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1.
BACKGROUND: Enriching poultry meat with long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n‐3 PUFA) can increase low population intakes of LC n‐3 PUFA, but fishy taints can spoil reheated meat. This experiment determined the effect of different amounts of LC n‐3 PUFA and vitamin E in the broiler diet on the fatty acid composition and sensory characteristics of the breast meat. Ross 308 broilers (120) were randomly allocated to one of five treatments from 21 to 42 days of age. Diets contained (g kg?1) 0, 9 or 18 LC n‐3 PUFA (0LC, 9LC, 18LC), and 100, 150 or 200 mg LD ‐α‐tocopherol acetate kg?1 (E). The five diets were 0LC100E, 9LC100E, 18LC100E, 18LC150E, 18LC200E, with four pens per diet, except 18LC100E (eight pens). Breast meat was analysed for fatty acids (uncooked) and sensory analysis by R‐index (reheated). RESULTS: LC n‐3 PUFA content (mg kg?1 meat) was 514 (0LC100E) and 2236 (9LC and 18LC). Compared with 0LC100E, meat from 18LC100E and 18LC150E tasted significantly different, while 23% of panellists detected fishy taints in 9LC100E and 18LC200E. CONCLUSION: Chicken meat can be enriched with nutritionally meaningful amounts of LC n‐3 PUFA, but > 100 mg dl‐α‐tocopherol acetate kg?1 broiler diet is needed to protect reheated meat from oxidative deterioration. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

2.
The present investigation was designed to determine the meat nutritional profile of European beaver (Castor fiber L.). The proximate composition, energy value, amino acids composition, chemical scores for indispensable amino acids, fatty acids composition and mineral concentrations were determined. In 100 g of meat the content for moisture ranged from 75.42 to 77.32 g, for protein from 20.21 to 22.33 g, for fat from 0.66 to 2.44 and for ash from 1.12 to 1.24 g. The Nutritional Quality Index for muscle protein was 9. The indispensable amino acids (IAA) at the highest content were lysine and leucine (1.85 and 1.65 g 100 g?1). The average percentage of IAA was 45% and their chemical scores amounted to more than 100. The total percentages of trans-, saturated (SFA), mono, and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids were 2.25, 32.25, 18.83 and 49.08%. The ratio of PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3 PUFA were 1.56 and 5.58. The cholesterol content averaged 55.10 mg 100 g?1. The muscle tissue of beavers contained favourable amount of minerals, particularly Fe and heme Fe (64.49 and 45.60 mg kg?1), Zn and Cu (45.07 and 0.98 mg kg?1), as well a low level of Na (461.9 mg kg?1). Summing up, beavers are a valuable nutritional meat source with a desirable chemical composition and a low calorific value and can constitute a healthy alternative food as advantageous for human health and coherent with diet recommendations.  相似文献   

3.
The testaless seeds of Chrysophyllum albidum G Don from Nigeria were analysed and found to contain saponins with a foaming index < 100, 71 g kg?1 crude fibre, 109 g kg?1 total ash, 316 g kg?1 carbohydrates, 364 g kg?1 proteins and 52 g kg?1 fixed oil on dry weight basis. They were also found to have appreciable amounts of K, Ca, P and Mg. Further analysis of the carbohydrates showed the presence of starch and the reducing sugars arabinose, galactose, glucose and mannose. The profile of amino acids showed the seeds to be rich in the essential amino acids lysine, threonine, leucine, isoleucine and phenylalanine. The fatty acids of fixed oil include 16–3% palmitic acid, 5–9% stearic acid, 41–3% oleic acid, 30–9% linoleic acid and 1–6% arachidic acid.  相似文献   

4.
Canarium salomonense (ngali nuts) had an oil content of 736 g kg?1 dry weight. The major fatty acids present were oleic (41–6%), palmitic (34–9%) and stearic (12–6% of the total fatty acids). The nuts produced a yellow oil which had a low free fatty acid content. The fatty acid composition of C salomonense is similar to palm oil and could be used as a general purpose cooking oil.  相似文献   

5.
This study was undertaken to assess the variability in oil content, oil yield and fatty acid composition of 60 linseed cultivars and to identify suitable accessions for use in future breeding and development endeavours in Ethiopia. Mean oil contents ranged from 291 to 359 g kg?1, while oil yields varied between 1443 and 3276 g m?2. Exotic introductions, especially those from Canada such as CDC‐VG, had higher oil contents than the local cultivars. Thus the introduction of exotic materials should be given more emphasis through germplasm exchange programmes. Unsaturated fatty acids were the major components in the oils, varying significantly (P < 0.01) from 859 to 906 g kg?1, while minor saturated fatty acids were present at 84–119 g kg?1. The contents of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were 148–293, 109–161 and 470–591 g kg?1 respectively. Although accessions with variable linolenic acid contents were identified, this variability was insufficient to develop genotypes with less than 20 g kg?1 linolenic acid for cooking oil through conventional crossing and selection methods. Hence mutation techniques and the introduction of exotic lines should be regarded as alternative approaches to obtain linseed genotypes with low linolenic acid contents. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

