利用絮凝及双水相萃取分离纯化发酵液中的R,R-2,3-丁二醇

针对Paenibacillus polymyxa ZJ-9一步法发酵菊芋菊粉粗提液制备R,R-2,3-丁二醇的发酵液特点,利用壳聚糖对该发酵液进行絮凝研究。结果表明,壳聚糖分子量、壳聚糖用量、助凝剂海藻酸钠用量、pH和搅拌时间分别为:43.5 kDa、0.75 g/L、0.125 g/L、5.0和15 min时,絮凝效果最佳,在此工艺条件下,发酵液中菌体和蛋白质的絮凝率分别高达89.46%和78.93%,而R,R-2,3-丁二醇保留率约为98.54%。利用双水相萃取技术对絮凝后的发酵液中R,R-2,3-丁二醇进行了分离,结果表明,异丙醇/硫酸铵双水相体系萃取效果最好,当异丙醇和硫酸铵的用量分别约为33%和30%(w/w)时,R,R-2,3-丁二醇在上相的分配系数和萃取率最高,分别约为7.96和89.40%,且异丙醇/硫酸铵双水相体系能够有效萃取分离絮凝后的发酵液中不同含量的R,R-2,3-丁二醇。絮凝和双水相萃取技术分离发酵液中R,R-2,3-丁二醇具有针对性强、效率高、成本低等优点,适用于工业化生产。     

柠檬酸用于虾头、虾壳的脱钙处理

以南美白对虾虾头、虾壳为原料,利用柠檬酸对其脱钙处理制备甲壳素,通过单因素和响应面试验优化提取条件。结果表明：当柠檬酸质量浓度12.00g/L、料液比1:2.00(g/mL)、时间3.88h时,所得甲壳素灰分含量为1.0g/100g,即已经达到食品级甲壳素的要求。利用柠檬酸脱除虾头、虾壳中的钙盐制备甲壳素,不仅获得食品级的甲壳素,而且反应条件温和、污染小,生成的副产物柠檬酸钙可以作为钙强化剂,提高虾头、虾壳的资源利用率。     

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Procedure to Determine Total Isoflavones in Chinese Soybean Cheese by Box–Behnken Design

Isoflavones from Chinese soybean cheese were extracted with aqueous ethanol. Single-factor experiment design was employed to optimize the solid-to-liquid ratio (in grams per milliliter), ethanol concentration (in percent), extraction time (in hours), and extraction temperature (in degrees Celsius). The solid-to-liquid ratio was 1.5:10 (g/mL), and ethanol concentration (50 %–90 %), extraction time (2–3 h), extraction temperature (50–70 °C) were used for further optimization of extraction conditions. The optimal conditions for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of total isoflavones from Chinese soybean cheese were determined using response surface methodology (RSM) by Box–Behnken design. Three variables “ethanol concentration, extraction time and extraction temperature” were regarded as factors in the optimization study. The optimal conditions for total isoflavone extraction in Chinese soybean cheese were: ethanol concentration of 65.43 %, extraction temperature of 65.38 °C, and extraction time of 2.51 h. The verification experimental OD value was 0.534, which agreed with the predicted value, thus indicating suitability of the model employed and the suitability of RSM in optimizing the extraction conditions.     

Physicochemical characterization of chitosan extracted from Metapenaeus stebbingi shells

In this study, chitosan was extracted from Metapenaeus stebbingi shells. In order to determine physicochemical characteristics of the extracted chitosan, the yield, moisture and ash contents, degree of deacetylation, molecular weight, water and fat binding capacities, apparent viscosity and colour properties were measured using a variety of techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. In addition, the physicochemical characteristics of the chitosan extracted from M. stebbingi shells were compared to commercial chitosan. The degree of deacetylation was calculated by the titration method and elemental analysis. The molecular weight was determined by viscosimetric methods. The results of the study indicate that shrimp shells are a rich source of chitosan as 17.48% of the shell’s dry weight is consisted of this material. Extracted chitosan exhibited a lower molecular weight, higher degree of deacetylation, higher viscosity and higher water and fat binding capacities compared to the commercial chitosan.     

