Turning wine (waste) into water: Toward technological advances in the use of constructed wetlands for winery effluent treatment

The research presented in this article describes an investigation into the use of vegetated submerged reedbeds (VSR) as a practicable alternative for effluent treatment for small‐scale wine producers. In this study, we found that the hydraulic processes occurring within the VSR display significantly nonideal behavior. If the feed to the VSR was located on the surface the dead volume accounted for approximately 25% of the nonideal behavior of the system and bypass accounted for a further 6%. A preferential flow pattern was found within the VSR with the greatest flow occurring closest the surface and in the center, and the least at the sidewalls. We propose that the flow profile can be conceptualized as being hull shaped and found that this profile was the same for irregularly shaped gravel and for spherically shaped gelatinous beads. We, therefore, hypothesize that it is not dependent on the geometry of the VSR or the packing medium. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 420–431, 2014     

铁氧体法去除废水中的镍、铬、锌、铜离子

采用铁氧体法处理含镍、铬、锌、铜的废水,研究了pH及硫酸亚铁投加量对重金属离子去除效果的影响.对于镍、锌、铜离子,最佳絮凝pH分别为8.00～9.80、8.00～10.50和10.00,投加的亚铁离子与其摩尔比均为2～8;六价铬的最佳还原pH为4.00～5.50,最佳絮凝pH则为8.00～10.50,最佳投料比为20....     

Comparison of filter media,plant communities and microbiology within constructed wetlands treating wastewater containing heavy metals

The aim of this study was to investigate the treatment efficiency of passive vertical‐flow wetland filters containing Phragmites australis and/or Typha latifolia and granular media of different adsorption capacities. A cost–benefit analysis was performed on the characteristics of constructed wetlands. Cheap gravel and sand as well as expensive granular activated carbon, charcoal and Filtralite (light expanded clay) were used as filter media. Different concentrations of lead and copper sulfate were added to polluted urban beck inflow water in order to simulate pre‐treated mine wastewater, landfill leachate or highway runoff. The relationships between growth media, microbial and plant communities as well as the reduction of lead, copper, five‐day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in particular, and potentially pathogenic bacteria were investigated. A breakthrough of copper within the first 9 weeks was only recorded for filters containing media with limited adsorption capacities. The breakthrough was independent of the presence of plants. However, after maturation of the biomass, which dominated the schmutzdecke and litter zone, lead and copper concentrations were reduced by 97–99% and BOD by 41–60% in all wetlands. There appears to be no additional benefit in using macrophytes and expensive adsorption media in constructed wetlands to enhance metal reduction during the set‐up period of 5 months. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

人工湿地处理含重金属废水的研究现状及展望

人工湿地是一种集环境效益、经济效益及社会效益为一体的污水处理技术,因其具有低投入、低能耗、低管理费用、抗冲击力强等优点而成为近年来国内外研究的热点。本文从人工湿地处理各种重金属的去除机理、人工湿地处理含重金属的废水的影响因素方面对近年来人工湿地处理重金属的研究现状予以综述,并对人工湿地处理重金属的研究前景进行了展望。     

QHS-3型钠钙浮选剂用催化剂生产过程中含铜、镍离子废水的处理

对QHS-3型钠钙浮选剂用催化剂生产过程中产生的含铜、镍离子废水采用常规中和沉淀法与加入金属螯合剂M相结合的方法进行了去除铜、镍离子的研究,结果表明:在最佳工艺条件下,即在溶液的pH值为9.2,聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)加入量为6 mg/L,金属螯合剂M投加量为80～90 mg/L时,处理后的废水中的铜、镍离子的质量浓度达到了国家排放标准.     