6.
The effects of surface application of amino acids on the formation of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and meat quality properties were evaluated in pan-fried beef patties (230 °C/15 min). Tryptophan, lysine, leucine, and proline at three concentrations, 0.05%, 0.20%, and 0.50% (w/w), were tested. The meat crusts were analyzed for HCA content using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed that surface application of all tested amino acids significantly reduced total HCA content (P < 0.05), and the interaction of amino acid type and concentration significantly affected (P < 0.05) both individual and total HCA formation. Tryptophan at 0.50% reduced total HCAs the most (0.92 ng/g, 93% inhibition), followed by 0.50% lysine (1.94 ng/g, 84% inhibition), while leucine (3.95 ng/g, 64% inhibition) and proline (4.71 ng/g, 56% inhibition) were less effective at 0.50%. In addition, applying amino acids to meat surface significantly influenced (P < 0.05) pH and surface color change of beef crusts; particularly, lysine at 0.20% and 0.50% increased pH and a* (redness) but reduced b* (yellowness), while tryptophan and leucine at 0.50% increased L* (whiteness). No significant effect was observed on cooking loss. Adding amino acids at 0.50% affected (P < 0.05) formation of aldehydes and pyrazines (as the key flavor compounds of fried beef). Overall, the results of this study suggested that adding amino acids to ground beef patties could effectively mitigate mutagenic HCA formation during cooking.  相似文献   

7.
Some nutritional and antinutritional characteristics of Cucumis sativus L and Lagenaria vulgaris (Molina) Standl seeds ere studied. The mature seed kernels contained 312–318 g kg?1 crude protein, 9–10 g kg?1 crude fibre, 444–463 g kg?1 crude fat, 43–45 g kg?1 ash and 114–142 g kg?1 carbohydrates. The biological values of cucumber and bottle gourd proteins ere 74.35 and 74.20 respectively. The essential amino acid profile compared ell ith the FAO/HO scoring pattern except for a deficiency of lysine and isoleucine. Lysine as the first limiting amino acid in both the proteins. The leucine:isoleucine and leucine:lysine ratios did not sho imbalance. Trypsin inhibitor, phytate, lectin and tannin levels ere determined in the defatted decorticated cucurbit seed meals. Heat treatment reduced the trypsin inhibitor and lectin activities in all samples to negligible levels. Levels of phytate and tannins ere found to be similar in all samples.  相似文献   

8.
BACKGROUND: The oil content and fatty acid composition of the mature seeds of Acacia species collected from natural habitat of the northwest zone of the Indian subcontinent (Rajasthan) were analyzed in order to determine their potential for human or animal consumption. RESULTS: Oil content varied between 40 and 102 g kg?1. The highest oil content was obtained in Acacia bivenosa DC. (102 g kg?1) among the nine Acacia species. The fatty acid composition showed higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid (~757.7 g kg?1 in A. bivenosa), oleic acid (~525.0 g kg?1 in A. nubica) and dominant saturated fatty acids were found to be 192.5 g kg?1 palmitic acid and 275.6 g kg?1 stearic acid in A. leucophloea and A. nubica respectively. Seed oils of Acacia species can thus be classified in the linoleic–oleic acid group. Significant variations were observed in oil content and fatty acid composition of Acacia species. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that the seed oil of Acacia species could be a new source of high linoleic–oleic acid‐rich edible oil and its full potential should be exploited. The use of oil from Acacia seed is of potential economic benefit to the poor native population of the areas where it is cultivated. The fatty acid composition of Acacia seed oils is very similar to that reported for commercially available edible vegetable oils like soybean, mustard, sunflower, groundnut and olive. Hence the seed oil of Acacia species could be a new source of edible vegetable oil after toxicological studies. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

