乳浊玻璃（四）

３．２磷酸盐乳浊玻璃为了防止氟化物的污染和利用磷灰石（ａｐａｔｉｔｅ）等天然矿物原料，在工业生产中已广泛应用磷酸盐乳浊玻璃。磷酸盐乳浊玻璃是在硅酸盐和硼硅酸盐玻璃基础成分中析出磷酸盐的晶粒而乳浊的。理想的磷酸盐晶体应为小球状分布，如图９所示。但如温度...     

谈谈玻璃“三星”

金星玻璃是一种具有广泛用途的装饰材料.作者比较了所研究的三种金星玻璃的化学组成,熔制工艺,结晶过程,结晶物质,并明确提出了金星效果的问题.     

防火玻璃的性能及制造方法

防火玻璃是指在规定的耐火试验条件下,能够保持其寒带性和隔热性的特种玻璃。本文主要介绍了防火玻璃的基本性能及其作用,并对几种不同的防火玻璃制造方法作了介绍,目前在于向广大推荐一种新型的安全玻璃,特别是在大都市高层建筑和公共场所中使用安全防火玻璃是一项必不可少的安全措施。     

新型灰色和茶色玻璃的生产

本文介绍一种吸热玻璃的生产方法,采用普通钠钙硅玻璃的原料,加入一些Fe_2O_3、CoO、Se、UO_2和Cr_2O_3作为着色剂,可生产2～12mm厚的吸热玻璃.色纯度在14%以下、总的太阳能透射率50%以下,亮度因数Y35～55%.     

乳浊玻璃（五）

３．４分相乳浊玻璃正如乳浊玻璃机理中所阐述，分相乳浊玻璃是以与母体玻璃不同折射率的非晶态液滴而进行乳浊的。在研究硼硅酸盐玻璃分相过程中，发现分相而引起乳光，以后就有意识地利用此现象来制造乳浊玻璃。常用的分相乳浊玻璃的成分见表７。表７分相乳浊玻璃成分编...     

Effective Thermal Conductivity of Soda‐Lime Silicate Glassmelts with Different Iron Contents Between 1100°C and 1500°C

This study presents a simple method for retrieving the effective thermal conductivity of semitransparent glassmelts from measured temperature profiles. Effective thermal conductivity of molten glass at high temperature is an important thermophysical property that affects the glassmelting and forming processes and thus the quality of the final glass products. In semitransparent glassmelts, heat is transferred by both conduction and radiation. In the limiting case of optically thick glassmelts, typically featuring high iron content, thermal radiation can be treated as a diffusion process. The total heat flux can be expressed as the sum of a phononic and a radiative heat fluxes based on Fourier's law. For weakly absorbing glassmelts, the temperature profile may be strongly nonlinear particularly neat container walls due to the contribution from emission and absorption. Steady‐state measurement techniques, such as the linear heat flux method, have been developed to measure glassmelt effective thermal conductivity at high temperatures. However, they typically use only three temperatures measurements and assume linear temperature profile in the glassmelt. The new retrieval method addresses these drawbacks particularly for weakly absorbing glassmelts featuring nonlinear temperature profiles. It is demonstrated with experimental data collected for soda‐lime silicate glasses with iron content ranging from 0.008 to 1.1 wt% and temperatures between 1100°C and 1550°C.     

电极加热对玄武岩池窑熔制均匀性影响的模拟

电助熔系统设计的合理与否直接影响玄武岩池窑的熔制效率。本文基于CFD方法对玄武岩池窑中的火焰燃烧、原料熔化以及熔液流动三大空间进行热耦合模拟,研究电极电流密度、电极长度、电极布置高度、布置方式等关键参数对电助熔池窑熔制均匀性的影响,为电助熔系统的优化设计提供理论指导。结果表明：池窑出口温度随电流密度增大、电极布置高度增加以及电极长度的增加而升高。此外,当电流密度大于2500A/m²、电极布置在池深方向的中下方、电极长度大于350mm以及电极采用横插方式时,熔液空间具有较好的熔化均匀性,且池窑出口熔液温度均高于1360℃,有利于后续的拉丝作业。     

Glass transition and melting behavior of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite,studied by electrical resistance measurement

DC electrical resistance measurement was applied to investigate the glass transition and melting behavior of carbon fiber reinforced nylon‐6 composite. The electrical resistance exhibited temperature dependencies that were attributed to the matrix molecular movements associated with structural transitions. The electrical resistance was affected by the degree of crystallinity and the thermal oxidative degradation, which were governed by the thermal history. The resistance results are consistent with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results. The resistance is more sensitive to the glass transition than DSC.     

