确定岩质边坡地震安全系数的新方法

地震作用下岩质边坡安全系数是一个随时间变化的函数,如何依据岩质边坡安全系数时程给出边坡在地震作用下的稳定性评价指标,这是一个尚未很好解决的工程难题.基于显式波动有限元方法,给出了岩质边坡动力安全系数时程的计算方法,并引入可靠度的概念,提出了新的边坡动力稳定性评价指标-可靠度动力安全系数,给出了相应的计算方法,即边坡的可靠度动力安全系数等于边坡安全系数时程的平均值减去边坡安全系数时程的标准差与工程可接受的可靠度的乘积,使边坡的动力稳定性评价与工程可接受的风险紧密结合起来.将其应用于某岩质边坡,并与拟静力法的结果进行了比较.结果表明,所提出的边坡动力稳定性评价指标能够较好地考虑工程风险,其计算方法是可靠的,可直接应用实际工程.     

水平地震作用下阶梯式复杂土层边坡动力响应及稳定性分析

针对一阶梯式复杂土层边坡,采用人工修正的加速度时程作为地震输入条件,引入三量放大系数对土坡坡面质点进行地震时程响应分析,并采用Newmark滑块分析法和有限元动力时程分析法计算其稳定性.计算结果表明,在水平地震波作用下,阶梯式土坡坡面质点的水平位移和水平速度随距坡脚的沿坡面距离的增大而增大,且最大值都出现在坡顶,地震加速度放大系数呈不规则分布,受地震累积效应影响,土坡坡面质点三量响应滞后于地震波谱变化;拟静力法计算的安全系数偏保守,有限元动力时程分析法和Newmark法计算后通过处理的各项安全系数结果相近.     

水平与竖向加速度-时程曲线叠加效应下边坡永久位移计算的极限上限分析

实际边坡动力稳定性受地震竖向与水平方向效应共同作用,传统边坡地震永久位移计算方法较少考虑竖向地震波影响,采用实际地震的竖向与水平方向加速度-时程曲线共同效应更符合工程实际。基于极限分析上限法和Newmark刚塑性滑块模型,提出一种基于实际水平向与竖向地震加速度-时程曲线的边坡永久位移计算改进方法,以3个工程边坡为例,探讨了两组具有代表性实测典型水平和竖向地震地面运动记录对边坡地震永久位移计算的影响。研究结果表明:不考虑竖向地震加速度时程曲线时,本文方法可蜕化为与前人方法兼容;不同地震波的竖向与水平地震动时程曲线的叠加效应不同,竖向地震对边坡永久位移的影响不可忽略。     

三维边坡临界地震加速度系数与静态安全系数的关系

现有的理论分析方法主要通过提供各种稳定性系数,例如静态安全系数或临界地震加速度系数实现对边坡稳定性的评估,而关于边坡安全系数与临界地震加速度系数的相关关系的研究较少.本文在极限分析上限分析法的框架下,探讨了三维边坡静态安全系数与临界地震加速度系数之间的关系.基于三维旋转破坏机理,首先,采用拟静力法给出了边坡临界地震加速...     

考虑张裂缝的地震边坡屈服加速度计算方法研究

传统边坡地震稳定性分析方法鲜有考虑土体拉裂破坏引起的张裂缝。基于极限平衡-拟静力法建立了水平地震力和竖向地震力作用下的力与力矩平衡方程,运用变分理论获得其临界破坏面及其对应的正应力分布,考虑土体没有抗拉强度建立考虑张裂缝的地震边坡屈服加速度的闭合解答。张裂缝的出现会显著降低地震边坡的稳定性,对于垂直边坡将达到50%。当边坡坡度较大时,竖向地震力向下作用获得的屈服加速度更小,当边坡坡度较小时,竖向地震力向上作用获得的屈服加速度更小。     

抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性3维极限上限拓展分析

抗滑桩作为常用的边坡加固手段,被广泛应用于工程实践中,其影响下的边坡稳定性分析,具有较高的理论和实践价值。采用极限分析上限法,通过引进参数拓展了边坡3维计算模型,建立了内外功率平衡的边坡安全系数计算框架,并通过优化计算得到一定参数条件下边坡的安全系数上限解和最危险破坏机构形状。在此基础上,分析了抗滑桩加固后边坡破坏模式和稳定性受抗滑桩位置、桩距、坡角、机构限宽等参数的影响规律,并讨论了不同参数条件下破坏面形状的变化规律和边坡稳定性变化的内在机理。结果表明：最安全抗滑桩位置不受机构限宽影响,位于坡面中点与坡顶间的某一位置;当机构限宽较小且抗滑桩位置靠近坡趾时,边坡破坏面通过坡面。抗滑桩位置距离坡趾越远,破坏面越靠近坡面且曲率越大。当桩距较小时,边坡倾向于在抗滑桩位置上方发生次级滑动;边坡整体安全系数随桩距的增大而降低。随着机构限宽的增大,边坡安全系数逐渐降低,并逐渐接近2维破坏机构的安全系数。边坡破坏机构随桩距和机构限宽的增大而增厚。当坡角较小时,边坡破坏面通过坡趾下方。本文方法不仅对边坡破坏机构类型的拓展具有理论意义,而且实现了计算结果的进一步优化。     

临河岩质边坡地震抗倾覆稳定性拟动力分析

基于拟动力法推导出不同工况条件下临河岩质边坡地震抗倾覆稳定安全系数计算公式。通过参数分析,研究不同岩体放大系数下,水平和垂直地震力、张裂缝积水深度、边坡超载、锚固效应、流水淘蚀等对岩质边坡地震抗倾覆稳定性的影响,研究表明,不同工况下,张裂缝积水深度、水平地震力、流水淘蚀不利于岩质边坡地震抗倾覆稳定,但竖向地震力、锚固力、锚固高度、坡顶超载等有利于岩质边坡地震抗倾覆稳定;随着岩体放大系数的增加,水平地震力、竖向地震力对岩质边坡抗倾覆稳定性的影响增大,坡顶超载、张裂缝积水深度、锚固应力、锚固高度、临河水位对岩质边坡抗倾覆稳定性的影响减小,而锚固倾角、坡脚淘蚀高度对边坡抗倾覆稳定性的影响基本不变。     

含锯齿状结构面的岩质边坡稳定性拟动力分析

为了研究含有锯齿状结构面的岩质边坡稳定性，结合锯齿状结构面的剪切强度经验公式，综合考虑结构面参数、锚固效应、地震作用以及地下水位深度等因素的影响，基于改进的拟动力法推导了加锚结构面边坡抗滑稳定性安全系数计算式，并分析了岩石边坡稳定性的影响因素，结果表明：锯齿状结构面的抗剪强度与起伏角呈线性关系，随着起伏角的增大而增大；随着地震系数、滑动面倾角、水位深度、边坡倾角以及土体重度的增加，边坡稳定性降低，随着内摩擦角的增大而提高；锚固力越大，岩体的抗剪强度增大，边坡抗滑稳定性提高，但是锚固角的增大对边坡的稳定性起着负面效应。     

考虑土体强度各向异性的边坡稳定性分析

由于天然土体具有各向异性特征,应在边坡稳定性分析中考虑其影响. 对于黏土材料,将各向异性状态参数定义为材料组构张量与标准化偏应力张量之间的联合不变量,提出在抗剪强度指标c和φ中耦合该参数的表达式,并结合已有的试验结果验证了该公式的有效性. 将各向异性强度参数公式应用于边坡稳定分析,并进行大量计算. 研究表明：对于坡角为14°的缓坡,考虑强度各向异性的影响后,边坡安全系数降低可达22.0%;当坡角增加到55°时,各向同性与各向异性安全系数相对差值略大于8.0%. 即表明土体强度的各向异性对缓坡安全系数的影响比对陡坡的大,尤其对于高而平缓的边坡,这种影响应当引起重视.     

一种基于拉-剪破坏的边坡动力稳定性分析方法

为量化地震作用下边坡的稳定性,优化矢量和方法并计算出相应动态安全系数,基于边坡在地震作用下的破坏模式:坡顶拉裂缝和坡脚剪切裂组合形成的贯通滑动面,推导出拉-剪破坏下矢量和法的安全系数公式,通过自编程序得到边坡潜在滑动面曲线和动力安全系数,并通过算例验证方法的正确性.针对岩质边坡,利用新、旧两种矢量和方法进行动力稳定性分析,结果表明:边坡潜在滑动面会随着地震持续时间向边坡内部走移;两种方法得到的安全系数趋势一致,但拉-剪破坏模式的下滑趋势角度更大;在拉-剪破坏模式下,边坡的安全系数有所降低,其中,边坡的综合安全系数降低了3%,说明原先的方法高估了边坡的稳定性.优化后的矢量和法能够更具体地反应出边坡在地震过程中的稳定状态,为抗震设计提供更加准确的理论指导.     

