Enhanced lactic acid fermentation of silage by the addition of green tea waste

The effects of green tea waste (GTW) addition on the ensiling of forage were investigated. Wet and dried GTW added at 10, 50, 100 and 200 g kg^?1 of fresh matter (FM) and at 2, 10 and 20 g kg^?1 FM, respectively, decreased pH and increased lactic acid concentration of the silages, whereas the butyric acid concentration and ammonia nitrogen content, as a proportion of a total nitrogen, were lowered, compared with silage without additives (control). To investigate the effect of GTW‐associated LAB on silage fermentation, wet GTW was sterilized by autoclaving or gamma irradiation and added at 50 g kg^?1 FM. The silages made with sterilized GTW showed higher lactic acid concentrations, and lower pH and butyric acid concentrations than controls. The counts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were higher in silages made with sterilized GTW than control until 10 days after ensiling. The enhanced lactic acid fermentation was not found when green tea polyphenols (GTP) were added. These data suggested that GTW could enhance LAB growth and lactic acid production of silage, particularly when added at 50 g kg^?1 FM in a wet form or at the equivalent in a dry form. Although neither GTW‐associated LAB nor GTP accounted for the enhancement of lactic acid fermentation, GTW would possibly supply some nutrients which are heat‐stable and effective for LAB growth during silage fermentation. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Changes during ensilage in fermentation products,tea catechins,antioxidative activity and in vitro gas production of green tea waste stored with or without dried beet pulp

Wet green tea waste (GTW) was ensiled in laboratory silos with or without dried beet pulp at a ratio of 2:1 on a fresh weight basis. The silos were opened at 15, 30 and 60 days after anaerobic storage; fermentation products, tea catechins, antioxidative activity and in vitro gas production were determined. Acetic acid prevailed over the fermentation and the pH declined to below 4.2 when wet GTW was ensiled alone. Addition of dried beet pulp greatly enhanced lactic acid production and the pH further decreased to below 3.8 with no butyric acid being detected. Approximately 90% and 80% of (?)‐epicatechin gallate and (?)‐epigallocatechin gallate, respectively, were degraded in silage prepared from wet GTW alone, while the degradation was ameliorated in mixed silage to about 55% and 70%, respectively. Antioxidative activity was not markedly altered by ensiling and 70–80% of the initial activity was detected after 60 days. Changes were small in (?)‐epigallocatechin, caffeine and total phenols with or without mixing with dried beet pulp. In vitro gas production was similar between materials and their silages, indicating that reduction of tea catechins would not elicit an improvement in digestibility. It is concluded that wet GTW can be ensiled successfully without bacterial inoculants when mixed with other materials containing certain sugars. Ensiling may degrade part of the components of tea catechins, while not affecting total phenols, antioxidative activity and digestibility of wet GTW. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Inoculant effects on alfalfa silage: in vitro gas and volatile fatty acid production