铜精矿浸出脱镍及浸出液脱铜新工艺研究

通过实验确定了铜精矿氯化浸镍和浸出液脱铜的最佳工艺条件和工艺流程,重点研究了采用镍精矿脱除浸出液中的铜及如何通过提高镍精矿的活性来提高镍的回收率等问题,提出了加入多硫复合剂活化镍精矿除铜的方法。工艺简单、经济实用,浸出液脱铜率在99%以上,铜精矿浸出脱镍渣含镍质量分数可降至1.8%左右。实验中使用盐酸作为浸出剂,浸出速度快,镍浸出率高(62%),铜的抑制性好。整个工艺未带入杂质离子,克服了传统硫化法、铁屑法、萃取法等试剂耗量大、成本高、操作困难和杂质含量高等不利因素。     

景观型与蔬菜型水平潜流湿地除磷动力学模型

利用景观型和蔬菜型水平潜流湿地净化经生化处理后的生活污水尾水,进行湿地除磷动力学模型研究。对比分析不同湿地单元的除磷效率。为优化湿地除磷设计,采用一级动力学模型和Monod模型模拟除磷效果,对比模拟准确性,讨论水温、水力负荷与模型反应速率常数间关系,并建立湿地除磷模型构建式。结果表明,景观型湿地除磷能力顺序:美人蕉单元>再力花单元>鸢尾单元,蔬菜型湿地:空心菜单元>茭白单元>番茄单元,除磷效果差异归因于不同类植物的生物量区别。Monod模型(模型效率值ME:0.76～0.86)对湿地除磷的预测较一级动力学模型(ME:0.53～0.72)具有更高准确性。总磷面积去除率随水温的降低而减小,Arrhenius拟合结果表明,美人蕉(θ=1.006)、再力花(θ=1.008)和空心菜(θ=1.006)单元K_max对水温变化不敏感,水温对鸢尾(θ=1.015)和茭白(θ=1.014)单元除磷效率有较大影响。K_max20与水力负荷间存在显著正相关性,两者符合乘幂方程(R²:0.657;0.805)关系。考虑了水温和水力负荷因素的Monod模型构建式,对试验湿地除磷预测具备准确性。     

电子工业用镍包铜粉的工艺及性能研究

采用不同粒度的片状铜粉,以次磷酸钠作为还原剂,通过化学镀镍制备出性价比较高的、具有较好电磁屏蔽性能的镍包铜粉。讨论了铜粉粒径及镍含量对镍包铜性能的影响,结果表明,粒径大的铜粉较易进行化学镀镍,而镍包铜粉电阻随铜粉粒径减小而增大;随镍含量的减少,镍包铜粉的颜色变浅,电阻减小。SEM照片显示,镍包铜粉形貌较好,片状化程度较好。镍含量为30%时镍包铜粉磷含量较低,实际成分含量与理论相符,松装密度及导电性较好,是理想的电磁屏蔽材料。     

镍铜冶炼烟气制酸系统酸性水处理及再利用

介绍了金川集团有限公司镍、铜冶炼烟气制酸系统酸性水处理及再利用情况。镍冶炼烟气制酸系统酸性水主要特点为悬浮物含量较高,采用过滤、沉降处理技术;铜冶炼烟气制酸系统酸性水成分较复杂,采用硫化钠除铜及初步除砷、EX2000深度除砷2级处理技术。装置自投用以来运行稳定,7套制酸装置产生的酸性水70%得到回用,废水排放量由原来的550 m~3/h减少到157 m~3/h;除铜率达98%以上,除砷率达94%以上,减排效果明显。     

寒冷天气下新型复合式生物生态系统与曝气生物滤池组合工艺处理生活污水的协同作用(英文)

A lab-scale integrated treatment system including the novel sequence bio-ecological process (SBEP) and biological aerated filter (BAF) for a sewage mixture (chemistry laboratory wastewater and domestic sewage) was presented in this paper. The main objective of the study was to test the contribution of artificial aeration, recir-culation ratio and mass concentration of steel slag on pollutant removal in winter when the plants are dormant. It had been shown that SBEP and BAF play different roles in removing contaminants from wastewater. During the airflow experiment, the removal efficiency of COD and TP in SBEP was higher than that in BAF, whereas BAF can compensate for the deficiency of SBEP where no significant improvement on ammonium nitrogen removal is ob-served. Yet, the removal efficiencies of COD, TP and -N in SBEP could be improved apparently when differ-ent recirculation ratio or various mass concentration of steel were applied. Especially, when the airflow of 0.06 L·h 1, the recirculation ratio rate of 80% and the mass concentration of steel of 2.2-2.4 g·L 1 were applied, the highest efficiency of 94.6%, 77.9% and 80.7% for COD, TP and -N were achieved, respectively. The inte-grated treatment system of SBEP and BAF was proved to be an effective wastewater treatment technique and a bet-ter alternative to treat domestic sewage.     

