The individual effects of total quality management on customers,people and society results and quality performance in SMEs

The aim of this paper is to test the individual effects of total quality management (TQM) on customer results, people results, society results and quality performance in a small‐ and medium‐sized enterprise (SME) context. The research is based on information from 85 ISO 9000 certified SMEs in Spain. A number of regression analyses are applied in order to examine the impact of TQM on these four results and identify which factors of TQM have the greatest effect. After analysing the survey data, 10 SMEs were randomly selected for individual visits, in order to check the results. The results show that TQM may improve customer results, people results, society results and quality performance. TQM factors related to training and specialist training are showed to be the most significant predictors of quality outcomes. The contribution of this paper is to study this association in SMEs in Spain. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于Fluent的XPS保温箱温度场数值模拟方法分析

目的保温箱在空载情况下,探究不同模型对保温箱温度场模拟结果的影响。方法对现有保温箱内部温度场进行实测,与建立的保温箱有限元模型进行对比分析,验证模型可靠性,在此基础上进一步探究边界条件、辐射模型、对流模型对保温箱内温度场模拟结果的影响。结果通过验证网格无关性,得到最优流体网格尺寸为2.8mm;边界条件采用恒温固体壁面和对流换热壁面得到的温度场模拟结果最大温差为0.1 K;采用P1辐射、Rosseland、DO辐射和无辐射模型得到的模拟结果与实验结果最大温差分别为1.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.3 K;采用层流模型和湍流模型得到的模拟结果与实验结果最大温差分别为0.6 K和1.9 K。结论随着网格尺寸的减小,温度场模拟数据逐渐趋于平稳;边界条件采用恒温固体壁面和对流换热壁面得到的温度场模拟结果基本一致;对比P1, Rosseland, DO和无辐射模型,P1辐射模型得到的模拟结果与实验结果一致性较好;与湍流模型相比,层流模型得到的模拟结果与实验结果一致性较好。     

基于塑性破坏的承压水基坑突涌计算模型研究

针对软土地区不透水隔水层承压水基坑,从坑底土产生塑性变形破坏的力学机理出发,建立了基于塑性破坏的承压水基坑突涌计算模型,提出了屈服应力比概念和基坑突涌判断标准。用考证实例将模型计算结果与离心试验结果、现场观察结果以及压力平衡理论计算结果进行了比较。结果表明:模型计算结果与离心模型试验结果和现场观察结果比较吻合;而压力平衡理论判断结果与离心模型试验结果和现场观察结果有较大出入。因此,对于软土地区坑底存在不透水隔水层的承压水基坑,采用突涌塑性破坏模型分析基坑抗突涌稳定性是合理可靠的。     

嫦娥一号激光高度计在轨月球高程数据测量不确定度研究

对嫦娥一号激光高度计月球表面在轨高程探测数据进行了误差分析处理和不确定度评定研究。首先,选择了月海平坦地形区域的激光高度计高程数据;然后分析了主要的探测不确定度来源,建立了相应数学模型;最后采用了蒙特卡洛方法(MCM)进行了不确定度评定研究,给出了某些月海区域高程探测不确定度评定结果,并与测量不确定度表示指南方法(GUM)进行对比。研究结果表明:MCM评定方法与GUM方法结果基本一致;处理结果也能和其他月球探测结果进行对比研究,希冀对月球及空间环境有更多、更新的发现。     

封闭空间低频气流调制器喉道的声波特性

采用流体力学和声学相关原理,分析圆孔转动型气流调制器气室压力、喷口流量和喉道声波特性。理论计算与实验结果进行了对,并给出喉道声波的声压级随供气压力、供气流量和工作频率改变的变化规律。结果表明理论计算与实验结果基本符合,增大供气压力和流量可提高喉道声波强度。该分析方法对气流调制器设计有一定的指导意义。     

冷胀孔裂纹寿命增长效果估算模型

本文用含孔边穿透裂纹的冷胀孔、未胀孔剩余寿命之比来评价孔冷胀强化工艺延长裂纹扩展寿命的效果。本文提出把理论计算方法与实验测试结果相结合来确定残余应力场:根据实验测量结果确定冷胀孔塑性区半径:把塑性区半径代入残余应力场的理论计算式中求出残余应力场初形;根据最大残余应力值与材料屈服应力之间的规律关系(由冷胀孔残余应力测试结果得出的)修正已计算出的残余应力场。本文用冷胀孔单边穿透裂纹在等幅循环载荷作用下的裂纹扩展寿命试验结果检验了所提出的模型,此估算模型可较保守而又较充分反映孔冷胀强化工艺对孔边裂纹的增寿作用。     

弹塑性结构的动力学塑性变形的上界

本文借助于虚载荷方法讨论了弹性完全塑性结构在动载荷下塑性变形的上界问题,结出了塑性变形的上界估计式.同时,在假设分段线性加载面的情况下,将结果推广到线性强化结构.此外,本文还给出一例,将所得结果与精确解进行了比较,表明本文的结果有较大的实用价值.     

