快速响应的聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)水凝胶的合成及性能

以羧甲基纤维素的水溶液为反应介质制备了快速响应的温度敏感性聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)水凝胶。利用DSC对其相转变温度进行了表征,并测定了不同温度下达到平衡时水凝胶的溶胀比,研究了水凝胶的去溶胀动力学。结果表明,在聚合/交联过程中羧甲基纤维素的存在对PN IPA水凝胶的相转变温度几乎没有影响;与传统水凝胶相比,该水凝胶的溶胀性能有所提高,并且具有较快的响应速率。     

聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺/粘土纳米水凝胶的合成及性能

在制成钠基粘土的基础上，对粘土进行了改性，并把改性后的粘土分散在N-异丙基丙烯酰胺的水溶液中在室温下聚合，结果表明这种水凝胶具有较好的温度响应性和快速的相转变特性，而加入15％粘土的水凝胶的溶胀比和温度响应性能均大大提高。用X射线衍射分析表明此水凝胶是纳米复合物。     

PNIPA/PEG多孔智能水凝胶的辐射合成与性能研究

采用辐射法合成了一系列具有合适相变温度和快速响应性能的PNIPA/PEG多孔智能水凝胶,用红外光谱分析了水凝胶的结构,并测定了水凝胶的溶胀动力学、平衡溶胀率和退溶胀动力学,研究了辐射剂量和成孔剂分子量对凝胶性能的影响.结果表明,PEG分子仅在聚合交联过程中充当成孔剂,不参与反应,反应后被除去;PNIPA/PEG水凝胶的平衡溶胀率(SR)随辐射剂量的升高而减小,其最低临界相转变温度(LCST)在37℃左右,且基本不受辐射剂量的影响;溶胀性能随着PEG分子量的增大而提高.     

含聚氨酯型温度和pH双敏性水凝胶的合成及性能研究

合成了两种阴离子型的端烯基聚氨酯（UAA）预聚物，制备了pH值敏感的水凝胶，比较了它们的PH值响应性，将UAA预聚物与N－异丙基丙烯酰胺（NIPA）共聚，得到具有温度和PH值双重敏感性的水凝胶，研究发现聚氨酯侧链的引入对NIPA的相转变温度（LCST）几乎无影响，聚合温度和组成比对所合成的水凝胶性能有较大的影响。     

SA分子量及用量对SA/PNIPAAm semi-IPN水凝胶溶胀性能的影响

研究了海藻酸钠(SA)的分子量及用量对SA/聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)半互穿网络(SA/PNIPAAm semi-IPN)水凝胶的平衡溶胀度、溶胀速率和消溶胀速率的影响。结果发现,水凝胶平衡溶胀度随着凝胶网络中SA组分分子量以及用量的增加而增大;在pH=1.0条件下,SA/PNIPAAm semi-IPN水凝胶的溶胀速率随着SA的分子量以及用量的增加而降低,在pH=7.4条件下,水凝胶的溶胀速率随着SA的分子量以及用量的增加而增大;SA用量较低时,分子量的大小对SA/PNIPAAm semi-IPN水凝胶的消溶胀速率有很大影响,随着SA用量的增加,分子量大小对水凝胶消溶胀速率的影响作用降低。     

物理/化学复合交联剂配比对凝胶温敏性的影响

采用化学交联剂亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)和物理交联剂无机纳米黏土硅酸镁锂(LMSH)复配制备聚异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM)水凝胶。随m(MBA)∶m(LMSH)的质量比由9∶1降至为1∶9,水凝胶的透光度和溶胀度增加。凝胶的内部形态取决于交联剂配比,孔洞尺寸随LMSH含量增加而增加。当m(MBA)∶m(LMSH)的质量比为9∶1和1∶9时,温度脉冲响应性最好,但m(MBA)∶m(LMSH)的质量比为1∶9时凝胶对温度的响应最为敏感,20℃下的储能模量最高。DSC结果表明体积相转变温度(VPTT)均在33℃左右,但VPTT范围随LMSH含量增加而窄化。     

