A distributed parametric model of Brinson shape memory alloy based resonant frequency tunable cantilevered PZT energy harvester

International Journal of Mechanics and Materials in Design - This paper presents, an analytical model of piezoelectric vibration energy harvester consists of Brinson shape memory alloy (SMA) plate...     

Electromechanical modeling and analytical investigation of nonlinearities in energy harvesting piezoelectric beams

Piezoelectric materials are extensively applied for vibrational energy harvesting especially in micro-scale devices where other energy conversion mechanisms such as electromagnetic and electrostatic methods encounter fabrication limitations. A cantilevered piezoelectric bimorph beam with an attached proof (tip) mass for the sake of resonance frequency reduction is the most common structure in vibrational harvesters. According to the amplitude and frequency of applied excitations and physical parameters of the harvester, the system may be pushed into a nonlinear regime which arises from material or geometric nonlinearities. In this study nonlinear dynamics of a piezoelectric bimorph harvester implementing constitutive relations of nonlinear piezoelectricity together with nonlinear curvature and shortening effect relations, is investigated. To achieve this goal first of all a comprehensive fully-coupled electromechanical nonlinear model is presented through a variational approach. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations of the proposed model are order reduced and solved by means of the perturbation method of multiple scales. Results are presented for a PZT/Silicon/PZT laminated beam as a case study. Findings indicate that material nonlinearities of the PZT layer has the dominant effect leading to softening behavior of the frequency response. At the primary resonance, different frequency responses of the extracted power can be distinguished according to the excitation amplitude, which is due to harmonic generation as a result of piezoelectric nonlinearity. The extracted power is analytically computed and validated with a good agreement by a numerical solution.     

一种磁耦合激励的涡轮式压电气流俘能器EI北大核心CSCD

为满足气流管道监测系统的自供电需求,提出一种磁耦合激励的涡轮式压电气流俘能器。建立了俘能器的理论模型并进行了仿真分析,设计制作了样机并进行了试验测试,获得了磁铁排布、附加质量、压电振子串并联及负载电阻对其输出特性的影响规律。结果表明:在其他条件确定时,存在多个较佳气压使输出电压出现峰值,主频峰值的大小和分频的位置均与激励磁铁排布有关;通过附加质量可以调节最佳气压和输出电压峰值,采用多个不同附加质量的压电振子串联或并联可以拓宽俘能器的气压适应范围;存在不同的最佳负载使多个压电振子串联和并联时俘能器的输出功率达到最大,最佳负载及其所对应的最大输出功率分别为(40 kΩ,41 mW),(15 kΩ,50 mW)。     

Low-frequency meandering piezoelectric vibration energy harvester

The design, fabrication, and characterization of a novel low-frequency meandering piezoelectric vibration energy harvester is presented. The energy harvester is designed for sensor node applications where the node targets a width-to-length aspect ratio close to 1:1 while simultaneously achieving a low resonant frequency. The measured power output and normalized power density are 118 μW and 5.02 μW/mm(3)/g(2), respectively, when excited by an acceleration magnitude of 0.2 g at 49.7 Hz. The energy harvester consists of a laser-machined meandering PZT bimorph. Two methods, strain-matched electrode (SME) and strain-matched polarization (SMP), are utilized to mitigate the voltage cancellation caused by having both positive and negative strains in the piezoelectric layer during operation at the meander's first resonant frequency. We have performed finite element analysis and experimentally demonstrated a prototype harvester with a footprint of 27 x 23 mm and a height of 6.5 mm including the tip mass. The device achieves a low resonant frequency while maintaining a form factor suitable for sensor node applications. The meandering design enables energy harvesters to harvest energy from vibration sources with frequencies less than 100 Hz within a compact footprint.     

超弹性形状记忆合金的神经网络连续本构模型

对超弹性形状记忆合金(SMA)丝在不同应变幅值和荷载速率下进行加卸载单轴拉伸试验,分析其滞回特性随环境因素的变化规律。将径向基函数神经网络(RBFNN)和Graesser模型结合起来,Graesser模型参数取自试验曲线,能由数学式确定的模型参数和应变幅值、荷载速率一起作为网络的输入信息,不能由数学式确定的模型参数作为输出神经元。数值计算表明,RBFNN可以精确地预测Graesser模型参数,且计算的SMA应力-应变曲线与Graesser模型结果吻合很好。     

线形-拱形组合梁式压电俘能器振动特性研究

为揭示线形-拱形组合梁式双稳态压电俘能器系统参数对其动力学响应特性影响规律,利用磁化电流法及广义Hamilton变分原理,分别建立压电俘能器非线性磁力模型及系统分布式参数模型;采用谐波平衡法对俘能系统响应特性进行分析,讨论不同磁铁间距、激励幅值、负载阻抗等参数对系统幅频响应及输出功率的影响规律,并进行实验验证.研究结果...     