9.
Physical characteristics of pods and seeds, proximate composition, different protein fractionation, SDS‐PAGE analysis of proteins, amino acid composition, starch content, fatty acid profiles and various antimetabolic substances of Gila bean (Entada phaseoloides Merrill) were studied. The pod length and the number of seeds per pod ranged from 55 to 90 cm and from 5 to 11 respectively. The kernel comprised 66.1% of the seed weight (18.41 ± 1.14 g). The seed kernels contained 256.7 g kg?1 crude protein, 108.1 g kg?1 lipid, 27.3 g kg?1 ash and a high content of carbohydrate (585.7 g kg?1). The levels of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and iron were similar to those in conventional pulses. Among the different protein fractions of seed kernels, albumins constituted the major storage proteins (69.7%). The kernel proteins were rich in essential amino acids, particularly sulphur‐containing amino acids, and their values appeared to be higher than the FAO/WHO (1990) reference protein for a 2–5‐year‐old growing child and soybean, and comparable to hen egg. Seed kernel lipids contained high levels of unsaturated fatty acids, oleic and linoleic acids, which accounted for 83% of the total fatty acid recovered. The kernel exhibited high trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor activities (96.65 mg TI g?1 and 30.02 CIU mg?1 sample respectively) in addition to containing phenolics, phytic acid, lectins and oligosaccharides. Another major toxic constituent was identified as a group of triterpenoid saponins (3.21%), which had high haemolytic activity (HeU) against cattle erythrocytes and caused high mortality in fish. The in vitro digestibility of the kernel protein was low (67%). © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

10.
Tylosema fassoglensis seeds contain high levels of lipids (240–300 g kg?1) and proteins (446 g kg?1 dry weight). Major fatty acids contained in the oil are linoleic (36–42% of the total fatty acids) oleic (32–35%) and palmitic (11.5–15.7%) acids. The proteins are characteristic with their high levels of lysine, proline and tyrosine. Due to their very low content, both methionine and cystine appear to be the limiting amino acids. Tylosema fassoglensis defatted meal contains substantial amounts of trypsin inhibitors and phytates 295 TUI mg?1 and 35 g kg?1 dry weight, respectively.  相似文献   

11.
BACKGROUND: Algae species have been used as an important source of food because they are highly nutritive considering their vitamin, protein, mineral, fiber, essential fatty acid and carbohydrate contents. However, a large number of seaweeds have been poorly studied, especially Brazilian species. Two red macroalgae species from the Brazilian coast (Plocamium brasiliense and Ochtodes secundiramea) were assessed with respect to their total lipid, fatty acid, total nitrogen, protein, amino acid and total carbohydrate contents. RESULTS: The total lipid contents (dry weight) were 36.3 and 35.4 g kg?1; fatty acid contents were 9.3 and 12.1 g kg?1; total nitrogen contents were 37.4 and 24.9 g kg?1; protein contents were 157.2 and 101.0 g kg?1; amino acid contents were 127.5 and 91.4 g kg?1; and total carbohydrate contents were 520.3 and 450.7 g kg?1 for P. brasiliense and O. secundiramea, respectively. CONCLUSION: Considering these compositions, both algae species were determined to have sources of protein, essential amino acids and carbohydrates similar to the edible seaweeds Laminaria japonica and Palmaria palmata. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

12.
The proximate chemical composition of poppy seeds, along with minerals and water-soluble vitamins content was investigated. The compositions of the fatty acids and tocopherols of the extracted oil were also determined. The proximate analysis of poppy seeds showed the following composition: (440 g kg?1), protein (211 g kg?1), moisture (50 g kg?1), ash (63 g kg?1), crude fine (62 g kg?1) and total carbohydrates (236 g kg?1). Potassium and calcium were the predominant elements in the poppy seeds. Linoleic acid was the major unsaturated fatty acid (750 g kg?1 total fatty acids) while palmitic acid was the main saturated one (86-4 g kg?1). The amounts of α-, β- and δ-tocopherols found in poppy seed oil were 220 μg g?1, 40 μg g?1 and 20 μg g?1 respectively. Among the water-soluble vitamins determined, pantothenic acid was found at the highest level followed by niacin and thiamin.  相似文献   