Alfalfa silages from 2 similar trials were analyzed for in vitro ruminal gas production. In both trials, there were 15 treatments: alfalfa treated at ensiling with 1 of 14 lactic acid bacterial inoculants or untreated alfalfa. First-cut (477 g of dry matter/kg) and second-cut (393 g of dry matter/kg) alfalfa were ensiled in glass jars for a minimum of 35 d at room temperature (∼22°C). At opening, a portion of each silage was wet-ground with a mixer. Each silage was then assessed for in vitro ruminal gas production in 3 replicate runs with the wet-ground silage, 1 on the fresh silage and 2 on frozen and thawed silage. In vitro gas production was measured in 160-mL sealed serum vials incubated at 39°C. One gram of silage was incubated with 17.1 mL of nutrient solution, 0.9 mL of reducing solution, and 12 mL of ruminal inoculum (1:2 vol.vol mixture of rumen fluid and buffer). Gas production was measured manually by using a pressure gauge at 3, 6, 9, 24, 48, and 96 h. At 96 h, the rumen fluid was analyzed for pH and volatile fatty acids. In the 2 trials, the untreated control silage produced either numerically the highest or one of the highest levels of gas production per unit of dry matter incubated. In first-cut silage, 9 of the inoculant treatments at 9 h and 4 treatments at 96 h had reduced gas production compared with the control. In second-cut silage, 10 inoculant treatments at both 9 and 96 h had reduced gas production compared with the control. Furthermore, in first-cut silage, the fraction of total gas production at 3, 6, and 9 h was numerically the highest for the control, and only 4 treatments were not significantly lower than the control at 9 h. In second-cut silage, 2 of 14 inoculated treatments produced faster fractional rates of gas production than the control, but most inoculated treatments had numerically slower fractional rates (4 significant) in the first 9 h. The in vitro fermented wet-ground control silages had one of the highest acetate:propionate ratios in both trials, significantly higher than 12 and 8 of the inoculated treatments in first- and second-cut silage, respectively. The response in acetate:propionate ratio in both cuts was similar, even though the control silage was highest in lactic acid in one trial and lowest in the other. Overall, inoculation of crops at ensiling appears to affect in vitro ruminal fermentation of wet-ground silages, even in the absence of large effects during silage fermentation.     

Effect of cellulase and Lactobacillus casei on ensiling characteristics,chemical composition,antioxidant activity,and digestibility of mulberry leaf silage

With the lack of feed resources in China, mulberry leaves have been developed as a ruminant forage rich in protein and functional components. To make full use of mulberry leaves, including their nutrients and biological activities, we investigated the effects of cellulase and Lactobacillus casei LC on the nutritive value and antioxidant capacity of mulberry leaf silage. Mulberry leaves from 2 locally prevailing high-yield cultivars were separately subjected to ensiling treatments either with or without addition of Lactobacillus culture, in combination with variable levels of cellulase application. After 60-d ensiling, the resulting silage was sampled and analyzed for fermentation parameters, antioxidant activity, carbohydrates, and protein fractions, as well as in vitro rumen gas production. The results showed that nutrients, including functional components of mulberry leaves, were well preserved during the ensiling process. Compared with the control, the application of cellulase and Lactobacillus casei LC resulted in greater dry matter recovery, higher contents of lactic acid, true protein, and total flavonoid, and increased antioxidant activity and microbial protein production, as well as decreased pH value, lower concentrations of ammonium nitrogen, and lower fiber fractions in the mulberry leaf silage, which varied between the 2 selected mulberry cultivars. These results suggest that mulberry leaf silage could be a quality feed with robust antioxidant capacity, which could be improved by the application of cellulase and Lactobacillus casei LC.     

Effects of variety on chemical composition,in situ nutrient disappearance and in vitro gas production of spineless cacti

This study determined the chemical composition, in situ ruminal nutrient disappearance and in vitro gas production kinetics of three cactus varieties grown in northeastern Brazil. The varieties were Gigante, IPA‐20 and Miúda. Results of the chemical analysis showed no significant differences in ash, ether extract, crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) between the cactus varieties. However, acid detergent fibre was highest (P < 0.05) for IPA‐20, intermediate (P < 0.05) for Gigante, and lowest (P < 0.05) for Miúda. Fractionation of carbohydrate and true protein based on rates of ruminal degradation indicated that the main carbohydrate component was the rapidly degradable fraction, whereas the main true protein component was the intermediately degradable fraction. No differences in carbohydrate or protein fractions were observed between the cactus varieties. Results of the in situ experiment showed no differences in ruminal dry matter (DM, average 803 g kg^?1 of DM), CP (900 g kg^?1 of CP) and NDF (611 g kg^?1 of NDF) disappearance between the three cactus varieties after 48 h of ruminal incubation. Potential gas production at the end of 48 h of incubation was higher (P < 0.05) for Gigante than for the Miúda or IPA‐20 variety. However, rate of gas production and lag time in gas production were similar for the three cactus varieties at 6.8% h^?1 and 0.6 h respectively. Our results showed little or no differences in chemical composition or ruminal nutrient degradabilities between the three cactus varieties. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of fibrolytic enzymes and an inoculant on in vitro degradability and gas production of low‐dry matter alfalfa silage

