CuZn钎料钎焊白口铸铁润湿性及动力性能

研究了ＣｕＺｎ系钎料钎焊白口铸铁润湿性及力学性能。结果表明,含Ｚｎ３８％ＣｕＺｎ钎料润湿性和剪切强度最高。ＣｕＺｎ系钎料在白口铸铁表面的润湿性和钎缝剪切强度低于在３５＃钢表面的润湿性和钎缝剪切强度。白口铸铁向钎料过度溶解所造成的溶蚀,是钎料润湿性差和接头强度低的主要原因。     

BCu50ZnMnNiSi多元铜基钎料的研究

提出了一种含Ｎｉ、Ｓｉ的适合钎焊合金白口铸铁的Ｃｕ基ＣｕＺｎＭｎ多元钎料,并对ＢＣｕ５０ＺｎＭｎＮｉＳｉ钎料的熔化特性、钎焊工艺性能、钎料组织以及力学性能进行了研究。研究结果表明,与普通ＣｕＺｎ合金钎料比较,ＢＣｕ５０ＺｎＭｎＮｉＳｉ钎料钎焊冶金特性优异,界面冶金结合致密,尽管钎料中含有多元合金元素,钎焊后钎缝仍有较好的塑必     

钛合金与铝合金异种金属钎焊的研究进展

钛合金在经济性和加工性方面不理想,导致其在实际工程应用中受限,而铝合金在某种程度上可以弥补这种缺陷,因此将钛合金和铝合金复合使用的构想应运而生。对钛合金和铝合金异种金属的可焊性进行了分析,以钛合金和铝合金钎焊为研究对象,重点论述了钛合金与铝合金钎焊连接所用的钎料及工艺等的国内外研究现状,并着重分析了Al基和Zn基钎料的润湿性、界面、钎缝组织及其优缺点。由相关文献分析可知,Al基钎料在真空、保护气氛或非真空外加辅助措施条件下对钛合金和铝合金都有良好的润湿性,但接头强度仍有待提高,金属间化合物较厚的问题需要通过优化钎料成分和焊接工艺进一步改善;Zn基钎料对钛合金的润湿性较差,但在适当的焊接工艺下可以获得力学性能较好的Ti/Al接头,剪切强度可达141MPa;使用Sn基和Cu基钎料获得的Ti/Al接头的力学性能低于Al基和Zn基钎料,且Sn基的钎料对两种母材的润湿性都较差,需要对母材表面进行预处理。     

ZrB_2-SiC超高温陶瓷非晶钎焊界面组织与力学性能研究

采用Cu_(39.37)Ti_(32.19)Zr_(19.38)Ni_(9.06)(原子比)非晶态钎料对ZrB_2-SiC超高温陶瓷进行钎焊。通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜、万能试验机对钎料的微观结构以及钎焊接头形貌、析出相和室温力学性能进行系统分析。结果表明:在一定钎焊温度下,随钎焊时间的增加,接头剪切强度逐渐减小,且伴随裂纹的出现。在钎焊温度1183 K,钎焊时间30 min时获得的剪切强度最高,约为160 MPa。润湿性实验表明该非晶钎料在ZrB_2-SiC陶瓷表面的润湿性良好。接头剪切强度与钎料和母材之间的反应层厚度有关,通过计算得出反应层厚度形成的激活能Q和反应层生长速度A_0,建立了反应层生长规律的表达式。     

铟银软钎料的制备与钎焊性研究

实验利用高频感应熔炼方法制备了一系列不同Ag含量的InAg软钎料。利用手持式合金分析仪、XRD对钎料的成分和物相进行了分析。利用示差扫描量热仪（DSC）测试了不同成分钎料的熔点。测试了不同成分钎料的润湿性及接头剪切强度。结果表明：铟银软钎料由In与InAg2两相组成;通过控制加入Ag的量可以得到一定熔点的钎料;加入Ag降低了钎料的润湿性;加入Ag提高了接头剪切强度。     