Ti-Ni基记忆合金复合材料的研究进展

Ti-Ni形状记忆合金因具有优异的形状记忆效应和超弹性及良好的耐腐蚀性、生物兼容性等诸多优点,被广泛应用于航空航天、机械、电子、生物医用等领域.Ti-Ni基复合材料中Ti-Ni基体和增强相之间的交互作用可使其集优异力学性能、功能特性于一体.本文主要阐述了近几年采用不同方法制备的Ti-Ni形状记忆合金复合材料的最新研究进...     

多方向压电振动能量收集装置及其优化设计

摘要：为实现对不同方向环境振动能量的收集,提出了一种新颖的多方向振动能量收集装置的设计结构,装置的换能部分采用了一种Rainbow型压电结构。为提高多方向振动能量收集装置收集能量的效果,以多方向振动能量收集装置输出的总电能为目标函数,综合考虑金属弹性基片的强度、装置振动的固有频率及装置的尺寸空间要求等多种因素,采用序列二次规划法对能量收集装置的结构参数进行了优化。该多方向振动能量收集装置经过优化后,在Y向激励时,其输出的总电能为37.146μJ,比优化前提高了30.82%,当沿装置体对角线方向激励时,结构装置输出的总电能为58.715μJ,比优化前提高了29.24%,装置的能量收集效果得到了明显提高。分析结果为多方向振动能量收集装置的设计、制造及应用提供了技术依据。     

形状记忆合金超弹性本构关系的神经网络模型

通过试验，研究了受过循环变形、具有稳定超弹性变形性能的形状记忆合金丝在拉伸到不同应变幅值条件下卸载的超弹性变形行为。根据试验测得的结果，提出了基于神经网络的形状记忆合金超弹性本构关系模型，并把模型计算的结果和实验数据进行了比较分析，结果表明，该模型具有很高的精度。该模型避免了已有模型在参数确定上的困难，具有一定的工程应用价值，为建立形状记忆合金本构模型提供了一个新的思路。     

间接激励压电发电机的建模仿真与试验研究

为满足旋转机械监测系统的自供电需求、解决现有压电发电机可靠性低及有效带宽窄等问题,提出一种基于移动凸轮间接激励并限幅的旋转式压电发电机(简称间接激励压电发电机).介绍了发电机的结构原理并进行了建模仿真与试验测试,获得了激励磁铁数量比、凸轮升程及升角对激振力形式/幅值、压电振子变形量/输出电压及发电机带宽等的影响规律.结...     

单悬臂梁阵列式压电能量采集器的研究

根据当前物联网以及无线传感网络的需求,以MEMS技术为依托,结合压电效应,提出了一种单悬臂梁阵列式压电式能量采集器。在分析压电能量采集器结构力学特性的基础上,详细介绍了两种不同尺寸微结构的设计、加工和测试。采用ANSYS软件仿真,得出两种微结构的谐振频率分别为3.9和4kHz;利用溶胶-凝胶法制备出15和20层的PZT压电功能薄膜,电镜扫描其厚度分别为1 849,2 667nm,AFM对比表面形貌其粗糙度分别为1.8和2.11nm,后者致密更好,颗粒较小,相变温度相对比较高。     

Vibration energy harvester with sustainable power based on a single-crystal piezoelectric cantilever array

We designed and fabricated a bimorph cantilever array for sustainable power with an integrated Cu proof mass to obtain additional power and current. We fabricated a cantilever system using single-crystal piezoelectric material and compared the calculations for single and arrayed cantilevers to those obtained experimentally. The vibration energy harvester had resonant frequencies of 60.4 and 63.2 Hz for short and open circuits, respectively. The damping ratio and quality factor of the cantilever device were 0.012 and 41.66, respectively. The resonant frequency at maximum average power was 60.8 Hz. The current and highest average power of the harvester array were found to be 0.728 mA and 1.61 mW, respectively. The sustainable maximum power was obtained after slightly shifting the short-circuit frequency. In order to improve the current and power using an array of cantilevers, we also performed energy conversion experiments.     