四种保鲜剂处理对冷却鸭肉保鲜效果的研究

研究4种保鲜剂对延长冷却鸭肉保质期的影响。4种保鲜剂分别为:保鲜剂1:大豆蛋白20g/L、苯甲酸钠10g/L、CaCl2 0.5g/L、甘油5g/L和单甘酯5g/L;保鲜剂2:壳聚糖10g/L和醋酸10g/L;保鲜剂3:大豆蛋白10g/L、壳聚糖5g/L、甘油5g/L、单甘酯5g/L和醋酸5g/L;保鲜剂4:过40目筛白豆蔻粉末2g和250mL 80%乙醇溶液。并对这4种保鲜剂处理的鸭肉进行感官评价,测定p H值、TVB-N值以及汁液流失率。结果表明:过40目筛白豆蔻粉末2g和250mL 80%乙醇溶液,50℃提取24h,过滤制备成的第4种保鲜剂效果较好;采用该保鲜剂保鲜冷却鸭肉15d,菌落总数的常用对数值为5.49 lg(CFU/g)、对照样为6.20 lg(CFU/g),保鲜样汁液流失率为5.85%、对照样11.33%,保鲜样pH6.54、对照样pH7.13,保鲜样TVB-N值为15.4mg/100g、对照样30.8mg/100g,从而延长冷却鸭肉保质期。     

可食性涂膜对南美白对虾微冻冷藏的影响

为改善南美白对虾易于黑变及货架期短的问题,采用M1(4-己基间苯二酚(4-HR)0.05g/L＋壳聚糖1.5g/L+乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)0.2g/L)和M2(4-己基间苯二酚(4-HR)0.05g/L＋酪蛋白酸钠1.5g/L＋聚丙烯酸钠0.5g/L＋乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)0.2g/L)两种保鲜剂配方对南美白对虾涂膜保鲜,(－3±1)℃条件贮藏。结果表明：相对于对照组,南美白对虾经M1和M2两种保鲜剂处理后,在(－3±1)℃贮藏过程中菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)和丙二醛(MAD)增加缓慢,黑变被有效抑制。M1组有最佳抑菌效果,M2组有最佳的感官评分,M1和M2两种保鲜剂均可将货架期延长1倍多。     

葵花壳红色素提取方法

通过对葵花壳红色素的提取、纯化方法以及稳定性实验研究,证实提取葵花壳红色素的可行性及其利用价值。以葵花壳为原料,采用超声波辅助溶剂法,即50%乙醇溶液(pH1～2)提取红色素,通过正交试验得最佳提取条件为超声温度55℃、料液比1:16(g/mL)、超声时间10min,经验证实验得葵花壳红色素的提取率为8.2%。葵花壳红色素的稳定性实验表明：加入不同浓度的氧化剂、还原剂、食品添加剂及不同环境光照处理,红色素的颜色、OD值变化较小,稳定性较好;但温度大于80℃及pH≥3条件下,红色素颜色和OD值变化较大,稳定性不好。将提取的粗品进行纯化试验,所得葵花壳红色素的提纯率为6.30%。     

虾、蟹壳利用的研究进展

虾、蟹壳是虾、蟹加工过程中产生的主要废弃物,含有较大量的蛋白质、灰分和甲壳素,以及少量的脂肪、游离氨基酸和虾青素等。近年来,随着我国养殖、捕捞技术的进步以及伏季休渔制度的实施,虾、蟹产量逐年上升。因此,有效利用虾、蟹壳副产物,开发基于虾、蟹壳废弃物的利用途径和产品类型,以提高产品附加值,减少环境污染,对于虾、蟹产业的健康发展具有重要意义。目前,采用酸碱法制备甲壳素是虾、蟹壳利用的主要方法,该方法易于操作,但能耗高且污染严重,近年来研究人员对传统的酸碱法制备甲壳素的工艺进行了优化,并积极探索酶法和发酵法等新型提取工艺。此外,虾、蟹壳中其他可利用成分(蛋白质、脂肪、钙质和虾青素)的提取和利用也获得了许多研究成果。本文主要综述了虾、蟹壳的组成成分,虾、蟹壳整体利用途径以及虾、蟹壳中甲壳素、蛋白质、脂肪、钙质、虾青素等成分的提取和利用途径的研究进展,以期为虾、蟹壳的高效、低成本、无污染和高附加值利用提供借鉴。     

