车载激光雷达探测低层大气中NO_2

在北京城区和城郊利用第二代车载测污激光雷达(AML-2)进行了外场测量实验,利用差分吸收技术从垂直、水平方向分别给出了低层大气中污染物NO2的典型测量数据。结果表明:城区的NO2浓度明显高于城郊地区的水平,并且也证实了利用该系统可以有效地监测低层大气的污染情况,为空气中有害气体的光学遥测提供了有效的测量手段。     

地基微波辐射计探测低层大气参数研究

基于地基微波辐射计扫频和扫角的通道选取方法,利用青岛气象站2005～2013 年探空数据结合BP神经网络训练数据来反演低层大气参数。将反演得到的低层大气参数与实际探空廓线对比,得到反演的均方根误差小于0.8K。在此基础上,联合辐射计测量参数提出了低层大气参数反演新模式的初步构架,为实时探测低层大气参数提供了更为合理的依据和方法。     

高光谱分辨率激光雷达测量低层大气温度

基于碘分子滤波器对大气气溶胶散射的强吸收特性,滤除低层大气中气溶胶散射的影响,从而利用分子瑞利后向散射信号强度反演低层大气温度.激光雷达低层大气温度测量结果与探空数据进行了对比,显示出较好的一致性,温度偏差在9 km内不大于3 K.讨论了激光雷达测得的大气温度与探空数据对比结果之间存在的系统偏差和由于参考高度温度初始值引起的激光雷达温度反演结果的变化.     

差分光学吸收光谱(DOAS)技术在烟气监测中的应用研究

本文将差分光学吸收光谱(Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscoy,DOAS)技术中的浓度反演方法运用到烟气中NO、NO2、NH3和SO2的监测.利用它们在200～250 nm附近具有不同强度吸收的特性,测量烟气的吸收光谱,用DOAS方法反演出NO、NO2、NH3和SO2分子的浓度,这种方法消除了烟气中烟尘、水汽和其它成分的影响,使在线实时测量成为可能,在实验室内对不同气体分子浓度样气进行了测量和浓度反演,经过现场对比测量证明这种方法是正确的.     

合肥地区低层大气后向散射特性参数的测量与分析

报道了于 1997年 3月和 5月在安徽光机所进行的低层大气后向散射特性参数测量 ,获得了对 532nm光的低层大气后向散射特性参数数据 ,并对测量结果进行了分析。     

北京市大气SO2、NO2和O3的激光雷达监测实验

目前监测网中大部分SO2、NO2和O3监测设备为地基点式仪器.该种设备不能获得大气SO2、NO2和O3的空间分布信息.SO2、NO2和O3的空间分布数据在习惯上一般是通过球载探测仪来获取.但通过球载仪获得的数据时间和空间分辨率都较差.中科院安徽光机所已开发研制完成了车载测污激光雷达系统.该系统能进行大气SO2、NO2和O3进行三维空间扫描测量.利用该系统2001年12月27日至2002年1月27日期间于北京市进行了大气SO2、NO2和O3的监测实验,首次给出了北京市近地面层大气SO2、NO2和O3的激光雷达测量数据.测量数据与地面仪器的监测数据进行了比较,结果表明车载测污激光雷达系统的测量数据是合理可靠的.     

基于Fast ICA及神经网络的机动车尾气NO和NO2定量分析研究

机动车尾气对环境的危害日益加重,机动车尾气排放浓度的检测对大气污染治理具有重要意义。设计了基于非分散紫外的机动车尾气NO、NO2浓度检测系统,搭建了实验装置,获得NO、NO2混合气体的吸收光强后,利用快速不动点(Fast ICA)算法和人工神经网络模式识别算法对机动车尾气排放NO、NO2组分进行定量分析。实验结果表明,利用所设计的算法对600 ppm以内的NO气体和200 ppm以内的NO2气体浓度进行测量,其相对误差最大为1.54%,最小为0.25%。     

化学放大法测量大气过氧自由基的技术进展

大气过氧自由基（RO2）是大气化学过程中的关键中间体自由基,在对流层光化学反应中占有重要地位,因此,对相关测量技术的研究具有极其重要的意义。化学放大法是RO2测量中最常用的方法之一,是一种间接测量方法,通过在反应系统中加入过量的CO、NO气体,将低浓度、不易测量的过氧自由基通过链式反应转化为高浓度、易测量的NO2进行测量,NO2测量的准确性对化学放大法攸关重要。对化学放大法进行了总结,并着重分析了其中用于NO2测量的方法,分析了现有方法的优点与不足,并对未来的发展作了展望。     