池窑鼓泡对熔制玻璃质量和产量的影响

利用Flutank玻璃熔制过程三维计算机模拟技术,系统研究了鼓泡对熔制玻璃质量、产量的影响.结果表明:鼓泡使窑内熔体温度升高、流速加快,玻璃熔制、均化条件改善,微细气泡澄清条件变差,玻璃单耗降低.对文中选用的浮法窑,鼓泡能提高日产量23%,并维持原有的熔制、均化、冷却条件不变.池窑鼓泡后,日产量增加不会改变可见大气泡(半径小于0.5mm)的排除条件,但影响可见小气泡(半径小于0.25mm)和微细气泡(半径小于0.1mm)的澄清.模拟结果还揭示:鼓泡虽然略微降低出料口截面热均匀性,但不会出现分层现象.鼓泡管间距选择不当会产生有害的"沉降流".     

玻璃纤维池窑节能技术应用实践

介绍了作为高能耗行业的玻璃纤维池窑的能耗量、利用的能源。在多年玻璃纤维池窑生产过程中,研究针对窑炉蓄热室、熔化部池底、熔化部大煊、熔化部投料口等部位的节能方法,采用通路电加热、通路保温、总通路池底、蓄热窜保温技术及池底鼓泡、熔化部池底辅助电加热技术与合理的热工制度等并采取改进砖材性能、砌筑工艺和方法等不同节能技术的研究及应用成果。     

Effect of Atmosphere on the Electrical Conductivity of Sodium Tungstophosphate Glasses

The dc electrical conductivity of sodium tungstophosphate glasses was measured as a function of glass composition, melting history, and ambient atmosphere. The color of the glasses was a strong function of both glass composition and melting history. The electrical conductivity was found to be strongly dependent upon the concentration of protons in the surrounding atmosphere. The colorless glasses were found to be electrochromic only so long as protons were present in the atmosphere. A model is suggested to explain these results.     

Continuous Determination of the Oxidation State in a Soda-Lime-Silica Glassmelt During Refining

Influences on the oxidation state of glassmelts can be studied by using an electrochemical oxygen sensor which allows in-situ measurements at melting temperatures. The action of fining agents such as arsenic and sodium sulfate was investigated. The behavior of arsenic (i.e. release and uptake of oxygen) and the decomposition of sodium sulfate with and without carbon additions can be seen electrochemically.     

粗糙颗粒动理学及流化床内气固流动的数值模拟

基于气体分子动理学和颗粒动理学理论,考虑颗粒旋转流动对颗粒碰撞能量交换和耗散的影响,建立粗糙颗粒动理学。采用Chapman-Enskog颗粒速度分布函数,提出了颗粒相应力、热通量和颗粒碰撞能量耗散计算模型。采用欧拉-欧拉气固双相流模型,数值模拟鼓泡流化床内气体-颗粒两相流动特性。模拟结果得到了床内颗粒相速度和脉动速度分布,与Yuu等实验结果相吻合。分析不同的切向弹性恢复系数对颗粒相拟总温的变化规律,结果表明在低颗粒浓度时颗粒拟总温随切向弹性恢复系数而增加。     

One‐Dimensional Cold Cap Model for Melters with Bubblers

The rate of glass production during vitrification in an all‐electrical melter greatly impacts the cost and schedule of nuclear waste treatment and immobilization. The feed is charged to the melter on the top of the molten glass, where it forms a layer of reacting and melting material, called the cold cap. During the final stages of the batch‐to‐glass conversion process, gases evolved from reactions produce primary foam, the growth and collapse of which controls the glass production rate. The mathematical model of the cold cap was revised to include functional representation of primary foam behavior and to account for the dry cold cap surface. The melting rate is computed as a response to the dependence of the primary foam collapse temperature on the heating rate and melter operating conditions, including the effect of bubbling on the cold cap bottom and top surface temperatures. The simulation results are in good agreement with experimental data from laboratory‐scale and pilot‐scale melter studies. The cold cap model will become part of the full three‐dimensional mathematical model of the waste glass melter.