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of polysaccharide‐degrading enzymes (a cellulase and a xylanase) alone or in a combination with a bacterial inoculant on fermentation parameters and in vitro degradability and gas production of low‐dry matter (DM) alfalfa silage. First cut alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), harvested at about 5% bloom stage [260 g kg^?1 dry matter (DM)] was ensiled in laboratory‐scale silos without preservatives or preserved with formic acid, a cellulase (Cell), a xylanase, a cellulose/xylanase enzyme combination (Cell/Xyl), a lactic acid bacteria‐based inoculant (Inoc), and a mix of Inoc and Cell (Inoc/Cell). Triplicate silos were opened on days 1, 3, 7, 15 and 60. RESULTS: Silage pH and ammonia N and total free amino acids concentrations were the lowest (P < 0.05) for the formic acid silage. Inoc and Inoc/Cell produced the highest (P < 0.05) lactate concentration in the 60‐day silage. In vitro degradability of silage DM was not affected (P = 0.998) by treatment, but amylase‐treated neutral detergent fiber degradability was increased (P < 0.05) by formic acid. Compared with the control (51.3 mL 100 mg^?1 silage DM), all treatments except Cell/Xyl increased (P < 0.001) the 24 h cumulative gas production. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, enzyme and lactic acid bacteria‐based preparations had minor effects on silage fermentation in this experiment. The increased cumulative gas production indicates some preservation or liberation of fermentable organic matter with most treatments tested. It is not clear, however, to what extent this effect would impact silage ruminal degradability in vivo. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of cinnamon leaf, oregano and sweet orange essential oils on fermentation and aerobic stability of barley silage

BACKGROUND: Silage additives are marketed with the primary aim of improving the fermentation and/or aerobic stability of silage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of three different essential oils (EOs; cinnamon leaf (CIN), oregano (ORE) and sweet orange (SO)) on the fermentation characteristics and stability of barley silage. Chopped whole‐plant barley (Hordem vulgare L.) forage was ensiled either untreated (0 mg kg^?1 dry matter (DM)) or treated with CIN, ORE or SO (37.5, 75 and 120 mg kg^?1 DM). RESULTS: Moulds were not detected in any treatments, including the control, after 7 days of air exposure. All EOs at a concentration of 120 mg kg^?1 silage DM decreased (P = 0.001) yeast populations in comparison with the control during air exposure. Net gas, methane and ammonia concentrations in vitro did not differ among treatments. Changes in volatile fatty acid concentrations were small, and in situ data showed no changes in DM and neutral detergent fibre digestion rates for CIN, ORE or SO at concentrations up to 120 mg kg^?1 DM. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study show that a concentration of 120 mg EO kg^?1 DM decreased yeast counts during aerobic stability tests. However, all EO treatments had minimal effects on data from in vitro and in situ incubations. Copyright © 2011 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd     

