不同发芽条件对大麦中植酸含量及植酸酶活力的影响

大麦发芽过程中,发芽温度、浸麦水pH值及浸麦水中金属离子的种类和含量是影响大麦中植酸含量及植酸酶活力的重要因素。实验发现,当发芽温度为16℃时,植酸酶较高温和低温发芽更早的被激活,其活力达到4.032 8U/g(绝干),更加有利于植酸的分解;在浸麦水为中性条件下浸麦,植酸酶活力上升较快,植酸含量迅速下降;在浸麦期间添加Ca2+、Mg2和Fe3+等金属离子对植酸酶的活力有较大抑制作用。     

β-葡聚糖酶对SN1391小麦芽的品质影响研究

以小麦SN1391为试材,按三因素三水平正交设计进行实验得到9组麦芽,通过对麦芽品质分析研究小麦芽β-葡聚糖酶活与麦芽品质的关系。发现小麦芽β-葡聚糖酶活与麦芽浸出物含量、α-淀粉酶活力存在极显著正相关性(P<0.01);与糖化力、库尔巴哈值、α-AN、蛋白酶活力存在显著正相关性(P<0.05);与麦汁粘度、糖化力存在显著负相关性(P<0.05)。影响β-葡聚糖酶活力的工艺参数主次顺序为:浸麦度>焙焦温度>发芽温度。浸麦度为47%～48%、发芽温度为15～17℃、焙焦温度为80～81℃时SN1391小麦芽β-葡聚糖酶活力最高。     

小麦籽粒在制麦过程中胚乳降解酶活性变化的研究

为揭示和探讨小麦籽粒在制麦过程中酶活变化的规律,以小麦样品为研究材料,以啤酒大麦品种为对照,采用断水浸麦方式和降温发芽工艺,分析小麦和啤酒大麦籽粒在制麦过程中淀粉酶、蛋白酶、β-葡聚糖酶、极限糊精酶活性的变化规律。结果表明:小麦籽粒在制麦过程中α-淀粉酶活力在发芽中不断增长,并在发芽第3天后快速增长;β-淀粉酶和总淀粉酶的活性变化趋势与啤酒大麦相同,均在发芽第4天达到峰值后下降,而β-淀粉酶活性水平高于α-淀粉酶;β-葡聚糖酶活力一直保持上升趋势;蛋白酶和极限糊精酶的活力在发芽第4天达到峰值后开始下降。啤酒大麦的蛋白酶、β-葡聚糖酶、极限糊精酶的活力在发芽期间一直处于上升趋势,并且在发芽结束后酶活还保持较高的水平;小麦籽粒在发芽后其淀粉酶活力较啤酒大麦高。小麦和啤酒大麦在发芽中的酶活变化有较大的差异;发芽小麦的酶活水平可作为制定合理制麦工艺的重要依据,发芽至第4天的酶活都能保持较高水平。     

大麦中酶形成的时间曲线

通过浸麦,发芽和提取浸出物来观察大麦中酶形成的顺序。提取制麦过程中大麦籽粒的不同部分,研究了以下5种酶的形成次序：羧肽酶（Ec3．4．16．1）、内－β1—3,1-4葡聚糖酶（EC3．2．1．73）、内－B1—4－木聚糖酶（EC3．2．1．136）、阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶（EC3．2．1．551和α－淀粉酶。早期形成的羧肽酶及跟随其后稍微晚一点形成的β－葡聚糖酶和最后形成的仪一淀粉酶,证实了早期关于这些酶合成次序的报道。虽然木聚糖酶在浸麦和出芽早期就形成了,可是其他研究人员发现这个酶在制麦过程中形成得比较晚。除了最终均匀分散于麦粒中的木聚糖酶,其他酶在麦粒近末端有较高水平的活性。在四个效应物的条件下,在不发芽大麦环片中检验酶的形成。水分对照样反映了在全部大麦籽粒中观察到的酶形成方式。赤霉酸促进形成更高的酶总活力并同时形成了所有的酶。脱落酸促进了后期酶（木聚糖酶,阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶和α－淀粉酶）的形成并且木聚糖酶活力比单独用水处理有明显的增高。赤霉酸和脱落酸的混合物显示了非排他的,复合的更高活力水平的反应以及酶形成起始期的变化。和用赤霉酸或赤霉酸与脱落酸的混合物处理相比,用赤霉酸和氯化钙的混合物处理引起了羧肽酶活力的较大提高和木聚糖酶活力的大幅降低。     

啤酒大麦制麦过程中淀粉酶活性变化动态的研究

以不同品种的大麦为材料,运用底物分析法检测3种淀粉酶的活性。不同品种的大麦中α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶和极限糊精酶活力差异较大,因此实际生产中可对不同品种大麦进行筛选,选用酶活较高的大麦来制备麦芽;在制麦过程中,浸麦可在一定程度卜抑制淀粉酶的活力;淀粉酶的总活力在发芽初期缓慢增加,2d～3d后急剧增加至最大值;焙焦可使3种酶酶活有不同程度地下降。     

