氢气直喷对发动机燃烧及排放性能的影响

基于一台高压直喷汽油机,将汽油直喷喷射器替换为氢气直喷喷射器,试验研究了发动机燃用氢气与汽油时的燃烧和排放特性差异。采用空气稀释,进一步分析了氢气发动机稀薄燃烧模式下热效率提升潜力及氮氧化物排放特性,明确了氢气燃料对发动机燃烧及污染物排放的影响规律。结果表明,当量燃烧模式下,相比汽油发动机,氢气发动机的燃烧持续期明显缩短,有效热效率降低,NO_x排放升高,CO及总碳氢（total hydrocarbon, THC）排放显著降低。提高氢气发动机的过量空气系数有助于改善有效热效率。在中等负荷工况下,过量空气系数为2.7时有效热效率可达43.5%。增大过量空气系数,氢气发动机能够在保持较高燃烧稳定性的情况下显著降低NO_x排放。在低负荷工况下,当过量空气系数大于2.3时NO_x排放最低可降低至44×10^-6。     

基于小型柴油机多喷油参数协同优化的试验研究

针对一款1.06 L非道路三阶段排放的卧式柴油机,以非道路四阶段稳态排放循环8个工况为基础,展开油轨压力、喷射正时、预喷—主喷间隔、预喷油量4个参数单因子变化和多因子协同变化对柴油机油耗和排放影响的试验研究。利用参数扫描法进行比油耗和NO_x等排放的多目标优化,使发动机排放达到非道路第四阶段法规的要求。通过分析各喷射参数对油耗和排放的敏感性,获得产品优化提升的指导方案。研究结果表明：喷射正时和轨压对柴油机有效燃油消耗率、NO_x排放及CO排放的影响较大,对碳氢化合物（HC）排放影响较小。预喷—主喷间隔和预喷量对燃烧热效率和CO排放影响较大,对其他排放影响微弱。合理设定轨压和喷射正时的标定组合,可获得最佳的NO_x排放与油耗的折中关系。此外,预喷可以有效降低HC排放。多参数协同优化后的8个工况排放加权结果为：颗粒物（particular matter, PM）排放为0.09 g/（kW·h）,HC+NO_x排放为4.17 g/（kW·h）,CO排放为1.46 g/（kW·h）,实现了产品优化升级并达到了“非四”排放法规的要求。     

低负荷工况下城市类重型柴油车的实际道路排放特性研究

应用便携式排放测试系统（portable emission measurement system, PEMS）,对3辆不同类型的城市类重型柴油车分别进行实际道路行驶排放测试。试验车辆包括：邮政车、垃圾自卸车、小学专用校车。对于处在不同负荷段的数据进行分类整理,分析车辆在低负荷工况下不同负荷段的CO、NO_x、颗粒物数量（particulate number, PN）的排放占比和比排放结果,并结合功基窗口法分析NO_x的排放特性。试验结果表明：在低负荷工况时,尤其是负荷率处于0~20%的阶段,CO、NO_x、PN的排放量占比分别达到72%~86%、60%~87%、52%~88%,且CO、NO_x、PN在低负荷阶段的比排放高于或接近国六排放限值。     

聚甲氧基二甲醚和汽油双燃料火花辅助压燃燃烧及排放试验研究

试验平台基于汽油缸内直喷（gasoline direct injection, GDI）发动机改造,缸内直喷聚甲氧基二甲醚（polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether, PODE）,进气道喷射汽油,并将压缩比从10提升至15以利于压燃,以点火和直喷策略作为控制参数,获取双燃料火花辅助压燃（dual-fuel spark-assisted compression ignition, DF-SACI）发动机的运行特征。试验结果表明：DF-SACI呈现多阶段放热,直喷正时提前可提高混合气均匀性,减小不同燃烧阶段的界限,放热率明显提高;直喷比例可以更为有效地调节CA50和等容燃烧的比例,对热效率影响明显;同时放热率受点火正时提前的影响最小。试验中有效热效率最高可达37.5%。排放方面,DF-SACI模式在合适的点火和喷射策略下,可在一定程度上降低HC和CO的排放,HC体积分数可降低至3 00010^-6以下,CO体积分数可降低至1 50010^-6以下,同时将NO_x排放控制在较低水平。通过对燃烧策略的合理调整,PODE/汽油双燃料发动机借助火花辅助压燃可实现高效清洁燃烧。     

聚甲氧基二甲醚/汽油双燃料火花辅助压燃燃烧和排放特性研究

对一台4缸缸内直喷汽油机的进气歧管和活塞进行改造,搭建了聚甲氧基二甲醚（polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers, PODE）/汽油双燃料火花辅助压燃（spark assisted compression ignition, SACI）发动机试验平台,以PODE和汽油分别作为直喷和进气道燃料,系统地研究了直喷策略、进气温度和点火正时对双燃料发动机燃烧和排放特性的影响规律。结果表明：在转速为1 600 r/min、负荷为0.4 MPa时,不同直喷正时的试验工况下,双燃料SACI燃烧存在3种不同的燃烧模式。随着直喷正时的提前发动机燃烧趋向于均质压燃,但过于靠前的直喷正时会使得发动机起燃变得困难,不完全燃烧比例增加。在稳定燃烧的前提下发动机在接近均质压燃的燃烧模式下可以获得更高的热效率,同时实现极低的NO_x和颗粒物排放。提高进气温度能够显著降低不完全燃烧比例并促进燃料起燃,使得发动机能在更早的直喷正时稳定运行,同时抑制了总碳氢（total hydrogen carbon, THC）和CO排放,但对低温燃烧模式下的NO_x排放影响较小。进气温度80 ℃下的最佳热效率相比40 ℃下提高了11.3%,对应的直喷正时提前了30°。提前点火能够促进燃烧的完全进行从而提高热效率,并有效降低THC和CO排放。在较短的喷油—点火间隔下,点火正时的变化能够改变燃烧进程从而实现对燃烧相位的控制。随着直喷正时的提前,点火正时对燃烧的影响减弱。基于合适的进气温度和点火正时,发动机使用汽油/PODE双燃料可以在接近均质压燃的燃烧模式下实现高效清洁的燃烧。     

