金花白茶加工过程中主要滋味物质的动态变化

以2017年福建寿眉散茶为原料,按照渥堆、汽蒸、压制定型、发花、干燥等加工工艺制成金花白茶。通过对加工过程中8个有代表性的工艺节点取样检测,以探明金花白茶加工过程中茶多酚、儿茶素、咖啡碱、氨基酸、水浸出物、可溶性糖、黄酮、茶三素等主要滋味物质含量的动态变化,并探究各类滋味物质的动态变化对其滋味品质的影响。结果表明,金花白茶加工过程中,茶多酚、儿茶素、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖、茶黄素及茶红素含量均逐渐降低,金花白茶较原料降幅分别为24.26%、52.89%、27.44%、9.38%、48.83%及30.96%。黄酮总量、没食子酸及茶褐素含量逐渐增加,金花白茶较原料增幅分别为20.46%、10.92%及77.31%。水浸出物、咖啡碱、茶氨酸含量略有增加,增幅为2.89%、7.70%、8.63%。这些变化有利于金花白茶滋味浓醇厚不苦涩,汤色红浓明亮品质的形成。同时结合感官审评发现,茶多酚、茶黄素、咖啡碱、游离氨基酸及茶褐素均与金花白茶滋味品质显著或极显著相关。     

基于代谢组学研究不同花色种类云南白茶的化学成分差异

以云白毫、白牡丹（包括月光白一级和月光白二级）、云寿为云南白茶的代表性样品,采用基于超高效液相色谱-四极杆轨道阱质谱的代谢组学方法对不同花色种类云南白茶的化学成分差异进行研究。共鉴定出120 个化合物,包括儿茶素类、二聚儿茶素类、氨基酸类、生物碱类、酚酸类、有机酸类、香气糖苷类、N-乙基-2-吡咯烷酮取代的儿茶素类、黄酮糖苷类、脂质类等。偏最小二乘法判别分析和热图分析分别表明不同花色种类云南白茶的化学成分存在较大差异,共得到76 个化合物具有组间显著性差异（P＜0.05）,其中儿茶素类、二聚儿茶素类、生物碱类、酚酸类、茶氨酸等化合物随云南白茶原料嫩度的降低,含量下降;部分氨基酸和杨梅素苷在白牡丹中含量相对较高;芹菜素苷、山柰酚苷、槲皮素苷、脂质类化合物在云寿中含量相对较高。本研究可为云南白茶感官品质和营养价值的研究以及等级判别提供理论依据。     

3种紫芽茶不同成熟度芽叶特性及生化成分分析

目的 研究不同成熟度紫芽茶芽叶特性及其生化成分含量与成熟度的相关性。方法 以思茅茶树良种场资源圃的紫娟、丹妃、水塘黑茶3个品种为原料,采用茶树种质资源描述规范法对芽叶特性进行描述,高效液相色谱法分析茶叶内含成分含量,并对其与成熟度的相关性进行分析。结果 供试样内含成分随成熟度呈现不同程度的变化,其中花青素含量与芽叶红紫色深浅程度呈正相关,与成熟度呈负相关,花青素含量变幅为0.14～3.63mg/g。茶多酚、咖啡碱、儿茶素、水浸出物同成熟度呈现负相关;不同成熟度氨基酸含量变化1.09%～5.85%,其中含量最高的是水塘黑茶,其次是丹妃;咖啡碱含量2.58%～5.76%,其中含量最高的是紫娟,其次是丹妃;茶多酚含量6.36%～31.21%、儿茶素含量2.42%～24.03%、水浸出物含量22.93%～41.30%,其中含量最高的均是丹妃。结论 紫色品种茶中的内含成分丰富,具有较高的茶多酚、咖啡碱、氨基酸和儿茶素,其中丹妃内含成分含量均较高,单芽的花青素含量达3.63 mg/g,可作为高产优质、高花青素茶树品种的选育对象。     

