The ubiquitous sulfur metabolite ergothioneine is biosynthesized by oxidative attachment of a sulfur atom to the imidazole ring of Nα‐trimethylhistidine. Most actinobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, use γ‐glutamyl cysteine as a sulfur donor. In subsequent steps the carbon scaffold of γ‐glutamyl cysteine is removed by the glutamine amidohydrolase EgtC and the β‐lyase EgtE. We determined the crystal structure of EgtC from Mycobacterium smegmatis in complex with its physiological substrate. The set of active site residues that define substrate specificity in EgtC are highly conserved, even in homologues that are not involved in ergothioneine production. This conservation is compounded by the phylogenetic distribution of EgtC‐like enzymes indicates that their last common ancestor might have emerged for a purpose other than ergothioneine production. 相似文献
A novel enzymatic production system of optically pure β‐hydroxy α‐amino acids was developed. Two enzymes were used for the system: an N‐succinyl L ‐amino acid β‐hydroxylase (SadA) belonging to the iron(II)/α‐ketoglutarate‐dependent dioxygenase superfamily and an N‐succinyl L ‐amino acid desuccinylase (LasA). The genes encoding the two enzymes are part of a gene set responsible for the biosynthesis of peptidyl compounds found in the Burkholderia ambifaria AMMD genome. SadA stereoselectively hydroxylated several N‐succinyl aliphatic L ‐amino acids and produced N‐succinyl β‐hydroxy L ‐amino acids, such as N‐succinyl‐L ‐β‐hydroxyvaline, N‐succinyl‐L ‐threonine, (2S,3R)‐N‐succinyl‐L ‐β‐hydroxyisoleucine, and N‐succinyl‐L ‐threo‐β‐hydroxyleucine. LasA catalyzed the desuccinylation of various N‐succinyl‐L ‐amino acids. Surprisingly, LasA is the first amide bond‐forming enzyme belonging to the amidohydrolase superfamily, and has succinylation activity towards the amino group of L ‐leucine. By combining SadA and LasA in a preparative scale production using N‐succinyl‐L ‐leucine as substrate, 2.3 mmol of L ‐threo‐β‐hydroxyleucine were successfully produced with 93% conversion and over 99% of diastereomeric excess. Consequently, the new production system described in this study has advantages in optical purity and reaction efficiency for application in the mass production of several β‐hydroxy α‐amino acids.
Chemical defense of leaf beetle larvae (Chrysomelidae) against enemies is provided by secretions containing a wide range of deterrent compounds or by unpalatable hemolymph constituents. Here we report a new, very strong feeding deterrent against ants released by larvae of the alder leaf beetle Agelastica alni when attacked. The larvae release a defensive fluid from openings of pairwise, dorsolaterally located tubercles on the first to the eighth abdominal segments. The fluid, consisting of hemolymph and probably a glandular cell secretion, has previously been shown to contain a very stable, non‐volatile feeding deterrent. The major deterrent component was isolated by repeated HPLC separation and analyzed by NMR and MS. The compound proved to be γ‐L ‐glutamyl‐L ‐2‐furylalanine ( 1 ), a novel dipeptide containing the unusual amino acid L ‐2‐furylalanine. This amino acid, although synthetically well known, has not previously been reported from natural sources. The absolute configuration of the natural compound was elucidated by enantioselective gas chromatography after derivatization. The structure of the dipeptide was verified by the synthesis of several isomeric dipeptides. In bioassays a concentration of 1 μg μL?1 was sufficient to deter polyphagous Myrmica rubra ants from feeding.相似文献
A novel biocatalytic process for production of L ‐homoalanine from L ‐threonine has been developed using coupled enzyme reactions consisting of a threonine deaminase (TD) and an ω‐transaminase (ω‐TA). TD catalyzes the dehydration/deamination of L ‐threonine, leading to the generation of 2‐oxobutyrate which is asymmetrically converted to L ‐homoalanine via transamination with benzylamine executed by ω‐TA. To make up the coupled reaction system, we cloned and overexpressed a TD from Escherichia coli and an (S)‐specific ω‐TA from Paracoccus denitrificans. In the coupled reactions, L ‐threonine serves as a precursor of 2‐oxobutyrate for the ω‐TA reaction, eliminating the need for employing the expensive oxo acid as a starting reactant. In contrast to α‐transaminase reactions in which use of amino acids as an exclusive amino donor limits complete conversion, amines are exploited in the ω‐TA reaction and thus maximum conversion could reach 100%. The ω‐TA‐only reaction with 10 mM 2‐oxobutyrate and 20 mM benzylamine resulted in 94% yield of optically pure L ‐homoalanine (ee>99%). However, the ω‐TA‐only reaction did not produce any detectable amount of L ‐homoalanine from 10 mM L ‐threonine and 20 mM benzylamine, whereas the ω‐TA reaction coupled with TD led to 91% conversion of L ‐threonine to L ‐homoalanine. 相似文献