Limit analysis on seismic stability of anisotropic and nonhomogeneous slopes with anti-slide piles

This study employs the limit analysis method to evaluate the seismic stability of anisotropic and nonhomogeneous slopes stabilized with anti-slide piles. The pseudo-static approach is used to simplify the earthquake load. The yield seismic acceleration factor is obtained from the optimization procedure and the results are verified with the published data. Then, the seismically-unstable slope is reinforced with anti-slide piles, and the seismic stability of the reinforced slope is explored. The results show that the anisotropy and nonhomogeneity of soils have significant effects on the stabilizing force required from the anti-slide piles and the optimal location of the pile is near the toe of the slope.     

饱和黏性土坡的地震稳定状态研究

通过对无限边坡的拟静态平衡分析,探讨了动孔压对饱和黏性土无限边坡的地震稳定状态的影响.分析表明,地震时孔隙水压累积导致的抗剪强度衰减会导致边坡发生永久变形,甚至导致整体滑动破坏,对某些黏性土也可因液化而发生流滑破坏.引入一个黏聚力界限值来区别此类边坡的最终破坏模式,以及两个界限动孔压比值来评价抗剪强度衰减对其破坏机制的影响.最后给出了此类边坡稳定状态的判别图,并建议了分析步骤.     

Seismic stability and permanent displacement of landfill along liners

The three-part wedge limit equilibrium method for seismic stability analysis of the landfill along liners is presented. The approximate solutions of the factor of safety and the yield acceleration coefficient are obtained. Parametric studies show that the interface strength of liners, the shear strength of waste and the height of retaining wall can influence the seismic stability of landfill along liners. The density and the shear wave velocity of the field waste are obtained by the borehole investigation and the spectral analysis of surface wave (SASW), respectively. The strain-dependent shear modulus and damping ratio of the artifical waste are obtained by the moderate-scale dynamic triaxial tests. The one-dimensional (1D) equivalent linear dynamic response analysis is used to calculate the horizontal equivalent seismic coefficient-time history of the sliding landfill during earthquake. The seismic permanent displacement of the landfill along liners with different site conditons and heights is evaluated by the Newmark method. The catculated results show that ratio of k _y/k _max, site conditions, the amplitude and frequency content of the bedrock motion can affect the seismic permanent displacement of the landfill along liners in some degree. Finally, the seismic stability and permanent displacements of three expanded configurations of a certain landfill case are analyzed. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No: 50538080) and National Distinguished Young Scientist Foundation of China (Grant No: 50425825)     

Pseudo-dynamic analysis of overturning stability of retaining wall

A new method was presented to determine the safety factor of wall stability against overturning based on pseudo-dynamic approach. In this time-dependent method, the actual dynamic effect with variation of time and propagation of shear and primary wave velocities through the backfills was considered. Planar failure surface was considered behind the retaining wall. The results were compared with those obtained from Mononobe-Okabe theory. It is found that there is a higher value of safety factor by the present dynamic analysis. The effects of wall inclination, wall friction angle, soil friction angle and horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients on the overturning stability of retaining wall were investigated. The parametric study shows that both horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations have decreasing effect on the overturning stability of retaining wall.     

Shaking table test and numerical simulation on the effect of reinforcement on the seismic safety of dam slopes

The seismic safety of the reinforcement dam slope is studied through shaking table test and numerical simulation.The dynamic characteristics of dam slopes,failure mechanism,seismic stability,as well as the effect of reinforcement during earthquakes are discussed.An elasto-plastic analysis method (FLAC) is used to simulate the dynamic failure process of the reinforcement dam slope.The change law of permanent displacement of dam slope is studied.The effect of the length and the space of reinforcement on the depth of slip surface and the slope stability are investigated.Good agreement is obtained between the numerical results and those from shaking table tests.The results show that the dynamic failure is a gradual process not at a particular time.With the increase of the reinforcement length or the decreasing reinforcement spacing,the slip surface becomes deeper and thus the slope stability is improved.The reinforcement can obviously enhance the overall stability of slope dam.It can also effectively control the shallow sliding of slope.These researches provide basic data for reinforcement measures design of earth-rockfill dam.