几种茶叶生化成分及其抗氧化活性分析

目的:比较白茶与绿茶、红茶生化成分的差异,探讨生化成分与抗氧化活性的关系。方法:以寿眉、安吉白茶及白琳工夫分别为白茶、绿茶、红茶代表,分析茶叶成分,测定茶汤抗氧化活性,并对二者进行相关性分析。结果:总黄酮含量与年份呈正相关关系,而咖啡碱则相对稳定;白茶茶多酚及儿茶素含量均低于绿茶,但其酯型儿茶素所占比重显著高于绿茶,且游离氨基酸、茶氨酸及总黄酮含量也显著高于其他两种茶类;EGC所占比重与酯型儿茶素均与茶汤抗氧化活性有较强的相关性。结论:白茶与其他茶在成分和抗氧化性上均有显著差异;EGCG与抗氧化活性相关性最强。     

福鼎大白茶树鲜叶不同茶制品活性成分比较

目的 分析比较福鼎大白茶树鲜叶加工制成的3种茶类中活性成分的含量差异。方法 以福鼎大白茶树鲜叶为原料, 按不同工艺制成绿茶、白茶、红茶, 测定其活性成分(茶多酚、咖啡碱、氨基酸、儿茶素)含量。结果 绿茶中茶多酚及儿茶素总量最高, 红茶较低。绿茶中儿茶素总量约为红茶的10倍, 白茶中儿茶素总量约为红茶的8倍; 氨基酸含量: 白茶高于绿茶及红茶, 红茶中氨基酸最低; 咖啡碱在白茶和绿茶中的含量差别不大, 显著性高于红茶, 但不存在极显著性差异。结论 加工工艺对不同茶类茶多酚及儿茶素类物质含量影响较大, 而对咖啡碱含量的影响不大。     

不同贮藏年份蜜兰香型岭头单丛茶抗氧化成分及抗氧化活性

测定了贮藏5、10、15、20年和2016年制作(实验当年做为对照)的蜜兰香型岭头单丛茶中茶多酚、黄酮、游离氨基酸、茶黄素、儿茶素和咖啡碱等几种抗氧化成分的含量及其抗氧化活性,并研究了两者之间的相关性。结果表明:在20年贮期内,随着贮藏时间的延长,蜜兰香型岭头单丛茶的茶多酚、黄酮和儿茶素含量上升,游离氨基酸和咖啡碱含量下降,茶黄素含量先上升后下降。不同贮藏年份的岭头单丛茶清除DPPH自由基和羟自由基的能力,抑制超氧阴离子自由基的能力及还原力均有差异,通过综合指数(APC)评价抗氧化能力结果可知:抗氧化活性贮藏20年>10年>15年>5年>对照。单丛茶水提物对DPPH自由基和羟基自由基的清除能力与茶多酚、黄酮、儿茶素的含量呈显著性正相关(p<0.05)。还原能力和抑制超氧阴离子自由基能力与各抗氧化成分之间相关性不显著(p>0.05)。     

市售茶饮料中主要功效成分分析

目的研究市售茶饮料中主要品质成分含量情况,并分析其差异原因。方法采用酒石酸铁比色法测定茶多酚(teapolyphenols,TP);采用水合茚三酮比色法测定游离氨基酸总量;采用高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)法检测6种儿茶素以及咖啡碱(caffeine, CAF)含量。结果目前市售茶饮料以调味茶饮料居多,不同种类、不同品牌茶饮料中的茶多酚、儿茶素、CAF以及游离氨基酸含量具有明显差异。结论绿茶饮料各种主要品质成分含量较高,其次为乌龙茶饮料,红茶饮料较低。CAF含量全部样品符合国家标, TP含量仅有一款红茶饮料低于国家标准,其余均符合国家标。     

Effects of pulsed electric fields on bioactive components, colour and flavour of green tea infusions

Green tea is an unfermented tea containing a higher quantity of bioactive components. In this paper, the effects of pulsed electric field (PEF) treatments on the bioactive components (polyphenols, catechins and free amino acids), colour and flavour of green tea infusions were studied. PEF as a promising non-thermal sterilisation technology could efficiently retain polyphenols, catechins and original colour of green tea infusions with electric field strength from 20 to 40 kV cm⁻¹ for 200 μs. PEF treatments caused a significant increase in the total free amino acids of green tea infusions. The total free amino acids increased by 7.5% after PEF treatment at 40 kV cm⁻¹. The increase in total amino acids induced by PEF treatment, especially to theanine, is beneficial for the quality of commercial ready-to-drink green tea infusion products. There was no significant effect of PEF treatment at 20 or 30 kV cm⁻¹ on flavour compounds of green tea infusions. However, PEF treatment caused losses of volatiles in green tea infusions to different extents when PEF dosage was higher than a critical level. The total concentration of volatiles lost was approximately 10% after PEF treatment at 40 kV cm⁻¹ for 200 μs.     