普洱大叶种红茶和熟茶中20种挥发性组分对比研究

目的比较分析普洱大叶种红茶和熟茶的挥发性组分。方法采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取普洱大叶种红茶和熟茶的挥发性组分,气相色谱-质谱仪(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC/MS)测定,结合组分香气阈值和气味活度值讨论各组分在茶叶呈香中的贡献。结果 20种挥发性组分中,红茶中呋喃型氧化芳樟醇、芳樟醇、苯乙醇、α-松油醇、香叶醇和棕榈酸甲酯的含量为熟茶的4～72倍,而熟茶中1,2,3-三甲氧基苯、1,2,4-三甲氧基苯、顺式茉莉酮和二氢猕猴桃内酯的含量为红茶的16～610倍。呋喃型氧化芳樟醇两种异构体含量在红茶和熟茶中优势构型表现出一致性,而橙花叔醇2种异构体含量在红茶和熟茶中优势构型表现出不一致性。结论从20种挥发性组分在熟茶和红茶中的气味活度值角度对比,苯甲醛、呋喃型氧化芳樟醇、芳樟醇、β-环柠檬醛、1,2,3-三甲氧基苯、1,2,4-三甲氧基苯、α-紫罗兰酮、β-紫罗兰酮和棕榈酸甲酯9个挥发性组分在红茶和熟茶呈香均有实际的贡献,其中呋喃型氧化芳樟醇、芳樟醇和棕榈酸甲酯在红茶中呈香贡献远高于熟茶,而1,2,3-三甲氧基苯,1,2,4-三甲氧基苯在熟茶中的呈香贡献远高于红茶。     

Effects of 8 chemical and bacterial additives on the quality of corn silage

This project aimed to evaluate the effects 8 additives on the fermentation, dry matter (DM) losses, nutritive value, and aerobic stability of corn silage. Corn forage harvested at 31% DM was chopped (10 mm) and treated with (1) deionized water (control); (2) Buchneri 500 (BUC; 1 × 10⁵ cfu/g of Pediococcus pentosaceus 12455 and 4 × 10⁵ cfu/g of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788; Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Milwaukee, WI); (3) sodium benzoate (BEN; 0.1% of fresh forage); (4) Silage Savor acid mixture (SAV: 0.1% of fresh forage; Kemin Industries Inc., Des Moines, IA); (5) 1 × 10⁶ cfu/g of Acetobacter pasteurianus-ATCC 9323; (6) 1 × 10⁶ cfu/g of Gluconobacter oxydans-ATCC 621; (7) Ecosyl 200T (1 × 10⁵ cfu/g of Lactobacillus plantarum MTD/1; Ecosyl Products Inc., Byron, IL); (8) Silo-King WS (1.5 × 10⁵ cfu/g of L. plantarum, P. pentosaceus and Enterococcus faecium; Agri-King, Fulton, IL); and (9) Biomax 5 (BIO; 1 × 10⁵ cfu/g of L. plantarum PA-28 and K-270; Chr. Hansen Animal Health and Nutrition, Milwaukee, WI). Treated forage was ensiled in quadruplicate in mini silos at a density of 172 kg of DM/m³ for 3 and 120 d. After 3 d of ensiling, the pH of all silages was below 4 but ethanol concentrations were least in BEN silage (2.03 vs. 3.24% DM) and lactic acid was greatest in SAV silage (2.97 vs. 2.51% DM). Among 120-d silages, additives did not affect DM recovery (mean = 89.8% ± 2.27) or in vitro DM digestibility (mean = 71.5% ± 0.63). The SAV silage had greater ammonia-N (0.85 g/kg of DM) and butyric acid (0.22 vs. 0.0% DM) than other treatments. In contrast, BEN and Silo-King silages had the least ammonia-N concentration and had no butyric acid. The BEN and A. pasteurianus silages had the lowest pH (3.69) and BEN silage had the least ethanol (1.04% DM) and ammonia nitrogen (0.64 g/kg DM) concentrations, suggesting that fermentation was more extensive and protein degradation was less in BEN silages. The BUC and BIO silages had greater acetic acid concentrations than control silages (3.19 and 3.19 vs. 2.78% DM), but yeast counts did not differ. Aerobic stability was increased by 64% by BUC (44.30 h) and by 35% by BEN (36.49 h), but other silages had similar values (27.0 ± 1.13 h).     

