网箱养殖刺鲃肌肉营养成分分析及评价

采用常规生化分析方法测定湖南芷江网箱养殖刺鲃(Spinibarbus caldwelli)肌肉(鲜样)营养成分的组成和含量,并对其营养价值进行综合评价。结果表明:网箱养殖刺鲃肌肉中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分的含量分别为73.44%、24.18%、3.63%、1.28%。肌肉中共检测出17种氨基酸,氨基酸总含量(TAA)为18.08%,其中必需氨基酸(EAA)含量为6.70%,占氨基酸总量的37.06%,必需氨基酸(EAA)与非必需氨基酸(NEAA)含量的比值为58.88%,其必需氨基酸比例符合FAO/WTO的理想模式。以氨基酸评分(AAS)评价,Val和Ile为肌肉第一、二限制性氨基酸;以化学评分(CS)评价,Met+Cys和Val为肌肉第一、二限制性氨基酸。必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为58.39,鲜味氨基酸(DAA)含量为6.97%,占氨基酸总量的38.55%。肌肉中检测出饱和脂肪酸(SFA)3种、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA) 3种、多不饱和脂肪(PUFA)5种,共11种脂肪酸。SFA、MUFA、PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的20.56%、54.71%、24.72%,C20:5n-3(EPA)与C22:6n-3(DHA)之和占脂肪酸总量的1.86%。研究表明,网箱养殖刺鲃肌肉具有食用营养价值。     

岷县高原鳅肌肉营养成分分析与品质评价

采用常规生化分析方法测定了岷县高原鳅(Triplophysa minxianensis)肌肉营养成分的组成和含量,并对其营养价值进行综合评价。结果表明:岷县高原鳅(鲜样)肌肉中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、胆固醇、牛磺酸和维生素E的含量分别为75.43%±0.32%、17.87%±0.14%、1.72%±0.01%、1.57%±0.06%、(114.2±0.8) mg/100 g、(2738.4±50.6) mg/kg和(915.1±3.7) μg/100 g。岷县高原鳅肌肉中共检测出18种氨基酸,总含量(TAA)为15.04%,其中必需氨基酸(EAA)含量为5.98%,占氨基酸总量的39.76%,必需氨基酸(EAA)与非必需氨基酸(NEAA)含量的比值为81.47%,其必需氨基酸比例符合FAO/WTO的理想模式。必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为75.40,鲜味氨基酸(DAA)含量为5.21%,占氨基酸总量的34.64%,支链氨基酸(BCAA)与芳香族氨基酸(AAA)的比值F为2.97。肌肉中共检测出16种脂肪酸,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量为26.79%,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量为40.79%,其中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的总含量为28.77%,必需脂肪酸(EFA)含量为10.40%。分析结果表明,岷县高原鳅具有合理的氨基酸和脂肪酸组成,是一种营养成分均衡、营养价值较高且极具市场开发前景的名特土著鱼类。     

金钱鱼肌肉营养成分的分析和评价

为了解金钱鱼(Scatophagu sargus)肌肉的营养价值,采用生化分析手段对生态养殖的2龄金钱鱼进行肌肉营养成分分析和品质评价。结果显示,金钱鱼的肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量分别为72.99%、18.63%、5.13%和1.29%。18种被检出的常见氨基酸中含量最高的4种氨基酸依次分别为谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、赖氨酸和亮氨酸;肌肉干样中氨基酸总量(TAA)、必需氨基酸(EAA)、半必需氨基酸(HEAA)和鲜味氨基酸(DAA)分别为68.99%、26.92%、6.13%和25.38%;EAA/TAA(39.01%)和EAA/NEAA(74.88%)接近于FAO/WHO模式中高质量蛋白质对EAA/TAA的要求(40%左右)和大大超过对EAA/NEAA的要求(60%以上);DAA/TAA为36.80%;根据氨基酸评分(AAS),第一、第二限制性氨基酸分别是缬氨酸和异亮氨酸,而根据化学评分(CS),其第一、第二限制性氨基酸分别是色氨酸和缬氨酸;其必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)、支链氨基酸与芳香族氨基酸的比值(F值)分别为61.41和2.22。肌肉干样中检出7种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、6种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和11种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA);∑SFA、∑MUFA、∑PUFA、∑n3PUFA、EPA+DHA和∑n6PUFA分别为38.27%、34.63%、27.09%、10.11%、7.30%和15.45%,∑SFA/∑UFA和∑n3PUFA/∑n6PUFA分别为0.62和0.65。研究表明,金钱鱼是一种营养价值较高、味道鲜美的优质鱼类,且有一定的保健作用。     