茶叶提取物体外抗氧化活性与其功能性成分含量的相关性研究

分别选取信阳毛尖、红碎茶、普洱熟茶为典型不发酵、全发酵及后发酵茶种,测定其醇提物及水提物中的主要成分,并以氧自由基的吸收能力(ORAC)和DPPH自由基的清除能力为指标,比较各样品体外抗氧化活性,采用功能化合物重组模型,探究茶叶提取物抗氧化活性的主要贡献物质。结果表明:茶叶醇提物中茶多酚、咖啡因及醇溶蛋白的含量较高,其ORAC值及DPPH自由基清除能力均较对应水提物强;茶叶水提物功能性组分以茶多酚、茶多糖及氨基酸为主,都具有一定的抗氧化活性。其中茶多酚含量,尤其是酯型儿茶素(ECG和EGCG)含量是影响茶叶提取物抗氧化活性的主要因素。重组试验结果表明,儿茶素和没食子酸是不发酵茶(信阳毛尖)提取物的主要抗氧化组分,但并不是红碎茶、普洱熟茶等发酵茶中的主要抗氧化成分。     

Stop for tea? Enzyme inhibitors from tea – what good are they?

Tea possesses many bioactive components including polyphenols, theanine and caffeine. Inhibitory effect of these components on the various enzymes involved in some chronic diseases was reviewed in this study. Many studies revealed that anti‐obesity of tea was mainly ascribed to the polyphenols which could inhibit the activity of the enzymes related to diet metabolism such as α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase and lipase. Inhibitory effect of catechins and caffeine against β‐ and γ‐secretase, acetylcholinesterase, protein kinase C and histone deacetylase might be responsible for the prevention from nervous system diseases. Cytochrome P450 enzymes, cytosolic sulfotransferases, cyclooxygenase‐2 and phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase could be efficiently suppressed by catechins, which would decrease the risk of cancer initiation and proliferation; theanine could lower the activity of some anticarcinogen‐activated enzymes and alleviate the adverse effect of cancer cure. Catechins and caffeine exhibited significant inhibition against the matrix metalloproteinases, histidine decarboxylase and many kinases related to inflammation. Thus, catechins, theanine and caffeine might be employed as inhibitors of the enzymes associated with these chronic diseases.     

不同岩区肉桂品种茶叶品质化学成分分析

目的比较名岩区和丹岩区肉桂品种茶叶品质的差异,分析造成不同岩区茶叶品质差异的化学基础。方法从生化成分和矿质元素两方面分析名岩区和丹岩区肉桂品种的鲜叶、半成品茶的差异,并对这两个地区肉桂品种半成品茶进行感官审评。结果名岩区肉桂鲜叶的内含物更为丰富,其中茶多酚和咖啡碱含量显著高于丹岩区(P0.05),氨基酸含量显著高于丹岩区肉桂鲜叶(P0.05)。从矿质元素来看,名岩区原料鲜叶中的P元素和Cu元素的含量较低。制成半成品茶后,名岩区半成品茶的氨基酸总量、茶多酚、咖啡碱和水浸出物显著高于丹岩区;丹岩区半成品茶中Cu元素和Ni元素高于名岩区半成品茶;而名岩区半成品茶K、Mg元素含量较高。结论岩区的差异在生化成分和矿质元素两方面同时对肉桂品种茶叶的品质产生影响。     