大豆渣提取L-阿拉伯糖及辅助玉米秸秆酶解液发酵产乙醇的研究

对大豆渣组成成分进行分析,并对其L-阿拉伯糖的提取条件进行单因素试验优化,并通过在发酵过程中补加酸解大豆渣（ASD） 或酶解大豆渣（ESD）,以酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）LF1对稀酸预处理玉米秸秆酶解液（EHCS）进行分批及补料分批发酵产 乙醇。 结果表明,葡萄糖、半乳糖、L-阿拉伯糖和蛋白质分别约占大豆渣生物质干质量的16.4%、18.8%、10.5%和24.1%;L-阿拉伯糖最 佳提取条件为大豆渣与0.5 mol/L稀硫酸的料液比1∶5（g∶mL）、提取温度100 ℃、提取时间45 min,在此最佳提取条件下,L-阿拉伯糖含 量为21.0 g/L;EHCS发酵补料ASD或ESD,乙醇产量均可达到110 g/L以上,比分批发酵乙醇产量提高了37%,且ESD和尿素组合使用 可以替代发酵氮源。     

壳聚糖澄清甜叶菊水提液及其澄清机理探讨

研究壳聚糖絮凝剂在甜叶菊提取液澄清过程中的作用。分别以甜叶菊水提液的澄清率和甜菊苷的损失率为指标,考察不同因素对絮凝效果的影响。通过正交试验法确定壳聚糖絮凝的较优工艺条件为：1%壳聚糖溶液投加量2mL/g甜叶菊干叶、甜叶菊提取液质量浓度1g生药/10mL提取液、pH6.0、温度45℃,絮凝时间4h。在该条件下,甜叶菊水提液的澄清率为86.63%,甜菊苷的损失率为6.89%,与膜分离法澄清的效果相近,且无需特殊设备。与传统化学絮凝法相比,壳聚糖絮凝法能更有效地保留水提液中的有效成分,具有絮凝效果好、易生物降解、对环境安全、无二次污染等优点。     

酵母菌谷胱甘肽合成能力比较及催化条件优化

试验收集培养了9株酵母菌,分别测定他们的细胞生物量和胞内谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,酿酒酵母SP004细胞干重达到11.39g/L,啤酒酵母TS013胞内GSH含量达到1.5282mg/g湿细胞;验证考察了4种不同提取方法对细胞内GSH含量测定的影响,结果表明,温差破碎法提取效果较好.同时比较9株酵母菌催化合成GSH的能力,结果显示,絮凝酵母SP5 GSH合成酶活力相对较高,酶活达到2.385mg/g湿细胞,每克湿细胞催化前体氨基酸(AA)合成GSH转化率为7.76％.用单因素试验和正交试验分析法研究不同反应液体积与菌体量比、硫酸镁浓度、磷酸钾缓冲液浓度以及葡萄糖浓度对絮凝酵母SP5细胞催化前体AA合成GSH的影响,结果表明,合成GSH的适宜条件为:谷氨酸60mmol/L、半胱氨酸20mmol/L、甘氨酸20mmol/L、七水合硫酸镁20mmol/L、葡萄糖0.5mol/L、pH值为7.0磷酸钾缓冲液100mmol/L,30℃下,160r/min,振荡反应时间6h.在此条件下,絮凝酵母SP5细胞GSH合成酶活力平均达到2.9498mg/g湿细胞,每克絮凝酵母SP5湿细胞催化前体AA合成GSH的转化率平均为9.60％.     

魔芋葡甘露聚糖-壳聚糖复合涂膜对北碚447锦橙贮藏品质的影响

为探究魔芋葡甘露聚糖-壳聚糖复合涂膜对北碚447锦橙贮藏品质的影响,分别采用0.5%魔芋葡甘露聚糖+1%壳聚糖复合涂膜,0.5%魔芋葡甘露聚糖涂膜和空白处理北碚447锦橙。以5 d为一个周期,15 ℃温度贮藏,共贮藏5个周期,测定贮藏期间果实的总糖、可滴定酸、V_C、固形物、总酚等指标。结果表明,复合涂膜处理可有效延缓果实品质的下降,与0.5%魔芋葡甘露聚糖涂膜和空白处理对比,复合膜组能够明显抑制果实总糖、可滴定酸、V_C、总黄酮、总酚含量的下降,减缓果实中丙二醛的积累,使锦橙保持了较好的果实品质。证明了复合涂膜处理相比单独0.5%KGM保鲜效果更好。     