荷叶茶饮料智能化生产线与工艺研发

介绍了荷叶茶饮料智能化生产线流程、主要设备配置以及工艺技术参数。实践表明,按此智能化生产线和工艺流程加工的荷叶茶饮料,其感官品质和各项理化、卫生指标良好,符合现代茶饮料标准。     

Hastening of leaf senescence in the processing of green tea leaf to black tea

The current system of processing green tea leaf (Camellia sinensis) to produce black tea involves a long period, especially because of the withering process practised in acquiring leaf senescence which is essential to impart fullness to the resulting tea liquors. Hastening leaf senescence by artificial withering at temperatures favourable to enzymic transformations accelerated the process and considerably shortened the manufacture of black teas.     

The effect of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria with or without different byproduct from defatted rice bran and green tea waste on napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Shumach) silage fermentation

A fermented juice from macerated napiergrass containing epiphytic lactic bacteria (FJLB) and napiergrass was prepared, mixed with defatted rice bran (FJLB + DRB) or dried green tea waste (FJLB + DTW) and freeze‐dried. Silage was treated with FJLB + DRB, FJLB + DTW, DRB or DTW in powder form at levels of 2, 10 and 50 g kg^?1 fresh matter (FM). FJLB in liquid form was added at a level of 10 mL kg^?1 FM. All treated silages were well preserved, with lower pH, acetic acid and NH₃‐N content and higher lactic acid content than that of the control. Butyric acid was present only in the control silage and those treated with DRB or DTW. Without powdered FJLB additives, napiergrass silages had higher pH values, butyric acid and NH₃‐N content, but low lactic acid content compared with powdered FJLB silages. Increasing the amount of all powdered additives had effect on lactic acid and NH₃‐N content. It may thus be concluded that the powder form of FJLB was as effective in improving the fermentative quality of napiergrass as the liquid form. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

体外产气法评定青贮玉米秸与豆秸组合的瘤胃发酵特性

探讨青贮玉米秸与豆秸组合对瘤胃发酵参数的影响,以确定适宜的饲料组合比例。本试验将青贮玉米秸与豆秸分别按0∶100、20∶80、40∶60、60∶40、80∶20、100∶0的比例进行组合,利用体外瘤胃发酵技术,分析不同比例组合对产气量、pH值、氨态氮、菌体蛋白和瘤胃干物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的影响,并计算出各组合的单项组合效应值和综合组合效应值,进而筛选出两种饲料组合的适宜比例。结果表明：青贮玉米秸-豆秸不同比例组合后在产气量上差异显著（P〈0.05）,以80∶20时最大;各比例对体外瘤胃液pH值影响差异不显著（P〉0.05）;氨态氮质量浓度随青贮玉米秸比例的增加而增加,在40~50mg/dl变化;菌体蛋白质量浓度在两者比例为80∶20时最高;青贮玉米秸-豆秸不同比例组合的干物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的瘤胃有效降解率均以80∶20时最大。在本试验条件下,以多项组合效应评定指数评定组合效应,青贮玉米秸与豆秸比例为80∶20时较为适宜,综合组合效应指数达到最大。     

揉捻和干燥方法对柿叶茶品质的影响

研究了揉捻和不同干燥方法对安溪油柿叶茶品质的影响。结果表明:揉捻可增加柿叶茶的细胞破损率,从而使柿叶茶的水浸出物含量增加,有利于提高柿叶茶的可冲泡性。柿叶茶采用炒干能够得到较适宜的营养成分含量,而且经过炒干的柿叶茶色泽黄绿、香气浓厚、滋味鲜醇回甘、叶底绿匀,感官评分高。柿叶茶炒干时要注意控制火候和时间,而且在炒制过程中还要经常翻动。     

Comparison of in vitro degradation of temperate forages using the gas production and filter bag techniques