Solvent extraction with LIX 973N for the selective separation of copper and nickel

LIX 973N diluted with Iberfluid was used to co‐extract copper and nickel from ammoniacal/ammonium carbonate aqueous media. The influence of equilibration time, temperature, equilibrium pH and extractant concentration on the extraction of both metals has been studied. It was observed that neither copper nor nickel extraction is sensitive to temperature and equilibrium pH, however nickel extraction equilibrium is reached at a longer contact time (20 min) than that of copper (5 min), in addition nickel extraction depends greatly on the extractant concentration in the organic phase. For a solution containing 3 g dm⁻³ each of copper and nickel and 60 g dm⁻³ ammonium carbonate, conditions were established for the co‐extraction of both metals, ammonia scrubbing and selective stripping (with H₂SO₄) of nickel and copper. Using the appropriate extractant concentration the yield (extraction stage) for both metals is near 100%, whereas the percentage of nickel and copper stripping is also almost quantitative. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

纳米镍铜复合粉体在乙醇溶液中的分散性能

在对直流氢电弧蒸发法制备的纳米镍铜复合粉体的Zeta电位测量的基础上,采用非离子型和阴离子型2类分散剂中的各种材料,研究了各种材料超声时间和加入质量分数对纳米粉体在无水乙醇溶液中分散性能的影响。研究结果表明:粉体的分散效果随着超声时间和分散剂加入质量分数的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势;阴离子型分散剂中油酸对镍铜复合粉体的分散效果最好,在乙醇溶液中质量分数为2.5%的油酸的最佳超声时间为6 min。     

烧结型白铜多孔管在NaCl溶液中的结垢性能

采用电加热的方式,研究了换热器用烧结型多孔管与光滑铜管在NaCl溶液中的结垢性能,对污垢热阻随测量时间、溶液浓度等的变化而产生的变化进行了分析,并与机加工多孔管的数据进行了比较.实验结果表明,烧结型多孔管与普通光滑管相比确实有抗垢性能,同时为此种产品应用于海水淡化的多效蒸发装置提供了实验数据.     

镍、钴、钯镀层的防铜渗性能比较

以镍、钴、钯镀层作为铜基体镀金的防渗铜中间层可以有效地防止铜原子扩散到金属表面。采用ＳＥＭ、ＥＤＡＸ、ＸＲＤ等方法研究铜在中金属内的扩散机理和扩散系数,探讨了扩散过程与这３种金属晶体结构、晶粒大小以及Ｘ－射线衍射特性的关系。     

磁性萃取剂高梯度磁分离法处理酸性洗铜废水

为解决低浓度、大排量酸性洗铜废水中重金属铜离子的低成本回收问题,作者采用“磁性萃取剂”,利用高梯度磁场来简易快速回收酸性洗铜废水中的有价金属铜。讨论了萃取剂、酸度、填充密度、流速对回收效率的影响。本方法的建立为重金属离子废水的处理开辟了新的途径。     

标准加入原子吸收法连续测定光亮镀镍液中铜、锌、铬、铅、铁杂质的含量

在相同的光亮镀镍液中分别加入浓度依次递增的铜、锌、铁、铬、铜的标准溶液。用原子吸收光谱法连续测定镀液中铜、锌、铁、铬、铅杂质的含量,优选出最佳的仪器工作条件,讨论了共存元素的干扰及消除。该方法简单,准确度和精密度高,具有使用价值。