羟基磷灰石纳米纤维增强甲基丙烯酸酐改性明胶复合水凝胶的制备及性能

采用溶剂热法制备了具有超高长径比的羟基磷灰石(HAP)纳米纤维,并将其与甲基丙烯酸酐改性明胶(GelMA)结合,利用紫外光交联制备了HAP纳米纤维/GelMA复合水凝胶。通过SEM、XRD、力学测试、溶胀测试、降解测试、细胞培养等对HAP纳米纤维/GelMA复合水凝胶进行结构表征和性能测试。SEM断面观察表明,HAP纳米纤维/GelMA水凝胶呈三维孔隙贯通的多孔结构。力学实验表明,HAP纳米纤维能有效增强水凝胶的弹性模量,且随着HAP纳米纤维添加量的增加,力学性能增强效果越明显。溶胀实验表明,当HAP纳米纤维质量分数为5.2wt%~14.2wt%时,HAP纳米纤维复合水凝胶的溶胀率变化不明显,当质量分数为18.2wt%时,溶胀率降低。降解实验表明,HAP纳米纤维的加入能有效保持水凝胶结构形态,使其更加稳定可控。细胞包裹培养实验表明,HAP纳米纤维/GelMA复合水凝胶能为细胞提供良好的三维生长环境,表现出优良的生物相容性。本实验制备的HAP纳米纤维/GelMA复合水凝胶在组织工程领域有着良好的应用前景。      

交联方式对半乳糖基温敏凝胶结构和性能的影响

为改善传统化学交联水凝胶的低力学性能、透明度、溶胀度和生物相容性, 以无机纳米粒子硅酸镁锂(LMSH)作为物理交联剂, 半乳糖氨基化的丙烯酸衍生物(GAC)作为生物相容性单体, N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)为功能单体, 采用原位自由基聚合制备得到兼具温度敏感性和生物相容性的纳米复合水凝胶poly(NIPAM-LMSH-GAC)。结果表明: LMSH在水凝胶基体中被完全剥离, 并起到交联作用; 相比于传统化学交联剂制备的此类水凝胶, 所得物理交联的纳米复合水凝胶具有更高的溶胀度、良好的温敏性、优异的脉冲响应性, 但鼠成纤细胞(L929)在纳米复合水凝胶表面的细胞数量略低; 物理交联剂LMSH的使用和一定量的GAC的使用并没有明显改变水凝胶的体积相转变温度(VPTT), 仍保持在33℃左右。     

物理/化学复合交联水凝胶的结构形态和温敏性

以等质量的物理交联剂锂皂石(hectorite)和化学交联剂亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)共同作为交联剂制备了聚异丙基丙烯酰胺水凝胶。该复合交联剂改善了仅用MBA交联制备的水凝胶的脆性和透光性,储能模量(E′)约为单独使用亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)和hectorite制备的水凝胶的储能模量之和的一半,体积相转变温度(VPTT)仍在32℃左右,和单独使用MBA和hectorite制备的水凝胶的VPTT相一致,但内部形态和溶胀度更多地取决于化学交联剂MBA的使用。     

冷冻多孔温敏凝胶的制备与性能研究

以聚乙二醇2000为致孔剂,采用冷冻法合成了聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺-co-丙烯酰胺)温敏凝胶。结果表明,PEG2000作为致孔剂未参与反应,但可使凝胶生成多孔结构,导致溶胀率和响应速率提高。冷冻法由于使凝胶局部结构更加紧密,可使凝胶弹性模量大为增加。致孔剂法与冷冻法结合使用,可使温敏凝胶在加快响应速率的同时拥有较好的力学性能。     

多孔PVA/CNFs复合水凝胶的制备与性能

目的研究聚乙二醇(PEG)的加入对复合凝胶微观结构、溶胀性能和热稳定性的影响,扩大复合凝胶在包装领域的应用。方法以PEG为致孔剂,纳米纤维素(CNFs)为增强相,利用物理交联法制备出多孔聚乙烯醇/纳米纤维素复合水凝胶。结果 PEG作为致孔剂时可制得网络互穿结构的多孔水凝胶,复合凝胶的溶胀度可达到1000,相比于纯PVA水凝胶有极大的提高,同时加入CNFs的聚乙烯醇凝胶与纯的聚乙烯醇凝胶相比具有更好的热稳定性。结论这种有着高溶胀性和良好热稳定性的多孔复合凝胶可用于包装产品的保鲜与物流防护。     