The (R)‐α‐lipoyl‐glycyl‐L ‐prolyl‐L ‐glutamyl dimethyl ester codrug (LA‐GPE, 1 ) was synthesized as a new multifunctional drug candidate with antioxidant and neuroprotective properties for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Physicochemical properties, chemical and enzymatic stabilities were evaluated, along with the capacity of LA‐GPE to penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB) according to an in vitro parallel artificial membrane permeability assay for the BBB. We also investigated the potential effectiveness of LA‐GPE against the cytotoxicity induced by 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) and H2O2 on the human neuroblastoma cell line SH‐SY5Y by using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay. Our results show that codrug 1 is stable at both pH 1.3 and 7.4, exhibits good lipophilicity (log P=1.51) and a pH‐dependent permeability profile. Furthermore, LA‐GPE was demonstrated to be significantly neuroprotective and to act as an antioxidant against H2O2‐ and 6‐OHDA‐induced neurotoxicity in SH‐SY5Y cells. 相似文献
Mortierella isabellina and Cunninghamella echinulata were cultivated on glucose‐, pectin‐, starch‐ and lactose‐based media. Culture on glucose at two initial C/N ratios favored lipid synthesis in the media with increased C/N. Starch was an adequate substrate for both molds, but lipid (in g/g of biomass) was produced in lower quantities compared with the glucose trial. Pectin was inadequate for C. echinulata whereas growth of M. isabellina was satisfactory (8.4 g/L), followed by moderate lipid production. Growth of C. echinulata on lactose was negligible, while that of M. isabellina was notable (9.5 g/L) although lipid in biomass was only 0.36 g/g. Hydrolytic enzymes (α‐amylase, polygalacturonase and β‐galactosidase) activities of both strains seemed to be low enough to saturate their metabolic capabilities. This seemed a major cause for the lower amount of lipid accumulated during growth on complex media compared with that on glucose. Cellular fatty acids of M. isabellina were oleic, linoleic and palmitic acid, while γ‐linolenic acid (GLA) was produced in low quantities. In C. echinulata grown on glucose, lactose or starch, GLA concentration was notable at the beginning and end of culture. Growth on pectin at the first growth steps was accompanied by the production of saturated fatty acids, the amount of which decreased thereafter. 相似文献
Due to their diverse regio‐ and stereoselectivities, proline hydroxylases provide a straightforward access to hydroxprolines and other hydroxylated cylic amino acids, valuable chiral building blocks for chemical synthesis, which are often not available at reasonable expense by classical chemical synthesis. As yet, the application of proline hydroxylases is limited to a sophisticated industrial process for the production of two hydroxyproline isomers. This is mainly due to difficulties in their heterologues expression, their limited in vitro stability and complex product purification procedures. Here we describe a facile method for the production of cis‐3‐, cis‐4‐ and trans‐4‐proline hydroxylase, and their application for the regio‐ and stereoselective hydroxylation of L ‐proline and its six‐membered ring homologue l‐ pipecolic acid. Since in vitro catalysis with these enzymes is not very efficient and conversions are restricted to the milligram scale, an in vivo procedure was established, which allowed a quantitative conversion of 6 mM l‐ proline in shake flask cultures. After facile product purification via ion exchange chromatography, hydroxyprolines were isolated in yields of 35–61% (175–305 mg per flask). L ‐Pipecolic acid was converted with the isolated enzymes to prove the selectivities of the reactions. In transformations with optimized iron(II) concentration, conversions of 17–68% to hydroxylated products were achieved. The regio‐ and stereochemistry of the products was determined by NMR techniques. To demonstrate the applicability of the preparative in vivo approach for non‐physiological substrates, L ‐pipecolic acid was converted with an E. coli strain producing trans‐4‐proline hydroxylase to trans‐5‐hydroxy‐L ‐pipecolic acid in 61% yield. Thus, a synthetically valuable group of biocatalysts was made readily accessible for application in the laboratory without a need for special equipment or considerable development effort. 相似文献
Triterpenes of betulinic acid type exhibit many interesting biological activities. Therefore a series of new 3α‐hydroxy‐lup‐20(29)‐ene‐23,28‐dioic acid derivatives 2a—22 with putative pharmacological activities were synthesized. As starting compounds 3α‐hydroxy‐lup‐20(29)‐ene‐23,28‐dioic acid ( 1a ), isolated from Schefflera octophylla, or its 3‐O‐acetyl derivative 1b were used. Mono‐ and diesters ( 2a—b from 1a , and 4d from 4c ) were prepared with CH2N2. Oxidation of the isopropenyl side chain with OsO4 yielded the 20,29‐diols ( 4a—b from 1b , and 19 from 17 ), which were in the case of 4b further transformed to the 29‐norketones 8a/mdash;b . Oxidation of the isopropenyl side chain with m‐chloroperbenzoic acid afforded the 20,29‐epoxide 12 (from 1b ) and the 29‐aldehydes and a‐hydroxy aldehydes ( 13a—c from 2a, 14a—c from 2b , and 16a—c from 15a ). Ring A was modified by a tosylation—elimination sequence using p‐TsCl/NaOAc, which afforded diolefin 15a (from 2a ) with Δ2,20(29) double bonds or 23‐nor‐Δ3,20(29)diolefin 17 (from 1a ). Compounds 4b, 4c , and 8a were coupled with L ‐methionin, L ‐phenylalanin, L ‐alanin, L ‐serin, and L ‐glutaminic acid via amide bonds at positions 23 and 28 to afford the amino acid conjugates 5a—7b and 9a—11 . 相似文献