仿SIMA法钎焊对Mn-Cu合金与430不锈钢接头组织及性能的影响

采用Cu-Mn-Ni-Sn钎料对Mn-Cu合金与430不锈钢分别进行普通钎焊(铸态钎料,850℃)和仿SIMA法钎焊(轧制态钎料,半固态温度790℃),研究钎焊温度对接头微观组织、化合物的形成数量以及剪切强度的影响。结果表明:普通钎焊接头中,不锈钢与钎缝的界面处形成(Mn,Fe,Cr)固溶体扩散层,但扩散层与钎缝界面位置形成裂纹。富Sn相沿Mn-Cu合金的晶界渗透促进了合金的熔化,钎缝与Mn-Cu合金之间形成联生结晶。不锈钢向钎料中的过度溶解以及Mn-Cu合金的局部熔化导致钎缝中形成大量针状Mn-Cr-Cu-Fe化合物。仿SIMA法钎焊接头中,不锈钢与钎缝的界面结合良好。在半固态温度下,钎料向不锈钢侧的扩散量减小,同时不锈钢向钎料溶解的程度也较小。在Mn-Cu合金侧,富Sn相沿晶界的渗透得到了有效抑制,钎缝与Mn-Cu合金之间可观察到明显的界面。由于钎料与母材之间的相互作用减弱,钎缝中针状化合物的数量明显减少。剪切试验中,两种钎焊接头均断裂于钎缝中的针状化合物分布区域。普通钎焊接头的剪切强度为173 MPa,仿SIMA法钎焊接头的剪切强度有所提高,为230 MPa。     

TiC陶瓷/NiCrSiB/铸铁钎焊连接的界面组织和强度分析

采用NiCrSiB钎料对TiC陶瓷与铸铁进行钎焊连接,分析了接头的界面组织和剪切强度.结果表明:当连接规范一定时,在钎料内部、钎料与母材的界面处有TiC从TiC陶瓷侧扩散过来,同时在钎料内部和界面处有[Ni,Fe]和Ni基固溶体生成.当连接温度为1373K,连接时间为20 min时,接头的剪切强度最高可达78.6 MPa.     

SnAgCuBi无铅钎料对不同体积比SiCP/6063Al复合材料真空软钎焊接头组织和性能的影响

在不同保温时间下,分别采用 Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu 和 Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-3.0Bi 无铅软钎料,对表面镀镍的两种不同体积分数的 SiCP/6063Al 复合材料进行真空软钎焊。通过剪切强度测试、显微组织分析、能谱分析等手段研究了钎焊接头的组织和性能。结果表明：Bi 元素的加入改善了 Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu 钎料的铺展润湿性,降低了熔点,提高了焊缝的抗剪强度;在270℃保温35 min 时,Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-3.0Bi 钎料钎焊接头抗剪强度达到最高值38.23 MPa;钎焊过程中只是两侧镀镍层间的焊接,钎料并未透过镍层与母材发生扩散反应。     

SN2025钢与硬质合金的真空钎焊工艺研究

首先初选6种钎料,通过检测钎缝的机械性能(主要指剪切强度)并结合微观分析对钎料进行优选,确定了1～2种适用于钎焊SN2025钢与硬质合金的钎料;针对选定的钎料,进行真空钎焊工艺参数的正交优化试验,同样是通过检测钎缝的机械性能来判定最佳的工艺参数.     

Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu3.0Bi钎料对化学镀镍SiCp/6063Al复合材料真空钎焊接头组织和性能的影响

采用Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu3.0Bi软钎料对镀镍后的两种不同体积比SiC_p/6063Al复合材料进行真空钎焊。通过SEM、剪切试验等方法分析了化学镀镍后SiC_p/6063Al复合材料真空钎焊接头的显微组织以及保温时间对接头性能的影响。结果表明:两种不同体积比SiC_p/6063Al复合材料真空钎焊后的焊缝组织致密,钎料对镀镍复合材料的润湿性良好;在270℃、保温35min的钎焊工艺下,钎焊接头的剪切强度最大值为38.3 MPa;钎料中的Sn、Cu元素能够与复合材料表面的Ni层发生化学反应,实现钎料与母材的冶金结合;镀镍后SiC_p/6063Al复合材料真空钎焊接头断裂形式为韧性断裂为主的混合断裂,断裂主要发生在钎料内部,部分发生在镀镍层与钎料的结合处。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...