铂铑10-铂热电偶的脆断失效分析

对在还原性气氛使用下的铂铑10-铂热电偶发生的偶丝脆断现象进行分析.运用金相显微镜和电子探针对铂铑10-铂热电偶的偶丝焊点及偶丝断口进行检测后认为:脆断失效的根本原因在于Si与Pt作用形成Pt5Si2低熔点共晶物,使偶丝因局部熔点降低而熔化,随之发生脆断.     

Pt-10Rh/Pt热偶在还原性气氛中的应用

在Pt、Pt-10Rh中分别加入Y和第二金属组元M得到了符合GB3772·83标准的新型热电偶。采用溶胶 -凝胶涂敷工艺在热电偶丝上制备了Al2 O3·Y2 O3 涂层。对上述涂层的两种热电偶分别在H2 和CO还原性气氛中进行试验 ,结果表明高温下加Y的热电偶无法避免脆断失效 ,而经涂层的热电偶和新型热电偶可通过还原性气氛中长期稳定性试验 ,克服了脆断失效问题。涂层的热电偶在钢厂实际应用表明 ,其使用寿命为未涂层的热电偶 2倍以上。     

铂铑10-铂热电偶丝断裂失效分析

利用电子探针显微分析仪（EPMA）对早期断裂的铂铑10-铂热电偶进行了分析。结果表明，热电偶保护管密封不严，使用时环境气氛与偶丝直接接触，磷杂质污染偶丝并在偶丝晶界上形成富Pt-P脆性相，造成沿晶脆性断裂，引起热电偶失效。     

Pt—10Rn／Pt热偶在还原气氛中脆断失效分析

试验证实了高温下Ｐｔ－１０Ｒｈ／Ｐｔ热偶在Ｈ２或ＣＯ气氛中使用时因脆性而会很快断裂失效。采用透射电镜对脆断偶丝进行微观组织和形貌观察,定性定量研究认为：脆断失效的根本原因在于Ｓｉ与Ｐｔ作用形成Ｐｔ５Ｓｉ２低溶点共晶物,使偶丝局部熔点降低而熔化,发生脆断。     

Pt-10Rh/Pt热偶在还原气氛中脆断失效分析

试验证实了高温下Ｐｔ－ １０Ｒｈ／Ｐｔ 热偶在Ｈ２ 或ＣＯ 气氛中使用时因脆性而会很快断裂失效。采用透射电镜（ＴＥＭ） 对脆断偶丝进行微观组织和形貌观察, 定性定量研究认为：脆断失效的根本原因在于Ｓｉ 与Ｐｔ 作用形成Ｐｔ５Ｓｉ２ 低溶点共晶物, 使偶丝局部熔点降低而熔化, 发生脆断。脆断处局部区域Ｓｉ 最大含量分别达到７．９３ ％ 和３．２７ ％ , 而Ｓｉ 是高温下耐火材料中ＳｉＯ２ 被Ｈ２ 或ＣＯ 还原产生的。     

影响铂铑热电偶细丝生产的主要问题的分析

总结、归纳了影响铂铑热电偶细丝生产的主要问题,指出影响铂铑热电偶细丝生产的主要问题有:细丝断丝现象、平直度与抗拉强度、细丝表面质量.分析了各个问题产生的原因,提出了相应的解决问题的办法.     

熔铸工艺对铂铑热电偶丝不均匀热电动势的影响

国产铂铑热电偶丝在不均匀热电动势指标上与国外同类产品相比存在一定差距。为了减少铂铑热电偶不均匀热电动势,研究了自然凝固和浇铸快速凝固两种凝固方式下重熔次数对高、中频熔炼法制备的偶丝不均匀热电动势的影响。研究结果表明：两种凝固方式下,增加重熔次数均可以减小高、中频熔炼法制备的偶丝不均匀热电动势;采用浇铸快速凝固方式、适当的重熔次数和中频熔炼法制备的偶丝不均匀热电动势明显减小。     

铂铑热电偶细丝断丝现象分析和对策

将铂铑热电偶细丝断丝现象分为5种类型:非金属夹杂物导致的断丝、气孔导致的断丝、铸锭缩孔导致的断丝、应力积累导致的断丝、丝材本身抗拉断裂强力低导致的断丝。指出了每种断丝现象的断口形貌特征,分析了造成断丝的原因并提出了解决问题的办法。     

铂铑热电偶丝的不均匀热电动势和测量

论述了铂铑热电偶丝不均匀热电动势的概念,间断式不均匀热电动势测试系统和测量方法。采用样品PtRh10偶丝对间断式不均匀热电动势测试系统进行校验和考核,结果表明:该装置具有实用性。     

PtRh_(10)/Pt 及 PtRh_(13)/Pt热偶丝性能检测

为制定出我国的测温热电偶的系列产品,尽快与 IEC(国际电工委员会)的标准取得一致,以利对外贸易和国际上技术交流,必须解决检定分度 IEC 铂铑系列的标准器问题。云南温度仪表测试中心站对冶金部贵金属研究所生产的 PtRh10/Pt 热电偶丝、PtRh13/Pt 热电偶最新丝材进行测试考核。主要考核其稳定性(1100℃及1400℃)及热电特性。由于我国目前还没有标准 PtRh13/Pt 热电偶检定规程,该热偶丝在考核鉴定过程中的试验方法、工艺处理、制作分度及仪器设备要求,基本上参照中国计量科学院过     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.