BACKGROUND: Two of the most promising in vitro techniques for dynamic forage evaluation are the gas production (GP) and filter bag (FB) techniques. To improve our understanding of how these techniques describe the dynamic degradation of forages, 20 temperate forage samples were analysed by each method at different time points during a 96 h incubation period. The results of the recordings were fitted to a biphasic Michaelis–Menten model describing the degradation of rapidly and slowly degrading forage fractions. RESULTS: GP and disappearance from the FB measurements were correlated at all time points from 6 to 96 h (R² = 0.27–0.74), except at the 24 h incubation point. When GP was transformed into organic matter degradation (OMD), there was an even stronger correlation (R² = 0.54–0.75) between the techniques at all intervals. Comparison of the parameters from the Michaelis–Menten model resulted in correlations (R² = 0.83) between the sizes of the estimated forage fractions, but not between parameter determining the rates of their degradation. CONCLUSIONS: Both the GP and FB techniques have the potential to estimate the degradation of individual feed fractions in forages. Further studies in which the in vitro parameters are evaluated against livestock data, are needed to confirm the findings of this study, however. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Feeding value,in vitro digestibility and in vitro gas production of different by‐products for ruminant nutrition

Nine by‐products used in animal nutrition were examined for their nutritive value by determining the chemical composition (crude protein, crude fat (ether extract), neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, lignin), in vitro organic matter digestibility and rumen fermentation kinetics (from gas production curves measured in vitro). The by‐products studied were giant pumpkin, red pepper, stem broccoli, brewer's grain, fresh artichoke, scalded artichoke, lemon peel, orange peel and melon. The nutritive value was very variable, depending on the by‐product and on the process applied to the material during industrial processing. In vitro gas production was measured for 500 mg dry matter in quadruplicate at 39 °C after 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h of incubation and fitted to single‐pool exponential equations. The fermentation kinetics indicated that brewer's grain was the only by‐product which fitted well with the p = a + b(1 ? e^?ct) equation model; all other by‐products had a very fast degradation rate and their gas production fitted the equation p = b(1 ? e^?c(t?L)), because in the other exponential model a was negative. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

绿茶、乌龙茶、红茶贮藏过程中品质劣变机理及保鲜技术研究进展

茶叶的生产具有较强的时效性和季节性,且茶叶疏松多孔,长期贮藏过程中极易受环境影响而变质。作为广受消费者青睐的世界三大饮料之一,保持其贮藏品质对提高茶叶商品价值,推进我国茶产业的发展具有重要意义。近年来针对茶叶贮藏过程中的品质变化原因兴起了各种保鲜技术。该文通过讨论茶多酚、氨基酸、维生素C、叶绿素、脂质等物质的氧化降解,总结了绿茶、乌龙茶、红茶等的陈化劣变机理,同时概述了水分、温度、氧气、光照等影响茶叶贮藏品质的4大因素,并详细阐述了运用干燥、冷藏、脱氧、生物保鲜剂等方法进行茶叶贮藏的相关技术,最后展望了茶叶保鲜的深入研究方向,以期为相关茶叶保鲜新技术的研究提供科学理论指导。     

Effects of Euphorbia esula L. (leafy spurge) on cattle and sheep in vitro fermentation and gas production

BACKGROUND: Euphorbia esula L. (leafy spurge) is indigenous to Eurasia and has been known to cause grazing aversion in ruminant species. As a result, E. esula encroachment has negatively impacted rangelands in the Northern Great Plains and Intermountain West of the USA, as well as southern Canada. Our objectives were to evaluate the effect of increasing concentrations of E. esula on in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) and gas production. Two ruminally‐cannulated cows and ewes were used as rumen inoculum donors. To accomplish objectives, two studies were conducted. In study 1, animals were fed exclusively a barley hay (12% crude protein (CP), 55.4% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), DM basis) diet; whereas in study 2, animals were fed a diet of 15% E. esula (21.9% CP, 48% NDF, DM basis) and 85% barley hay based on previous day intake. RESULTS: The 24 and 48 h in vitro and 96 h gas production indicate that, regardless of inoculum source or substrate fermented, DMD was not influenced. Differences, however, were consistently observed across studies for NDF disappearance. CONCLUSION: Regardless of inoculum source NDF disappearance was greater when substrate being fermented contained 0%, 80%, or 100% E. esula. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.