聚乙烯醇水凝胶的制备及性能

利用冷冻-解冻法制备聚乙烯醇(PVA)水凝胶,研究了不同因素对PVA水凝胶力学性能和溶胀特性的影响。结果表明,PVA水凝胶是一种典型的粘弹性材料,在一定应变区内,材料的拉伸模量随应变的增加而增大;拉伸强度和平均拉伸模量随PVA水溶液的浓度和冷冻-解冻循环次数的增加而增强,凝胶的最大拉伸强度和拉伸模量分别为2.27 MPa和0.95 MPa。溶胀特性研究显示,PVA水凝胶在生理盐水中的平衡溶胀比小于其在蒸馏水中的平衡溶胀比;凝胶的平衡溶胀比随浓度和冷冻-解冻次数的增加而下降,其下降趋势满足幂函数的变化规律;水凝胶的溶胀过程符合溶胀动力学方程。     

Polyacrylamide hydrogels and semi-interpenetrating networks (IPNs) with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide): Mechanical properties by measure of compressive elastic modulus

Semi-IPN hydrogels (based on cross-linked polyacrylamide having poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PN1PAAm) inside) were synthesized and their properties, such as swelling ratio and compressive elastic moduli, were studied at several temperatures. Equilibrium swelling ratios of semi-IPN markedly decreased due to the presence of less hydrophilic PNIPAAm chains. The semi-IPN presented greater elastic modulus when compared to the cross-linked PAAm hydrogel. The effect was explained as being an additional contribution of the PNIPAAm chains, which collapsed around the PAAm networks, to the elastic modulus. It was pointed out that the PAAm networks support the collapsed chains. According to the results presented in this work, semi-IPN hydrogels present better mechanical properties than the PAAm hydrogel, mainly when the PNIPAAm chains are in a collapsed state.     

阴离子型高吸水性树脂凝胶的响应性能

以CMCTS-g-PAA和CMCTS-g-(PAANa-co-PVP)两类羧甲基壳聚糖改性阴离子型高吸水性树脂凝胶为研究对象,对其所吸收液体性能变化的响应性进行了研究。研究发现,阴离子型高吸水性树脂随乙醇/水混合溶剂中乙醇体积分数(φ)的增大发生体积相转变;随树脂结构中链段极性的增大,凝胶相变点相应的(φ)值降低;并随所吸收液体中低极性乙醇含量的增大,-COO-之间的相互排斥作用减弱,树脂的吸水速率降低。当研究溶液离子强度对树脂溶胀性能的影响时发现,1/S值较大时,离子强度与Q5/3成正比;但离子浓度较大时,Q5/3与1/S的线性关系消失。此外所吸收溶液的pH值对树脂的吸收率也有很大的影响。     

Anelastic behaviour of materials under multiaxial strains

Data on Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio obtained in AISI-1080 steel, in the temperature region between about 300 and 600 K, are presented. The measurements have been performed in longitudinal excitation and several harmonics were used, to obtain Poisson's ratio from the measured resonant frequencies. The maximum observed in the temperature dependence of Young's modulus, for the fundamental resonant frequency, is attributed to a stress-induced disordering of carbon atoms in the octahedral interstices of the martensitic matrix. The increases of Young's modulus with temperature are described in terms of expressions deduced in the paper, which are based on Landau theory of second-order phase transitions. The critical temperature is related to theM _s temperature which characterizes the martensitic phase transition. Finally, the temperature dependence of Poisson's ratio is described in terms of a theory of anelastic behaviour under multiaxial strains, based on the standard anelastic solid model.     