DCB test simulation of stitched CFRP laminates using interlaminar tension test results

A simulation model for the delamination extension of stitched CFRP laminates and 3-D orthogonal interlocked fabric composites (3-D OIFC) has been developed using a 2-D finite element method incorporating interlaminar tension test results to simulate the experimental results of their DCB tests. The mechanical properties of through-the-thickness fiber were determined from the results of interlaminar tension tests in which the specimen included only one through-the-thickness yarn. The fracture phenomena around the through-the-thickness thread, such as debonding from the in-plane layer, slack absorption, fiber bridging, and the pull-out of broken threads from the in-plane layers, are also introduced into the FEM model. The present FEM simulation results were compared to DCB test results for certain stitched laminates and a 3-D OIFC, and the simulation results showed good agreement with the experimental results of DCB tests, including the load–displacement curve and Mode I strain energy release rate (GI). While it was difficult to estimate GI accurately when the DCB test specimen included different types of z-fiber fracture modes, the present model of FEM analysis can simulate the experimental results of DCB tests of stitched laminates and 3-D OIFC. It is suggested that the GI of CFRP with arbitrary z-fiber densities can be predicted by using this FEM analysis model together with interlaminar tension test results.     

分光光度法测定地质样品中Mo的不确定度评定

通过对分光光度法测定地质样品中钼元素质量比全过程分析,确定了测定结果不确定度的来源并加以评定。采用最小二乘法对标准曲线进行线性回归,通过对2个不同质量分数样品的不确定度评定,证明样品的重复性测定和标准曲线拟合引入的不确定度为总不确定度的主要贡献者,且样品Mo质量分数越低,其相对不确定度越大,这与实验室中的实际测定情况一致。     

Binding energy of liquid4He calculated by the hypernetted-chain method

The hypernetted-chain (HNC) method for quantum many-body calculations is investigated in some detail by means of calculations of the binding energy and the equilibrium density for liquid⁴He. The calculations are done for six different two-body potentials, and the results are compared with experimental results and other theoretical results obtained by the lowest order constrained variation (LOCV) method. Our HNC results are, in general, quite different from the results obtained by the LOCV method—the LOCV binding energies are generally reduced by 2–5 K in the HNC calculations. The results are also very dependent on the chosen potential, especially at high densities.     

基于修正Anderson 模型的冲击载荷下地基振动响应预测方法

提出了一个预测潜在冲击载荷下振动效应的理论模型与现场实测相结合的综合预测方法。通过一系列具有针对性的室外重锤冲击振动试验,以及现场实测数据对Anderson模型进行了验证并修正,然后利用修正的Anderson模型预测冲击荷载的振动效应。将预测结果和现场试验结果进行对比分析,结果表明:预测结果与实测结果吻合较好。     

Coupled thermal–electrical analysis for carbon fiber/epoxy composites exposed to simulated lightning current

A coupled thermal–electrical analysis of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRP) exposed to simulated lightning current was conducted in order to elucidate the damage behavior caused by a lightning strike with the numerical results being compared to experimental results. Based on the experimental results and a preliminary analysis, the specific mechanism of electrical conduction through the thickness direction of CFRP following thermal decomposition was revealed to be a key parameter for accurate numerical simulation. In particular, assuming the electrical conductivity in the thickness direction to be linear with respect to temperature in the range from the epoxy decomposition temperature to carbon sublimation temperature produced reasonable numerical results. The delamination area and damage depth were estimated from numerical results and thermal decomposition behavior of CFRP with the estimated damage area agreeing qualitatively with the experimental results. Numerical results suggest that Joule heat generation significantly influences lightning strike damage.     

Increasing the Reliability of the Primary Processing of the Results of Measurements

A new approach is considered to processing the results of measurements. It is utilized as a basis for carrying out primary processing including the detection and elimination of anomalous measurements and also for cleansing results of additive noise components. The results are presented of an analysis of the efficiency of a method for multiplying estimates when cleansing the results of measurements of additive noise components.     