不同热导介质干燥对绿茶品质成分及感官的影响

目的:研究空气、金属、波能量三种热导介质对绿茶品质成分及感官的影响。方法:基于氨基酸分析仪、高效液相色谱仪、气相色谱-质谱联用技术及感官审评方法,对采用不同热导介质干燥的绿茶进行滋味物质与香气物质及感官品质分析。结果:烘青绿茶清香品质更持久,鲜爽醇厚度和汤色绿亮度最好,其次是滚炒绿茶、微波干燥绿茶。不同热导介质干燥的绿茶氨基酸变化具有相似性,在氨基酸单量上茶氨酸占比最大,其后依次为精氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬酰胺、丝氨酸,部分氨基酸含量有显著差异(P<0.05)。不同热导介质干燥对绿茶儿茶素总量及分量、咖啡碱含量有影响,但没有达到显著性差异。不同热导介质干燥绿茶中微波干燥绿茶的香气物质种类更丰富,但主要香气物质差异不大。烘青绿茶和滚炒绿茶香味成分相对含量更高,其中壬醛、癸醛、β-环柠檬醛、β-紫罗兰酮、芳樟醇是主要的香气贡献物。结论:不同热导介质干燥绿茶中空气热导干燥更有利于游离氨基酸、儿茶素总量的积累,其清香品质更持久,鲜爽醇厚和汤色绿亮更好,其次是金属热导,最后是微波。     

L-theanine,unique amino acid of tea,and its metabolism,health effects,and safety

Tea has been a very popular beverage around the world for centuries. The reason that it is delicious, enabling hydration, showing warming and relaxing effect can be mentioned why it is consumed so much in addition to its prominent health effects. Although the catechins and caffeine are the primary bioactive components that are related with the health effects of the tea, the health effects of theanine amino acid, which is a nonproteinic amino acid special to tea, has become prominent in recent years. It has been known that the theanine amino acid in tea has positive effects especially on relaxing, cognitive performance, emotional status, sleep quality, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and common cold. The results of acute and chronic toxicity tests conducted on the safety of theanine express that L-theanine is reliable in general even if it is consumed too much with diet. However, it has not revealed a clear evidence-based result yet regarding theanine metabolism, health effects, and its safety. Within this frame, chemical structure of theanine, its biosynthesis, dietary sources, metabolism, health effects, and safety are discussed in present study.     

信阳毛尖茶的化学成分

信阳毛尖茶是中国传统名茶之一,品质优异。对信阳毛尖茶的主要化学成分进行了综述和分析。结果表明,信阳毛尖茶的茶多酚含量、儿茶素含量及非酯型儿茶素比例较高,氨基酸含量、咖啡碱含量、可溶性糖含量也比较高,形成了信阳毛尖茶鲜浓、爽口、耐泡的滋味特征;叶绿素含量高于多数嫩度相近的名绿茶,使其具有干茶色泽翠绿的品质特征;信阳毛尖茶还含有丰富的无机元素。     

蒙顶甘露名茶主要滋味成分及香气组分检测分析

采用常规分析法与高效液相色谱、气相色谱-质谱分析法相结合对蒙顶甘露茶的主要滋味成分、游离氨基酸组分和香气组分进行检测,并就内含成分与品质风味的关系进行探究。结果表明,主要滋味成分茶多酚、儿茶素、咖啡碱、可溶性糖和氨基酸的全含量为（23.98±0.26）%、（17.52±0.05）%、（4.26±0.21）%、（4.85±0.12）%和（4.66±0.16）%,酚氨比值为3.95～7.43;日常饮茶冲泡时,第2次泡滋味感官评分（28.9±0.2）最高,品质风味好,其主要成分包括茶多酚、咖啡碱、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸,浸出质量浓度分别为262.2、63.9、66.5 mg/250 mL和89.3 mg/250 mL,酚氨比值较小,为2.93;蒙顶甘露茶中含有18 种游离氨基酸组分,其中茶氨酸高达20.46 mg/g,占51.5%;蒙顶甘露茶中酯型儿茶素组分表儿茶素没食子酸酯和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯的含量分别为3.39%、6.97%;检测到51 种香气组分,主要是醇类（12 种）和酯类（9 种）,其中芳樟醇、β-紫罗兰酮、橙花叔醇和反-橙花叔醇含量较高,这些组分共同成为嫩香持久馥郁的香气物质基础。     

Novel decaffeination of green tea using a special picking method and shortening of the rolling process

We have recently succeeded in manufacturing low-caffeine tea (LCT) by employing a special picking method in the 3rd leaf period and shortening the leaf-rolling process. In the present study, the effect of this special method on the content of other physiologically active substances, such as catechins, theanine, and vitamin C, as well as the mechanism of reduction of caffeine content in the LCT were investigated using capillary electrophoresis. By comparing the various components of tea leaves at different picking periods with or without shortening of the rolling process, it was found that the delayed leaf picking period and shortening of the rolling process used in the manufacture of LCT selectively reduced the caffeine content while retaining catechins, theanine, and vitamin C at a sufficient level. Therefore, our study demonstrated that this modified method may be useful in the manufacture of decaffeinated green tea.     