Impact of pulsed electric field pretreatment on yield and quality of lipid extracted from cephalothorax of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) by ultrasound-assisted process

Pacific white shrimp cephalothorax was subjected to pulsed electric field (PEF) pretreatment at different electric field strengths (4, 8, 12 and 16 kV cm⁻¹) and pulse numbers (120, 160, 200 and 240) to enhance the extraction yield of lipids. PEF-treated samples were subsequently subjected to lipid extraction using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) process at ultrasound amplitude of 80% for 25 min in continuous mode. PEF-pretreated samples subjected to UAE rendered the highest lipid yield (30.34 g 100 g⁻¹ solids). PEF pretreatment resulted in reduced lipid oxidation as evidenced by the decreases in peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Lipids from PEF-pretreated samples extracted using UAE had higher content of PUFAs and carotenoids, including astaxanthin, astaxanthin monoester, astaxanthin diester, canthaxanthin and β-carotene. Overall, PEF pretreatment helped in enhancing the extraction yield of lipids and carotenoids from shrimp cephalothorax and reduce lipid oxidation to some extent.     

低温连续相变萃取灵芝活性成分的工艺优化

本研究利用低温连续相变萃取工艺提取灵芝活性成分,以灵芝提取固形物、总糖、总三萜得率为主要指标,研究提取温度、提取时间、提取溶剂、溶剂浓度等因素对低温连续相变萃取灵芝活性成分的影响,通过正交实验确定最佳低温连续相变醇提灵芝活性成分的最佳工艺条件,并对该最佳工艺水提成分的总糖分子量情况分布进行GPC(凝胶渗透色谱)分析.实...     

The antimicrobial properties of chitosan in mayonnaise and mayonnaise-based shrimp salads

The potential for using chitosan glutamate as a natural food preservative in mayonnaise and mayonnaise-based shrimp salad was investigated. Mayonnaise containing 3 g/liter of chitosan combined with acetic acid (0.16%) or lemon juice (1.2 and 2.6%) was inoculated with log 5 to 6 CFU/g of Salmonella Enteritidis, Zygosaccharomyces bailii, or Lactobacillus fructivorans and stored at 5 and 25 degrees C for 8 days. In mayonnaise containing chitosan and 0.16% acetic acid, 5 log CFU/g of L. fructivorans were inactivated, and numbers remained below the sensitivity limit of the plate counting technique for the duration of the experiment. Z. bailii counts were also reduced by approximately 1 to 2 log CFU/g within the first day of incubation at 25 degrees C, but this was followed by growth on subsequent days, giving an overall growth delay of 2 days. No differences in counts of Z. bailii in mayonnaise stored at 5 degrees C or of Salmonella Enteritidis stored at either temperature were observed. In mayonnaise containing lemon juice at both 1.2 and 2.6%, no substantial differences were observed between the controls and the samples containing chitosan. In shrimp salads stored at 5 degrees C, the presence of a coating of chitosan (9 mg/g of shrimp) inhibited growth of the spoilage flora from approximately log 8 CFU/g in the controls to log 4 CFU/g throughout 4 weeks. However, at 25 degrees C, chitosan was ineffective as a preservative. The results demonstrated that chitosan may be useful as a preservative when combined with acetic acid and chill storage in specific food applications.     

聚球藻PCC7002藻蓝蛋白提取纯化及热致褪色机理研究

本文旨在研究聚球藻PCC7002（Synechococcus sp. PCC7002,简称“聚球藻”）藻蓝蛋白（Phycocyanin,PC）的提取纯化及热致褪色机理,通过高压均质、壳聚糖絮凝和硫酸铵盐析提取纯化藻蓝蛋白,并采用色泽指标、UV-Vis光谱、荧光发射光谱、粒径电位、FTIR光谱、SDS-PAGE电泳研究其在热处理（50、60、70、80、90 ℃,30 min）过程中褪色的机理。结果表明:藻蓝蛋白的最适提取条件是将藻粉溶于0.04 mol/L的NaCl溶液中使其浓度达到2 mg/mL并在80 MPa下均质7 min,此时藻蓝蛋白得率为10.5081% ± 0.0936%;经0.15 mg/mL壳聚糖絮凝、50%饱和硫酸铵盐析后,藻蓝蛋白纯度可由0.6950 ± 0.0043提高至1.9084 ± 0.2621。进一步研究藻蓝蛋白的热致褪色机理发现:从60 ℃开始,脱辅基蛋白空间结构的破坏使蛋白骨架维持的藻蓝胆素天然构象发生转变、藻蓝蛋白紫外吸收和特征荧光大幅下降,藻蓝蛋白的蓝色色泽因此大幅消褪;粒径结果表明,藻蓝蛋白在60 ℃时开始聚集,而80 ℃下形成的更大聚集体可能将四吡咯发色团包埋于其内,使得藻蓝蛋白色泽消褪程度加深;此外,FTIR光谱和SDS-PAGE表明热处理过程中藻蓝蛋白β亚基的破坏程度可能远高于α亚基,且被破坏的结构主要是α-螺旋。综上,维持藻蓝蛋白脱辅基蛋白结构或者发色团依托蛋白结构的稳定,是藻蓝蛋白热处理过程中呈色稳定的关键。本研究结果为藻蓝蛋白在热处理过程中护色措施的研究提供了一定的理论依据。     