国六重型柴油–液化天然气车实际道路排放特性研究

利用便携式排放测试系统（portable emission testing system, PEMS）分别对4辆典型重型柴油车和4辆典型重型液化天然气（liquefied natural gas, LNG）车开展实际道路排放测试,并利用功基窗口法与行程平均法分析其实际道路NO_x、CO、CO₂和颗粒数量（particulate number, PN）排放特性。结果表明：排放后处理技术路线能够有效控制国六重型柴油车在实际道路工况下的NO_x、CO和PN排放;但LNG车的CO排放存在超排放限值的风险,部分LNG车存在NO_x排放超过限值的现象,而PN排放则存在较大不确定性,部分LNG车的PN排放较高。在碳排放方面,LNG车实际道路CO₂比排放较柴油车降低6%~18%,有较为明显的减碳优势。     

油品差异对汽车发动机性能影响的试验研究

国内外汽车用油存在较大差异,为了让国产车更好地满足国外市场需求,以我国出口汽车使用的甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）（体积分数为10%）混合汽油、乙醇体积分数为20%（E20）的含水乙醇汽油和我国92号汽油为对象,基于某排量为2.0 T的汽油发动机台架试验,进行了三种油品对发动机性能影响的分析及验证。通过试验结果对比发现,使用MTBE混合汽油和E20含水乙醇汽油的动力性均低于92号汽油。在经济性方面,E20含水乙醇汽油略低于92号汽油,而MTBE混合汽油能使燃料消耗下降7%左右。在排放性方面,使用E20含水乙醇汽油和MTBE混合汽油对CO、HC的排放都有显著的改善效果,而在低转速、低负荷时对NO_x的排放有一定改善,随着转速和负荷的上升,E20含水乙醇汽油对NO_x的排放改善不明显,使用MTBE混合汽油时NO_x的排放反而变差。     

柴油-甲醇组合燃烧技术在发电机组产品开发中的应用

对一台增压中冷柴油机进行改装,使其采用柴油-甲醇组合燃烧（Diesel-Methanol Compound Combustion,DMCC）方式运行。发动机台架以及装机运行试验的结果表明：发动机的双燃料模式平稳、可靠,动力性与原纯柴油相同,调速特性满足机组使用要求;与纯柴油相比,双燃料模式的燃料经济性在中高负荷时显著提升,在低负荷时较低;双燃料模式下的碳排放比在纯柴油工况下的碳排放降低约11.4%,PM和NO_x排放明显低于纯柴油模式,NO_x排放需要进一步优化;全工况下CO和HC排放量均大幅增加,所以为满足法规需要加装后处理系统;按照机组视在功率为300 kW运行时,双燃料模式的燃料经济性改善14.5%,大幅度降低发电成本。     

内部废气再循环对低负荷火花辅助汽油压燃影响试验研究

在一台装有电液可变气门的单缸发动机上研究了内部废气再循环（internal exhaust gas recirculation, iEGR）对火花辅助汽油压燃（spark-assisted gasoline compression ignition, SAGCI）的影响,并对SAGCI+iEGR、SAGCI（无iEGR）、汽油压燃（gasoline compression ignition, GCI）结合iEGR(GCI+iEGR)3种策略进行了对比。结果表明,随着iEGR率的升高,SAGCI策略自燃燃烧速度加快,稳定燃烧的喷油和点火区域变宽,CO和碳氢化合物总量（total hydrocarbon, THC）排放得到有效改善,但传热损失增加,热效率降低。比较SAGCI+iEGR、SAGCI、GCI+iEGR策略发现,三者均能将低负荷稳定燃烧的界限拓展至循环喷油量15 mg(0.15 MPa平均指示压力),其中SAGCI+iEGR策略能降低进气条件的限制,同时避免高iEGR率的后燃现象,在循环喷油量15 mg的负荷下有最高38.5%的指示热效率,并且排放效果能有效改善。为达到最高热效率...     

国六柴油机轨压和喷油正时对柴油机性能的影响

为优化柴油机性能,基于一台配备了完整国Ⅵ后处理系统的高压共轨直列4缸柴油机,开展了柴油机负荷特性研究,在此基础上研究轨压和喷油正时对柴油机性能的影响。研究结果表明：以适当较小的轨压配合较为提前的喷油正时可以达到较为理想的柴油机油耗及排放;轨压和喷油正时对HC排放的影响较小;轨压对柴油机油耗、排温、NO_x排放、CO排放的影响较大,且在中等偏高负荷时更为敏感,随着轨压增加了57 MPa,柴油机油耗、排温分别下降了16.1 g/（kW·h）、63 ℃,NO_x排放上升了663×10^-6,CO排放下降了785×10^-6;喷油正时对烟度及柴油机氧化催化器前端温度T₄、柴油机颗粒捕集器前端温度T₅、选择性催化还原系统前端温度T₆的影响较大,且在低负荷时更为敏感。随着喷油正时提前6.0°,烟度下降了0.43%,T₄、T₅、T₆峰值出现在轨压为76 MPa且喷油正时为上止点前7.5°时,温度分别为315.3、338.4、329.3 ℃。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.