云南高山普洱茶渥堆过程滋味和汤色品质的动态变化研究

摘 要：目的 探究云南高山普洱茶渥堆过程滋味和汤色品质的动态变化。方法 采用云南省高海拔地区生产的普洱茶为研究样本,通过理化成分测定、色差测定和感官审评的方法对普洱茶渥堆过程中主要品质成分及茶汤色差值变化进行分析,并结合相关性分析探讨了相应指标与滋味、汤色品质之间的关系。结果 在整个渥堆过程中,茶多酚、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖、水浸出物、儿茶素等物质含量均显著降低,咖啡碱含量变化不明显。以茶多酚为主体,生成的茶黄素和茶红素含量先升后降,茶褐素含量显著增加。渥堆过程中,茶汤 L*（明亮度）逐渐降低,红（a*）和黄（b*）色调增强。相关性分析结果显示,茶多酚、大多数儿茶素、水浸出物等物质与滋味品质呈负相关,茶褐素可以正向促进普洱茶的滋味和汤色品质。结论 茶多酚和茶褐素是普洱茶渥堆过程中滋味和汤色品质形成的关键因子。     

春季不同时期信阳毛尖茶的化学成分和品质的比较研究

目的:研究不同时期信阳毛尖春茶的化学成分和品质的差异。方法及主要内容:利用重量法对不同时期信阳毛尖春茶的水分、水浸出物进行测定和比较;利用紫外分光光度法对不同时期信阳毛尖春茶的茶多酚、咖啡碱、氨基酸、儿茶素、叶绿素进行测定和比较;利用常规感官审评的方法对不同时期信阳毛尖春茶外形、汤色、香气、滋味、叶底进行审评和比较。结果:不同时期、不同品种、不同嫩度间茶叶的主要化学成分和感官品质存在差异。氨基酸、咖啡碱:前期>后期;福鼎大白>龙井43;嫩度高的>嫩度低的。茶多酚、儿茶素、叶绿素:前期<后期;福鼎大白茶<龙井43;嫩度高的<嫩度低的。结论:时期因子影响着茶叶的整体品质。     

Column-chromatographic extraction and separation of polyphenols, caffeine and theanine from green tea

A highly efficient column-chromatographic extraction (CCE) followed by sequential adsorption to extract and separate bioactive compounds from green tea was developed. Tea powder was loaded into columns with 4-fold solvents and eluted through a cyclic CCE. High-quality tea extracts with greater than 90% extraction efficiencies of polyphenols, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, caffeine, theanine and polysaccharides were obtained with 4-fold water circulated five times among different columns at 70 °C. Similar results, except for low polysaccharide extraction (35.5%), were obtained with 4-fold 30% ethanol circulated three times at room temperature. The highly concentrated water extraction was directly passed through columns of polyamide, DM130 macroporous and 732 ion exchange resins, resulting in high-purity polyphenols (99%), caffeine (98%) and theanine (98%) after simple purification of the eluates from each column. This method uses simple equipment, minimum solvents and can be used for both quantitative analysis and continuous preparation of high-quality tea extracts and bioactive compounds.     

Effects of aqueous brewing solution pH on the extraction of the major green tea constituents

The pH of the aqueous brewing solution was maintained at values ranging from 1 to 9 during the green tea extraction and the effects on the tea's extracted constituents were studied. The epistructured catechins were stable under acidic conditions but epimerized or degraded at pH ≥ 6. The extractable solids contained more epistructured catechins at pHs 3–5 but more non-epistructured catechins at pHs 6–7. More tea cream was obtained at pH 1 but the concentration of catechins, caffeine and theanine was low in this fraction. Therefore, to maximize the extraction of the epistructured catechins and to minimize their epimerization and degradation and to maximize the extraction of caffeine and theanine, the results suggest that the pH should be maintained between 3 and 5.3 during the aqueous brewing process.