罗非鱼眼的营养成分分析及评价

研究罗非鱼眼的营养成分与营养价值。采用化学与仪器分析法测定了罗非鱼眼中的宏量营养素、氨基酸、脂肪酸、矿物质的含量。结果显示:罗非鱼眼水分含量为50.51%,粗蛋白质含量为7.37%,脂肪含量为40.60%,灰分为0.98%;共检出18种氨基酸,包括8种人体必需氨基酸,其必需氨基酸构成比例基本符合FAO/WHO模式,蛋氨酸是第一限制性氨基酸;脂肪酸中含5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和6种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),分别占脂肪酸总量的46.77%,27.29%,其中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的总量分别为1.06%和2.54%;罗非鱼眼矿物质含量丰富;结果表明罗非鱼眼具有较高的营养价值及深加工潜力。     

河川沙塘鳢肌肉营养成分的分析和评价

为了解河川沙塘鳢肌肉的营养价值,采用生化分析手段对生态养殖的2 龄冬季河川沙塘鳢进行肌肉营养成分分析和品质评价。结果显示,冬季河川沙塘鳢的肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量分别为78.08%、18.26%、1.11%和1.30%。18 种被检出的常见氨基酸中含量最高的3 种氨基酸是谷氨酸、天冬氨酸和赖氨酸;肌肉鲜样中氨基酸总量（total amino acid,TAA）、必需氨基酸（essential amino acids,EAA）、半必需氨基酸（half essential amino acids,HEAA）和鲜味氨基酸（delicious amino acid,DAA）分别为19.47%、7.74%、1.80%和7.09%;EAA/TAA、EAA/非必需氨基酸（nonessential amino acids,NEAA）、DAA/TAA分别为39.75%、77.92%和36.42%;第1、第2限制性氨基酸分别是色氨酸和缬氨酸;必需氨基酸指数和支链氨基酸与芳香族氨基酸的比值（F值）分别为74.86和2.15。肌肉干样中检出6 种饱和脂肪酸（total saturated fatty acids,SFA）、4 种单不饱和脂肪酸（monounsaturated fatty acids,MUFA）和10 种多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFA）;ΣSFA、ΣMUFA、ΣPUFA、Σn-3 PUFA、二十碳五烯酸＋二十二碳六烯酸和Σn-6 PUFA分别为31.83%、20.91%、47.27%、30.60%、23.58%和15.56%,ΣSFA/ΣUFA和Σn-3 PUFA/Σn-6 PUFA分别为0.47%和1.97%。结果表明,河川沙塘鳢是一种营养价值较高、味道鲜美的优质鱼类,且有一定的保健作用;冬季河川沙塘鳢肌肉营养价值高于繁殖季节的,其粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量较高且氨基酸和脂肪酸组成较优。     