Characteristics of energy storage and dissipation in TiNi shape memory alloy

The characteristics of energy storage and dissipation in TiNi shape memory alloys were investigated experimentally based on the superelastic properties under various thermomechanical loading conditions. The influence of strain rate, cyclic loading and temperature-controlled condition on the characteristics of energy storage and dissipation of the material was investigated. Temperature on the surface of the material was observed and the influence of variation in temperature on the characteristics was clarified. The results obtained can be summarized as follows. (1) In the case of low strain rate, the stress plateaus appear on the stress-strain curves due to the martensitic transformation and the reverse transformation during loading and unloading. In the case of high strain rate, the slopes of the stress–strain curves are steep in the phase-transformation regions during loading and unloading. The recoverable strain energy per unit volume increases in proportion to temperature, but the dissipated work per unit volume depends slightly on temperature. In the case of low strain rate, the recoverable strain energy and dissipated work do not depend on both strain rate and the temperature-controlled condition. (2) In the case of high strain rate, while the recoverable strain energy density decreases and dissipated work density increases in proportion to strain rate under the temperature-controlled condition, the recoverable strain energy density increases and dissipated work density decreases under the temperature-uncontrolled condition. In the case of the temperature-uncontrolled condition, temperature varies significantly due to the martensitic transformation and therefore the characteristics of energy storage and dissipation differ from these under the temperature-controlled condition. (3) In the case of cyclic loading, both the recoverable strain energy and dissipated work decrease in the early 20 cycles, but change slightly thereafter. (4) The influence of strain rate, cyclic loading and the environment on the characteristics of energy storage and dissipation is important to be considered in the design of shape memory alloy elements.     

基于塑性理论的形状记忆合金本构模型、试验和数值模拟

通过拉伸试验,研究了超弹性形状记忆合金（SMA）丝在不同应变幅值反复加卸载条件下的滞回变形行为。在测得试验数据的基础上,针对目前广泛使用的SMA Graesser＆Cozzarelli模型仅描述了小应变情况下SMA特性,而在大应变下SMA马氏体的硬化特性不能得到描述的问题,提出了修正的SMA本构模型,并把模型拟合结果和实验数据进行了比较分析。结果表明,模型数值拟合结果和试验数据吻合很好,可以很好地描述SMA在不同应变幅值下的应力-应变关系;且模型形式简单,概念明确,参数容易得到,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

An analytical model for the vibration of a composite plate containing an embedded periodic shape memory alloy structure

This paper explores the integration of a periodic repeating arrangement of shape memory alloy (SMAs) within a composite plate, with a view to active control of the vibrations of the plate by means of a controllable activation strategy for the SMA elements. The benefits of this configuration are that ‘antagonistic’ operation of SMAs on the plate allows the significantly longer cooling time constant of previously activated elements to be shortened by means of active elements working against them during that phase. This concept dramatically shortens the cooling time constant and brings it into the same order of magnitude of the heating phase. The paper examines the mathematical modelling of such a plate, and offers an approximate analytical solution by means of a hybrid WKB–Galerkin method. The antagonistic operation of the system is represented mathematically by terms in which the stiffness and damping are both time dependent. Therefore the equation of motion contains terms with time variant coefficients and is impossible to solve without recourse to specialised methods. Comparisons with numerical methods are given and it is shown that good similarity can be obtained for judicious choice of practical values for the time variant stiffness and damping functions.     

Simulation and analysis of shape memory alloy fiber reinforced composite based on cohesive zone model

Shape memory alloy (SMA) composite has been wildly used in engineering fields as a smart structure. The interface between SMA fiber and matrix plays an important role in determining the effective response of the composites, since it is the medium through which stress transfer occurs. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate how the variation of interfacial properties affects the overall behavior of the composites. In this paper, the interfacial shear strength and ultimate strength of composites are evaluated based on pull-out tests and uniaxial tensile tests, respectively. An algorithm for the automatic generation of unidirectional random distribution short-fiber reinforced composites is developed by using Monte-Carlo method and boundary condition control equation via ANSYS Parameter Design Language (APDL). Cohesive zone model (CZM) approach is used to characterize the interfacial traction separation relationships. Uniaxial tensile test is simulated using finite element method to study the overall macroscopic behavior of the composite through varying fiber ratios and ambient temperatures. The effects of interfacial debonding process, fiber ratios and ambient temperatures on the response of composites are discussed under the same fiber volume fraction.     

TiNi基形状记忆合金的温度记忆效应研究进展

TiNi形状记忆合金经过一次不完全相变循环后将对随后的相变过程产生很大的影响，因此近年来由不完全相变诱发的特殊的温度记忆效应（TemperatureMemory Effect，TME）现象引起人们的关注：如果从马氏体到母相的逆相变在第一次加热过程中在温度瓦处被中断，而后冷却到马氏体相变终了温度以下，在随后的加热过程会出现被一个动力学中断点Ts分开的两阶段逆相变，Ts可“记住”Ti综述了近年来TiNi基形状记忆合佥的TME研究新进展，阐述了具有不同马氏体相变特征的TiNi基记忆合金中TME的特点及其机理。     

TiNi基形状记忆合金的温度记忆效应研究新进展

因为具有形状记忆效应和超弹性,TiNi形状记忆合金已经广泛用做功能材料和生物材料.最近,由不完全相变诱发的特殊的温度记忆效应现象引起关注:如果从马氏体到奥氏体的逆相变在第一次加热中在温度TI处被中断,而后冷却到马氏体相变终了温度以下,在随后的加热过程会出现被一个动力学中断点TS分开的两阶段逆相变,TS可"记住"TI.本文综述了TiNi基形状记忆合金的温度记忆效应及其机制.