13.
BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of purslane on egg production, egg weight, feed efficiency, yolk fatty acid composition, and egg cholesterol content in laying hens. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty 80‐week‐old layers were allocated randomly to receive diets supplemented with 0 (control), 10 g kg?1 or 20 g kg?1 dried purslane for 84 days. Egg weights and egg production in the groups were recorded daily, whereas feed intake was measured weekly. RESULTS: Diet supplemented with 20 g kg?1 purslane significantly decreased body weight of the chickens compared to the control. Inclusion of purslane at the level of 10 g kg?1 or 20 g kg?1 into the diet significantly (P < 0.05) improved egg weight compared to the control. Chickens fed the diet including 20 g kg?1 purslane had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher egg production and improved feed efficiency compared to the control. Cholesterol content of eggs from the hens fed 0, 10 or 20 g kg?1 did not differ and was 10.45, 9.51 or 9.51 mg g?1 dried egg yolk, respectively. Inclusion of purslane at the level of 20 g kg?1 into the diet significantly (P < 0.05) increased ω‐3 fatty acids such as C18:3(ω‐3) and C22:6(ω‐3). The ratio of ω‐6 to ω‐3 also was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the eggs from chickens fed 10 g kg?1 or 20 g kg?1 purslane supplemented diets compared to the control. CONCLUSION: This study showed that adding dried purslane to the diet of laying hens significantly increased egg production and egg weights although there was no reduction in the egg cholesterol concentration. This study also showed that inclusion of purslane into diet enriched eggs with ω‐3 fatty acids and decreased the ratio of ω‐6/ω‐3 in the yolk. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

14.
Dark muscle tissue of farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) was found to have a higher total lipid content than light muscle—73 vs 30 g kg?1—which was mainly due to a higher content of neutral lipids. In accordance with this the phospholipid content in the dark muscle tissue was 322 g kg?1 of total lipids compared with 569 g kg?1 in light muscle tissue. Lipids from light muscle tissue contained higher percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids than the dark muscle lipids, and docosahexaenoic acid was the major fatty acid present.  相似文献   

15.
Electrospray ionization liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify the fatty acid and triacylglycerol (TAG) composition of pequi (Caryocar brasiliensis Camb.) oil. The fatty acid composition was relatively simple; the oil contained approximately 442 and 517 g kg?1 of palmitic and oleic acids respectively. Linoleic and stearic acids were found in much smaller amounts. The TAG composition of pequi oil is also relatively simple with trioleoyl glycerol (OOO, 56 g kg?1), palmitoyl dioleoyl glycerol (POO, 466 g kg?1) and dipalmitoyl oleoyl glycerol (POP, 452 g kg?1) comprising 974 g kg?1 of the total. Dioleoyl stearoyl glycerol (OOS) was found in small amounts (5.2 g kg?1). All TAGs were identified via sodium adduct molecular ions [M + Na]+, where M is the TAG in question. Tandem mass analysis provided a very useful fragmentation pattern showing both sodium adduct diacylglycerol ions and diacylglycerol ions with the neutral loss of fatty acid residues. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

16.
Selected sugars, organic acids and phenolic compounds were analysed in mature fruits of ‘Williams’ pears using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Fruits were harvested from the branches of trees tested in three treatments: branches were bent in summer 2003 (1 September), in spring 2004 (15 May) and control (branches were not bent). Pears contained up to 73.54 g kg?1 fresh weight (FW) of fructose, 9.42 g kg?1 FW of glucose, 7.94 g kg?1 FW of sucrose and 24.59 g kg?1 FW of sorbitol. Major organic acids were (in order of descending quantity) citric, malic, shikimic and fumaric acid (up to 3.05 g kg?1 FW, 2.24 g kg?1 FW, 71.79 mg kg?1 FW and 0.49 mg kg?1 FW, respectively). Chlorogenic acid (280.86–357.34 mg kg?1 FW) was the predominant phenolic acid, followed in concentration (mg kg?1 FW) by syringic acid (95.46–131.32), epicatechin (46.55–83.09), catechin (25.67–44.81), vanillic acid (1.87–3.48), sinapic acid (0.83–1.72) and caffeic acid (0.72–1.04). Significant differences in content of fructose, sorbitol, total sugars, catechin, epicatechin, sinapic acid, syringic acid, and a sum of determined phenolic compounds were observed among the treatments. Fruits from summer bending branches had the lowest content of individual sugars, citric acid and phenolic compounds and the highest content of malic, shikimic and fumaric acid. The highest content of fructose, sorbitol, sucrose, total sugars, caffeic acid, catechin, epicatechin and syringic acid were determined in the fruits from the spring treatment. In the control treatment the highest content of glucose, citric acid, chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid, vanillic acid, as well a sum of determined phenolics, were observed. The lowest content of fumaric acid was in the spring treatment and of malic and shikimic acid in the control. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