温度处理对发芽糙米中淀粉酶活力的影响

研究了温度处理对发芽糙米中淀粉酶活力的影响。结果表明 :在 1 6～ 2 8℃温度范围内 ,较低的温度能提高发芽糙米中α 淀粉酶和总淀粉酶活力 ,较高的温度使酶活力高峰提前出现 ,糙米最适发芽温度为 2 2℃。发芽糙米中 β 淀粉酶活力受发芽温度的影响较小。在发芽期间 ,糙米中淀粉含量随淀粉酶活力升高而降低 ,还原糖含量先升后降。     

啤酒大麦制麦过程中淀粉酶活性变化动态的研究

以不同品种的大麦为材料,运用底物分析法检测三种淀粉酶的活性.不同品种的大麦中α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶和极限糊精酶活力差异较大,因此实际生产中可对不同品种大麦进行筛选,选用酶活较高的大麦来制备麦芽;在制麦过程中,浸麦可在一定程度上抑制淀粉酶的活力;淀粉酶的总活力在发芽初期缓慢增加,2～3d后急剧增加至最大值;焙焦可使三种酶酶活有不同程度的下降.     

制麦对大麦中β-葡聚糖酶和植酸酶活性的影响

通过三因素(浸麦温度、湿度、发芽温度)两水平析因试验，研究了制麦过程对裸麦和芒麦中的β-葡聚糖和植酸含量的影响。在高温(48℃)下浸麦时，麦芽的β-葡聚糖总量变化很小，而浸麦温度(15℃)较低时，β-葡聚糖总量显著下降。温度为38℃时，对于不可溶β-葡聚糖来讲，这一趋势就更为明显。通过麦芽中的β-葡聚糖酶活性分析发现，浸麦温度为15℃，活性显著增加，而浸麦温度为48℃时，活性增加缓慢。另外两个因素对结果影响较小，主要是因为浸麦温度是对β-葡聚糖和β-葡聚糖酶活最重要的影响因素。当在100℃提取β-葡聚糖时，提取量较大，浸麦温度对提取量的影响大于提取温度。浸麦温度为15℃时的β-葡聚糖平均分子量要低于浸麦温度为48℃时。本试验设计的的因素水平对植酸的简介和植酸酶的活性没有多大影响。结果显示，既然本试验设计的参数对植酸酶活性几乎没有影响，而对β-葡聚糖酶活影响很大，那么就有可能对酶进行有选择性的控制。     

制麦及糖化过程中过氧化物酶的研究

采用Sigma方法，测定两种蛋白质含量不同的“甘啤三号”大麦在浸麦、发芽、焙燥以及糖化过程中过氧化物酶的变化，并研究不同焙燥工艺对过氧化物酶活性的影响。同时研究了该酶的基本性质。结果表明：浸麦结束时酶活增加了1倍，发芽结束时增加了4～5倍，延长45～65℃阶段时间可以有效降低酶活，保持20h后，两种成品麦芽过氧化物酶活力分别为682u／g，761u／g。麦芽中过氧化物酶最适作用条件为pH6．0，温度20℃。     

制麦工艺对燕麦麦芽营养品质的影响

以我国裸燕麦为研究对象,以燕麦在发芽前后植酸质量分数、β-葡聚糖质量分数及蛋白质体外消化率为考察指标,通过单因素和正交试验,研究浸麦温度(11～19℃)、发芽温度(11～19℃)及发芽时间(2～6d)对上述营养指标的影响。结果表明,浸麦温度对植酸质量分数、β-葡聚糖质量分数及蛋白质体外消化率没有显著影响,而发芽时间越长、发芽温度越高,燕麦中植酸和β-葡聚糖质量分数则越低;蛋白质体外消化率随着发芽时间的延长而升高,发芽温度对其影响不显著。通过优化试验得出的最佳制麦工艺:采用浸麦工艺(浸麦6h→休止10h→浸麦4h→休止7h→浸麦3h→休止1h),浸麦温度14℃进行浸麦,15℃发芽4d。在此条件下制麦燕麦中植酸质量分数下降了42.8%,而蛋白质消化率上升了142.1%,燕麦的营养品质有所改善。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Detection of adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum by capillary electrophoresis and polarized light microscopy

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and polarized light microscopy (PLM) were utilized in the detection of the adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum. For CE analyses, standards of locust bean and guar gums were extracted with 30% CH₃CN, removing the residual proteins from the gum matrix. A 8.75 mM NaH₂PO₄-20.6 mM Na₂B₄O₇ buffer, pH 9, was used to separate these proteins and to identify marker proteins that were present in the guar gum. These markers did not co-migrate with components in the extracts of mechanically processed locust bean gum, and are used as indicators of adulteration. Using PLM with toluidine blue and iodine staining techniques, unadulterated locust bean gum samples were distinguished from mixed samples through the differential staining of components in locust bean versus guar and tara gums. These experiments in the use of CE and PLM provide orthogonal and complementary methods for the verification of 'true' positives and the elimination of 'false' positives.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.