Elastic constants and high pressure structural transitions in yttrium pnictides

We present first-principles calculations on the structural, elastic and high pressure properties of yttrium pnictide compounds, using the pseudo-potential plane-waves approach based on density functional theory, within the generalized gradient approximation. Results are given for lattice constant, bulk modulus and its pressure derivative. The pressure transition at which these compounds undergo structural phase transition from NaCl-type (B1) to CsCl-type (B2) structure is calculated and compared with previous calculations and available experimental data. The elastic constants and their pressure dependence are calculated using the static finite strain technique. We derived the bulk and shear moduli, Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the B1 phase for YN, YP, YAs and YSb compounds. We estimated the Debye temperature of these compounds from the average sound velocity. This is the first quantitative theoretical prediction of the elastic properties of YN, YP, YAs and YSb compounds, and it still awaits experimental confirmation.     

Dissolution–Crystallization Transition within a Polymer Hydrogel for a Processable Ultratough Electrolyte

Although nonliquid electrolytes have been developed rapidly under the condition of safe demand of energy storage devices, the inherent weaknesses in ionic conductivity, mechanical properties, or interfacial compatibility severely hinder their application under a harsh environment. Inspired by the hybridized characteristics of composite materials and the potential advantages of hydrated crystals, a processable crystal‐type gel electrolyte with good comprehensive performance via the dissolution–crystallization transition of NaAc within hydrogel is creatively prepared. The use of NaAc crystal within a hydrogel leads to nearly 26 000 times greater modulus (474.24 MPa) and higher operating voltage (2.0 V) than the hydrogel without the crystal. The reliable supercapacitor using this electrolyte can work in extreme environment (?40 to 80 °C, even in the fire or in liquid nitrogen within a short time) benefiting from its phase‐transition capacity. This investigation offers a facile and versatile way to construct an ideal gel electrolyte for next‐generation energy storage devices.     

3D Modeling Effect of Spherical Inclusions on the Magnetostriction of Bulk Superconductors

In this paper, the dependence of the effective magnetostriction of bulk superconductors on the elastic parameters including the volume fraction and elastic modulus ratio is studied by a three-dimensional model consisting of a spherical inclusion–superconducting matrix system. The effect of the elastic modulus and volume fraction on the magnetostriction is also obtained through the magnetostriction loop. The results indicate that the elastic modulus and volume fraction have obvious effects on the effective magnetostriction of the superconducting composite, which gives an explanation about the differences between the experimental and the theoretical results. Furthermore, it is worth pointing out that the linear field dependence of magnetostriction is unique to the Bean model by comparing the curve shapes of the magnetostriction loop with and without inclusion.     

PSY-g-PAA/APT/SA载药复合凝胶小球的制备及释药性能

采用离子凝胶法制备了欧车前胶-g-聚丙烯酸/凹凸棒黏土/海藻酸钠(PSY-g-PAA/APT/SA)载药复合凝胶小球,以双氯芬酸钠为模型药物,考察了pH敏感性和凹凸棒黏土含量对凝胶小球的包封率、载药率、溶胀性能和药物释放行为的影响。结果表明,当释放介质为模拟胃液(pH=1.2)时,药物基本不释放;而为模拟肠液(pH=6.8)时,5h后累积释放率超过90%,复合凝胶小球具有明显的pH敏感性。随着凝胶小球中凹凸棒黏土含量的增加,溶胀率和药物累积释放率均减小,表明凹凸棒黏土的引入可以减缓药物的突释效应。     

新型人工髓核材料 &mdash|&mdash|&mdash|果胶/聚乙烯醇复合水凝胶的制备及其溶胀性能

利用低频振荡、 冻融法制得果胶/聚乙烯醇复合 (Co PP) 水凝胶 , 采用红外光谱仪、 差示扫描量热仪、X射线衍射仪、 扫描电镜 , 表征其结构; 观察 Co PP水凝胶的溶胀性能 , 并探讨扩散模式及溶胀动力学。结果表明: Co PP水凝胶是一种多孔材料、 有两个结晶区 , 脱水后可再次水合、 溶胀 ; 水分子以菲克扩散模式渗入 Co PP水凝胶 , Co PP水凝胶的溶胀速率常数、 溶胀平衡时的质量溶胀率 (197. 38 %～252. 49 %) 、 体积溶胀率 (241.47 %～308. 93 %) , 均大于聚乙烯醇 ( PVA) 水凝胶。因此 , Co PP水凝胶具有溶胀快和溶胀率大等特点 , 可减小人工髓核假体植入时的尺寸 , 利于微创手术植入。