Prediction of thermal post buckling and deduction of large amplitude vibration behavior of spring–hinged beams

A general energy formulation to predict the thermal post buckling behavior of uniform isotropic beams is presented in this paper. The hinged ends of the beam contain elastic rotational restraints to represent the actual practical support situation. The large amplitude vibration behavior of beams is deduced from the post buckling results. The classical hinged and clamped conditions can be obtained as the limiting cases of the rotational spring stiffness. The numerical results, in the form of the ratios of the post buckling to buckling loads for various maximum deflection ratios, are presented in the digital form. An alternate independent formulation, based on the nonlinear finite element formulation, is also used in this paper to validate the numerical results of the present work. Further, the results for the large amplitude vibrations, deduced from the thermal post buckling results are also presented and these results compare very well with the finite element results, available in the literature, for the large amplitude vibration problem. These comparisons show an excellent agreement not only for the present work on the proposed thermal post buckling formulation but also on the deduced results for the large amplitude vibration of beams with the ends elastically restrained against rotation (spring–hinged beams). The numerical results presented confirm the efficacy of the proposed methodology used for predicting the post buckling behavior and deducing the large amplitude vibration behavior of the spring–hinged beams.     

全预应力砼梁动力性能试验研究

该文进行了2根无粘结全预应力简支梁的动力试验,结果表明:预应力梁的固有频率随着预应力的增加而增加,这与Clough提出的轴力作用下均质、各向同性线弹性材料梁的理论分析结果相反。引起这个结果的因素很多,该文主要通过探讨由弹性模量E的变化来分析引起的刚度的变化,从而导致频率的变化。该文提出了相应的修正公式,并进行了四个公式的计算结果对比。计算表明:该文提供的方法具有较好的适用性,理论分析和试验结果吻合较好。     

两种残余应力测定方法的研究和比较

先用X射线衍射法再用盲孔法测定了同一试样的残余应力,对测试结果进行了分析比较。结果表明：对于残余应力分布不随深度改变的情况,两者结果一致;但对于其他情况,两种方法得到的结果不一致。通过测试残余应力沿试样深度的分布和从原理上比较两种测试方法的不同,得出盲孔法的测试结果受深层残余应力分布影响,而X射线衍射法的测试结果不受其影响。     

不同加载方式下隧道爆破振动特征分析

数值模拟是研究爆破过程的一种重要方法,而模拟爆破结果的可靠性依赖于爆破荷载的加载方式。对几种不同爆破加载方式的要求和特点进行了分析。结合许家坪隧道爆破工程实际,运用ANSYS/LSDYNA动力有限元软件,对三种不同加载方式下的隧道开挖爆破进行了数值模拟,并用现场实测结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:共用节点算法与实测结果最为接近,但计算时间较长,对工程实际中的多炮孔爆破模拟难以实现;炮孔壁上施加三角形荷载与炮孔联心线所在的平面上施加三角形荷载的模拟结果较为接近,两者与实测结果均相差较大,但计算时间及所需内存都较少。对其结果修正后,能达到与实测结果相近的程度。因此,共用节点算法加载方式仅适用于模拟少量炮孔的爆破数值模拟,施加等效荷载方式在模拟实际爆破工程时,适当加以修正,能达到与实际相近的模拟结果。     

外环板式高低梁-方钢管柱节点弹塑性剪切承载力计算

为研究外环板式高低梁-方钢管柱节点的弹塑性剪切承载力,对7个十字形外环板式高低梁-方钢管柱节点进行了低周往复加载试验。基于试验,建立了20个考虑不同参数影响的三维实体节点模型并对其进行了非线性有限元分析。结果表明:通过引入节点单侧最小柱梁强度比概念,可将该类节点的破坏模式分为节点区域整体剪切破坏及节点区域部分剪切破坏,且节点域两侧梁高比（d_b1/d_b2）、外环板尺寸以及钢管柱的宽厚比（D/t）等因素对节点剪切承载力产生影响。基于屈服线理论并结合试验及有限元分析结果,提出了外环板式高低梁-方钢管柱节点剪切承载力计算方法。该计算方法数据特征稳定,建议公式的结果与试验及仿真模拟结果吻合较好,能较精确地评估该类型节点的弹塑性剪切承载力,可供实际工程设计参考。     

激光粒度仪与透射电镜测试结果的比对

为了分析、对比激光粒度仪与透射电镜两种方法对同一颗粒样品粒度测试结果的差异,以氧化锌粉末为研究对象,选择3个不同粒级的样品,采用两种方法分别对其进行粒度测定,并对测试结果进行比较、分析,解释实验现象。结果表明:氧化锌粉末粒径越小,则团聚越明显,造成两种方法的测量值相差越大,3个样品分别相差约760、170、100倍。两种测试方法各有优势,工作中应根据实际情况选择。     

Layer uniformity of glancing angle deposition

Some results of an investigation on the layer thickness uniformity of glancing angle deposition are presented. A zirconia monolayer has been deposited by glancing angle deposition to analyze the layer thickness uniformity. The experimental results indicate that the thickness variation over the substrate is less than 0.1%, which is considered as good uniformity. It is found that the non-uniformity of experimental results is larger than that of the theoretical results.