低层大气红外吸收透过率计算模型

计算大气透过率是有效进行空中目标红外特性探测的重要前提。本文针对低层大气红外吸收透过率随海拔高度的变化规律,建立数值模拟计算模型。该模型在基于低层大气中水蒸气及CO₂吸收能力受海拔高度影响的基础上,增加了大气密度随高度变化产生的重要影响,综合分析了水平路程传输和倾斜路程传输两种情况下的低层大气吸收透过率。仿真实验将模型计算结果与MODTRAN5软件计算结果进行了对比,有效验证了该模型的可靠性和有效性。     

激光磁共振方法对NO污染源的监测研究

本文叙述了利用激光磁共振技术对NO气体污染源进行定量测量,研究了 NO 分子浓度与磁共振信号的关系,结果表明测量灵敏度可达0.7 ppm,可望制成具有高灵敏度、简便实用的激光磁共振NO 污染监测仪器。     

Intrusion detection in RFID system using computational intelligence approach for underground mines

The radio frequency identification technology (RFID) is commonly used for object tracking and monitoring. In this paper, we discuss a model for intrusion detection system based on RFID to identify the abnormal behavior of underground mines' toxic gases. This model consists of various types of sensor nodes that are integrated with RFID tag, which are deployed in the underground mines by using Zigbee protocol. It consists of coordinators, routers, and sensor nodes, according to different capabilities and the probabilities of intrusive activities that occur in underground mines. It can detect the real‐time abnormal behavior of the toxic gases viz. methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen dioxide gases, using artificial neural network middleware techniques. It increases the detection accuracy and reduces the false alarm rate, using multilayer perceptron, radial basis function network, and probabilistic and general regression neural network (PNN/GRNN) techniques. The simulations are performed on the toxic gas dataset, which has been generated in a real‐time scenario by using different gas sensors. The real‐time dataset contains intrusive and nonintrusive values of methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen dioxide gases. Experimentally, the PNN/GRNN provides higher detection accuracy as 90.153% for carbon monoxide, 86.713% for carbon dioxide, 93.752% for hydrogen sulfide, and 75.472% for nitrogen dioxide. The PNN/GRNN also provides low false alarm rate as 9.85% for carbon monoxide, 13.29% for carbon dioxide, 6.24% for hydrogen sulfide, and 24.53% for nitrogen dioxide compared with the multilayer perceptron and radial basis function networks.     

The role of boron impurity in the activation of free charge carriers in layers of porous silicon during the adsorption of acceptor molecules

Infrared-absorption spectroscopy and electron spin resonance are used to study the role of boron impurity in the activation of free charge carriers in layers of porous silicon that have been exposed to nitrogen dioxide acceptor molecules. It is found that the higher the level of doping is for the substrates used in the production of porous silicon, the higher the concentration of free holes that appear as a result of the adsorption of nitrogen dioxide. The experimental results are accounted for by the appearance of donor-acceptor pairs formed by anionic radicals (NO₂)^? and positively charged defects (dangling silicon bonds) at the surface of the silicon nanocrystals that comprise porous silicon.     

车载差分吸收激光雷达对SO2的测量

介绍了自行研制的车载差分吸收激光雷达(DIAL)的系统结构和测量原理.利用可调谐激光器输出波长为286.3 nm和286.9 nm的激光测量SO2,测量范围为500m～3 km.该雷达在北京和合肥对SO2进行了实地测量,给出实测的部分典型结果,测量结果与地面仪器定点测量的结果一致.分析了误差的几种影响因素,总的测量误差在距离分别率为300m时小于7×10-9.     

Electrospun Polyaniline Fibers as Highly Sensitive Room Temperature Chemiresistive Sensors for Ammonia and Nitrogen Dioxide Gases

Electrospun polyaniline (PAni) fibers doped with different levels of (+)‐camphor‐10‐sulfonic acid (HCSA) are fabricated and evaluated as chemiresistive gas sensors. The experimental results, based on both sensitivity and response time, show that doped PAni fibers are excellent ammonia sensors and that undoped PAni fibers are excellent nitrogen dioxide sensors. The fibers exhibit changes in measured resistances up to 60‐fold for ammonia sensing, and more than five orders of magnitude for nitrogen dioxide sensing, with characteristic response times on the order of one minute in both cases. A time‐dependent reaction‐diffusion model is used to extract physical parameters from fitting experimental sensor data. The model is then used to illustrate the selection of optimal material design parameters for gas sensing by nanofibers.     