不同养殖模式和野生克氏原螯虾肌肉营养成分分析与评价

通过测定池塘养殖模式(pond)、稻田养殖模式(paddy)养殖的克氏原螯虾和野生(wild)克氏原螯虾肌肉营养成分的组成和含量,对其营养价值进行综合评价。结果表明:虾肉粗蛋白质含量表现为稻田组(84.42%)>池塘组(83.59%)>野生组(82.81%)(p>0.05);粗脂肪含量表现为稻田组(2.96%)>池塘组(2.22%)>野生组(1.48%)(p<0.05)。池塘组、稻田组和野生组虾肉中∑TAA、∑EAA、∑EAA/∑TAA、∑EAA/∑NEAA、∑DAA/∑TAA表现为,池塘组>稻田组>野生组(p>0.05)。根据AAS,池塘组、稻田组和野生组虾肉的第一限制性氨基酸分别为Thr、Val、Val,第二限制性氨基酸均为Met+Cys;根据CS,其第一限制性氨基酸均为Met+Cys,第二限制性氨基酸分别为Val、Thr、Val。池塘组、稻田组和野生组虾肉中分别检测出13种、14种和15种脂肪酸,其中∑SFA分为48.06%、44.03%、39.95%(p<0.05);∑MUFA分别为35.48%、31.03%、25.76%(p<0.05);∑PUFA分别为16.46%、24.93%、32.30%(p<0.05);n-3/n-6则表现为野生组(0.18)<稻田组(0.24)<池塘组(0.35)(p<0.05)。综上,养殖组(稻田组和池塘组)克氏原螯虾肌肉的综合营养价值比野生组更高。     

金鲳鱼不同组织脂肪酸组成比较

为提高金鲳鱼加工中副产物的利用率,本实验采用氯仿-甲醇法提取金鲳鱼5个组织部位中的脂质,采用GC-FID法测定各组织脂肪酸组成。脂质含量由高到低依次为:内脏(27.12±7.96) g/100 g>鱼身骨(16.04±3.35) g/100 g≈鱼头(15.88±3.09) g/100 g>鱼皮(11.93±5.72) g/100 g>鱼身肉(5.09±2.13) g/100 g。5个组织脂肪酸组成基本相同,富含油酸(24.31%~25.84%)、棕榈酸(23.16%~25.00%)和亚油酸(19.04%~19.76%)。饱和脂肪酸(SFA)在内脏(35.32%±2.17%)中含量最高,显著高于其它组织(p<0.05);单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)在鱼身骨(34.27%±1.28%)、鱼头(34.56%±1.32%)及鱼身肉(34.34%±1.57%)中含量显著高于内脏(32.68%±1.64%)和鱼皮(33.22%±1.23%)(p<0.05);多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)在5个组织间含量无显著差异;n-3PUFA和EPA+DHA在鱼皮(10.34%±1.76%和6.04%±1.53%)中含量最高,显著高于其它组织(p<0.05)。内脏中SFA(35.32%±2.17%) > MUFA(32.68%±1.64%) > PUFA(31.09%±3.18%);鱼身骨、鱼头及鱼身肉中MUFA > SFA ≈ PUFA;鱼皮中SFA(33.70%±2.22%) ≥ MUFA(33.22%±1.23%) ≥ PUFA(32.07%±3.23%)。因此,金鲳鱼组织脂质营养丰富,颇具开发利用价值。     

网箱海养卵形鲳鲹饲料与肌肉品质评价

本实验结合喂养饲料,对海水网箱养殖卵形鲳鲹肌肉进行常规生化分析,并对其营养品质进行评价。结果表明：饲料蛋白质、粗脂肪含量能满足其生长需求;养殖卵形鲳鲹肌肉中蛋白质、脂肪、灰分和水分含量分别为（19.48±0.15）%、（8.40±0.30）%、（1.34±0.06）%、（70.84±0.06）%,其脂肪含量高于其他鲳鱼;肌肉中氨基酸总量为（66.21±1.17）%（以干基计）,其中必需氨基酸总量为（26.65±0.54）%,鲜味氨基酸含量为（25.50±0.54）%,其必需氨基酸的构成比例完全符合联合国粮食及农业组织/世界卫生组织评价标准,饲料和肌肉第一限制氨基酸均为蛋氨酸;肌肉中共检测出27 种脂肪酸,多不饱和脂肪酸总量（polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA）、二十碳五烯酸（eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（docosahexaenoic acid,DHA）含量分别为（32.72±0.05）%、（0.64±0.04）%和（5.05±0.23）%,其n-6与n-3 PUFA比值、PUFA/饱和脂肪酸总量（saturated fatty acid,SFA）均符合英国卫生部推荐要求。研究表明：养殖卵形鲳鲹肉味鲜美,必需氨基酸含量高、组成均衡,多不饱和脂肪酸、DHA含量较高,具有较高的食用和营养价值;饲料营养成分基本满足卵形鲳鲹生长需求,但若能调整该配合饲料的蛋氨酸含量、n-3系列脂肪酸含量,可进一步提高养殖卵形鲳鲹的肌肉品质。     

