冷冻干燥(microwave vacuum freeze drying,MVFD)、微波真空膨化(microwave vacuum puffing,MVP)、真空冷冻干燥(vacuum freeze drying,VFD)和中短波红外干燥(short-and medium-wave infrared drying,ID)4种鲜食枣脆片的香气成分的分析,明确干制方式对鲜食枣脆片香气品质的影响。结果表明:通过固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术,从4种干制鲜食枣脆片中鉴定出70种香味物质,包括醇类、酸类、醛类、酯类、酮类、烃类和其他类化合物共7类成分,其中酸类物质29种,是VFD、MVFD和MVP枣脆片中主要的香气成分,醛类物质31种,是ID枣脆片中主要的香味物质,不同干制方式制得的枣脆片香气品质差异很大。对7类香气成分进行主成分分析,并建立香气品质评价模型,得出MVP鲜食枣脆片的综合得分最高,其香气品质最佳,其次是VFD、MVFD,均优于ID,为鲜食枣的干制加工提供了技术依据。主成分分析可以作为鲜食枣脆片香气品质的评价方法。     

Impact of trehalose,sucrose and/or maltodextrin addition on aroma retention in freeze dried strawberry puree

Trehalose was studied as a drying aid to establish its impact on aroma retention in freeze dried strawberry puree. The evaluation was done by sensory analysis and headspace‐solid phase microextraction‐gas chromatography with a mass detector (HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS); results were compared with those obtained using sucrose and maltodextrin (MD) as drying aids. The carbohydrate used significantly modified the type and concentration of volatiles retained during freeze drying. HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS outcomes showed that the use of trehalose (alone or with MD) resulted in the product with the chromatographic profile most similar to fresh strawberry puree, being different from sucrose and MD. Meanwhile, sensory analysis showed a similarity with the aromatic profiles when using trehalose or sucrose, remaining both different from MD. This study proved that the use of trehalose as a drying aid can be beneficial on volatile aroma retention and that different combinations of organic volatiles can lead to similar sensory profiles.     

微波真空冷冻干燥对芒果干制品品质特性的影响

为获得较优的芒果干燥方法,以复水性、感官为评价指标,比较微波真空冷冻干燥、热板真空冷冻干燥和热风干燥3种不同干燥方法对芒果干制品品质的影响。结果表明：真空冷冻干燥法的产品各项指标均优于热风干燥法。微波真空冷冻干燥的产品复水性最好,25℃与100℃最大复水比分别为3.363、3.674;其次为热板真空冷冻干燥,两温度条件下与微波真空冷冻干燥产品复水比相差较小;热风干燥产品复水性最差,分别为2.140、3.028。感官指标中色泽、香气和口味3方面均为：微波真空冷冻干燥＞热板真空冷冻干燥＞热风干燥。