奥运期间北京对流层NO2柱浓度地基多轴差分吸收光谱仪观测与OMI的对比

利用地基多轴差分吸收光谱仪(multi axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy,MAX-DOAS)在2008年北京奥运期间对奥运场馆附近上空对流层NO2进行监测,并与OMI的测量结果进行对比.结果显示;地基MAX-DOAS的NO2结果比OMI结果高,最高达到了2.4倍;二者在无云条件下得到了比较好的相关性(R=0.64),但在阴雨天气条件下,云的存在使得MAX-DOAS结果与OMI卫星数据产生了很大差别,其相关系数仅为0.19,但与LP-DOAS却有很好的一致性,相关系数为0.92.     

基于VAR模型的PM2.5与其它空气污染物的动态关系研究分析

通过建立向量自回归（VAR）模型,综合运用格兰杰因果关系检验、广义脉冲响应函数和方差分解法,分析PM2.5与其它空气污染物的动态关系,探讨其它空气污染物对PM2.5的影响,利用西安市2013年1月1日-2014年12月31日有关环境空气质量的数据进行了研究。结果表明：PM2.5与其它空气污染物所构成的空气质量系统是稳定的,二氧化硫、二氧化氮、一氧化碳浓度值的增加会引起PM2.5浓度值持续较长时间的增加,其中二氧化硫对PM2.5影响作用最大;臭氧浓度值的增加则会使PM2.5浓度值降低。     

Open tube diffusion of zinc in gallium arsenide

The diffusion of zinc in gallium arsenide has been performed under open tube conditions utilizing a zinc oxide layer as the diffusion source, silicon dioxide as an intermediate layer between the zinc oxide and the gallium arsenide, and phosphosilicate glass as a cap. The thickness of the silicon dioxide layer was used to control the amount of zinc diffused in the gallium arsenide. We have obtained a diffusion system which protects the gallium arsenide surface during the thermal cycle in a nitrogen/hydrogen flowing gas ambient. The results demonstrate the capability of reproducibly forming heavily doped p-type regions whose penetration depths were controlled from 1 to 25 µm for one to five hour-diffusions at 800°C.     

Microplasma‐Discharge‐Based Nitrogen Fixation Driven by Triboelectric Nanogenerator toward Self‐Powered Mechano‐Nitrogenous Fertilizer Supplier

Development of novel nitrogen fixation technology is realistically significant for the fertilizer industry and agriculture. Traditional plasma‐induced nitrogen fixation technology is severely limited in some instances because this route generally requires a continuous power input with the features of complicated apparatus fabrication, high cost, nonportability, etc. Herein, a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)‐driven microplasma discharge–based nitrogen fixation system is conceived by integrating a high‐voltage output TENG and a discharge reactor. The novel TENG has the capability to generate a high voltage of about 1300 V without additional auxiliary. The generated voltage can induce microplasma discharge under atmospheric environment in the discharge reactor, where nitrogen gas is successfully converted into nitrogen dioxide and nitric acid, and atmospheric nitrogen fixation is therefore realized. The TENG‐driven microplasma discharge‐based nitrogen fixation system can serve as a nitrogenous fertilizer supplier, and correspondingly, NaNO₃ fertilizer is produced via driving the system by human walking stimuli for crop cultivation. A promising and energy‐saving atmospheric nitrogen fixation strategy with environmental friendliness, flexible operation, and high safety is offered.     

中美英高校数字电子技术类课程教学的比较

"数字电子技术"是我国高校电子信息类、电气信息类专业的重要技术基础课。随着电子技术的发展,"数字电子技术"课程的教学体系和教学内容需要进行优化。本文以美国密歇根州立大学、美国明尼苏达大学、英国伯明翰大学和北京工业大学为例,介绍了美国、英国、中国同类大学数字电子技术类课程的教学体系和教学内容,并对其特点进行了详细的对比分析。