17.
The foliage of Chenopodium belonging to 10 species were analysed for selected nutritional and antinutritional components. The overall range of moisture was 757-910 g kg?1, carotenoid 78-190 mg kg?1, vitamin C 0.5-2.4 g kg?1, protein 26-64 g kg?1, nitrate 2.6-5.0 g kg?1 and oxalate 9-39 g kg?1 (fresh wt). Variation of all the six parameters with respect to leaf position from the apex showed the highest amount of carotenoid at 7-8, vitamin C at 9-10, protein at 5-6 and nitrate in the youngest leaves, followed by a continuous decrease with age (increasing position). However, oxalate contents always tended to increase with leaf position (age). The protein, fat and fatty acid composition in seeds of eight species were also analysed. Protein varied from 106 to 142 g kg?1 and fat from 30 to 62 g kg?1; palmitic, oleic and linoleic were the major fatty acids in the oils.  相似文献   

18.
Dry fermented sausages including fish oil extracts rich in n‐3 fatty acids were manufactured in order to obtain functional products, and their nutritional advantages and effects on oxidation process were compared with traditional ones. Modified products were manufactured with 5.3 g kg?1 and 10.7 g kg?1 of fish oil extract. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contents per 100 g of dry fermented sausages were 0.15 g and 0.13 g for the lower rate of addition and 0.33 g and 0.26 g, respectively, for the higher rate, compared with only 0.01 g EPA and 0.03 g DHA in the control products. No significant differences were found in the other fatty acids. A decrease in the n‐6/n‐3 ratios from 16.14 in the control to 7.78 in batch A and 5.32 in batch B was achieved. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values were similar in control (0.31 ppm) and in batch A products (0.34 ppm) but increased significantly in batch B products (1.22 ppm). No statistical differences were observed among batches for the content of cholesterol oxidation products (2.36–2.43 µg g?1 fat) leading to similar percentages of oxidation. 7‐Ketocholesterol, considered an indicator of oxidation, was not present in any sample. Values obtained for L* and hue (arctg b*/a*) were comparable with those of meat products. Although no effect was observed in cholesterol oxidation product formation and instrumental measurements of colour, the highest level of n‐3 fatty acid seemed to accelerate the oxidation process significantly. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

19.
BACKGROUND: This aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding turkeys with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and vitamin E on the fatty acid profile, proteolytic enzyme activities and oxidative status of raw breast meat and cooked brine‐injected breast meat. Four treatments were investigated: T1, basal diet (control); T2, basal diet plus 15 g kg?1 DHA; T3, basal diet plus 100 mg kg?1 vitamin E; T4, basal diet plus 5.4 g kg?1 DHA plus 100 mg kg?1 vitamin E. A sensory analysis of cooked brine‐injected breasts was conducted in order to assess the sensory characteristics of these products and relate them to the expected nutritional benefits. RESULTS: Among the four treatments tested, no differences were observed in enzyme activities. No activities of cathepsin B, cathepsins B + L and catalase were detected in cooked brine‐injected breast meat. Glutathione peroxidase activity was reduced and superoxide dismutase activity was similar to that measured in raw meat. The diets supplemented with DHA increased eicosapentaenoic acid and DHA levels in comparison with the control in both raw and cooked products. The increase in n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) led to a reduction in n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratio to values between 1.01 ± 0.11 and 2.94 ± 0.47. In cooked brine‐injected breast, treatment with 15 g kg?1 DHA (T2) induced a considerable fishy flavour, while treatment with 5.4 g kg?1 DHA plus 100 mg kg?1 vitamin E (T4) induced a slight fishy flavour. However, fishy odour in T4 did not differ significantly from that of the control. CONCLUSION: By feeding turkeys with 5.4 g kg?1 pure DHA plus 100 mg kg?1 vitamin E, the nutritional quality is improved through the introduction of a natural antioxidant and the reduction in n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratio. With this treatment the sensory characteristics were similar to those of control samples, except for the fishy flavour, which could probably be masked by modifying the technological process. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

20.
The aim of the research was to compare differences in lipid and protein oxidation, total iron content and fatty acid profile in pork loin obtained from organic and conventionally reared pigs. The samples of organic meat were taken from breeding certified by the polish certifying body according to the Council Regulation (EC) no 834/2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products. The meat samples were examined at the following times post‐mortem: 2, 4, 7 days. Measurements of lipid oxidation showed that the organic meat samples were characterised by lower TBARS values during whole storage period (0.78–0.81 mg kg?1) compared with those of conventional system production (0.95–0.99 mg kg?1). Results of protein oxidation measurements of the organic meat sample were significantly lower (0.43 nmol mg?1 protein) at the beginning of experiment than those for the conventional meat sample (0.66 nmol mg?1 protein). It was also indicated that the production system had no effect on iron content and myoglobin oxidation during storage. In conclusion, obtained results pointed out that the organic pig meat was characterised by higher lipid stability during the whole storage time compared with meat from conventional production system.  相似文献   

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