酶法提取柠檬酸废菌体中壳聚糖的研究

对酶法和化学法提取柠檬酸废菌体中壳聚糖进行了对比,结果表明,采用酶法提取的壳聚糖的分子量和收率(267.97 ku、4.82 g/100 g干渣)比化学法(84.04ku、4.20 g/100 g干渣)高;2种方法的脱乙酰度接近。不同的纯化方法产品的纯度和灰分的含量有着较大的差别。红外光谱图显示,酶法制备的壳聚糖与虾壳聚糖的结构非常相似。     

Assessment of coating tomato fruit with shrimp shell chitosan and N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan on postharvest preservation

The effect of coating tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum) with shrimp shell chitosan, a deacetylated form of chitin, and a chitosan derivative, i.e. N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan (NOCC) on postharvest preservation was studied. The effects of various chitosan and NOCC concentrations on fruit ripening behavior, as well as fruit physical and chemical characteristics were evaluated during storage at room temperature (25–30 °C). Coating the fruit with 2 % (w/v) chitosan or NOCC solutions was found to be more effective in extended its storage life than coating with 0.5 % (w/v) solutions. Covered tomatoes were firmer, higher in titratable acidity, and exhibited less red pigmentation than the control uncoated fruits at the end of storage. These results suggest the suitability of chitosan and its derivative NOCC as an alternative means of preserving fresh fruits.     

Purification and Quantification of Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor in Soybean Using Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography

Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) is one of the major antinutritional factors in soybean and results in inhibition of digestion of dietary protein. In this study, we developed a novel strategy to purify and quantify KTI from soybean using two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Lipids from ground soybean were removed using hexane after which the ground soybean was extracted with protein extraction buffer. The crude extract was first purified by weak anion exchange chromatography, and then the fraction containing KTI was further separated by size exclusion chromatography. The fraction containing KTI was collected and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Results indicated that purified KTI has a molecular mass of 20 kDa and a purity of ~98% with inhibitory activity of 2425 TIU/mg protein. This assay was used for the quantification of KTI in soybean samples. The assay showed concentrations with a range between 7.81 and 500.00 μg/mL and a limit of detection of 0.12 mg/g. The recoveries of KTI in spiked soybean samples were between 82.19% and 86.65%, and intra- and interday precisions (% CV) were less than 7.35% and 8.42%. The developed method was used to analyze soybean samples from different sources and soybean products derived from different processing techniques, which demonstrated that the developed procedure provided an accurate and sensitive tool for separation and quantification of intact KTI in soybean.     

Preparation and Characterization of Antimicrobial Films Based on Chitosan for Active Food Packaging Applications

The aim of this paper was to characterize chitosan samples from the shrimp shells for the later development of antimicrobial active systems. These systems include 100 % chitosan-based films obtained by casting, polyamide films with 5 and 10 % of chitosan obtained by extrusion and polyethylene/polyethylene terephthalate films with a coating of 0.6 % of chitosan. For that purpose, several analytical techniques including IR, ¹H NMR, GPC, and microscopic techniques (scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy) were used. Within the studied samples, C1 showed the lowest DA and MW and consequently presented the most suitable properties for the development of an active packaging. Additionally, mechanical properties were performed. The effectiveness of the developed systems was evaluated by means of microbiological assays. The tested films showed antimicrobial capacity against coliform enterobacteria, mesophilic aerobic microorganism, and yeast and moulds.