海水养殖花鲈和淡水养殖花鲈肌肉脂肪酸组成和含量分析

采用Folch 液回流提取投喂相同配合饲料的海水养殖花鲈和淡水养殖花鲈背部肌肉脂质,脂质经氢氧化钾-三氟化硼法甲酯化后进行气相色谱分析。结果表明：海水养殖花鲈和淡水养殖花鲈肌肉脂肪酸组成存在一定差异。海水花鲈肌肉脂肪酸中单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、n-3 系列多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、EPA(C20:5 n-3)和DHA(C22:6 n-3)含量明显高于淡水花鲈,而饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、n-6 系列PUFA 和AA(C20:4 n-6)含量则低于淡水养殖花鲈。海水养殖花鲈和淡水养殖花鲈肌肉中n-6 和n-3 系列PUFA 比值分别为0.27 和0.42,均远低于HMSO(英国卫生部)推荐的最高安全限值(4.0)。     

天然鱼翅翅针中氨基酸和脂肪酸组成分析与评价

为客观评价天然鱼翅的营养价值,为消费者做出指导,分析和评价了天然鱼翅的关键食用部位——翅针中的氨基酸和脂肪酸组成。氨基酸测定结果显示:镰状真鲨和大青鲨鱼翅翅针中共检出16种氨基酸,种类齐全,其中包含7种必需氨基酸(EAA);其氨基酸总量(TAA)分别为24.76%和23.32%,高于常见经济鱼类肌肉中TAA含量,但其EAA含量远低于常见经济鱼类肌肉中EAA含量,均为4.44%。氨基酸评分(AAS)结果显示:两种翅针除苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸的AAS评分是FAO/WHO评分标准的1.10和1.25倍之外,其余氨基酸的AAS评分均介于0.3~0.6之间,远低于评分标准;亮氨酸为两种翅针的第一限制性氨基酸。化学评分(CS)结果显示:两种翅针的CS评分均介于0.1~0.5之间,远低于标准蛋白(全鸡蛋蛋白)营养价值,亮氨酸或蛋氨酸+胱氨酸为第一限制性氨基酸;必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)评分结果显示:两种翅针的EAAI评分与标准蛋白(全鸡蛋蛋白)相距甚远,且低于几种常见经济鱼类肌肉的EAAI值。综合AAS、CS和EAAI分析结果认为:镰状真鲨和大青鲨翅针的氨基酸营养价值偏低,非优质蛋白质源,其主要限制性氨基酸为亮氨酸和蛋氨酸+胱氨酸。脂肪酸测定结果显示:两种天然鱼翅翅针中共检出4种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和7种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA);其不饱和脂肪酸的含量(MUFA+PUFA)高于饱和脂肪酸(SFA)的含量,且富含花生四烯酸(ARA,分别为9.8%和9.2%)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA,分别为4.2%和5.9%);两种天然翅针的ΣPUFA(n-3)/ΣPUFA(n-6)比值均明显高于FAO/WHO推荐比值(0.1~0.2),说明两种天然鱼翅翅针的脂肪酸营养价值较高。结论:镰状真鲨与大青鲨鱼翅翅针中氨基酸营养价值偏低,并非优质蛋白质来源;但富含人体必需的不饱和脂肪酸,其脂肪酸营养价值较高。     

Beef lipids in relation to animal breed and nutrition in Argentina

Fatty acid (FA) composition of intramuscular fat (IMF) in M. Longissimus dorsi (LD) was measured in 72 steers from Angus (A), Charolais×Angus (CHA×A) and Holstein Argentine (HA) breeds. The steers were allotted to four dietary treatments of six animals each: T1, steers grazed on pasture; T2, steers supplemented with cracked corn grain (0.7% of live-weight) daily and free access to pasture; T3, steers supplemented with cracked corn grain (1% of live-weight) daily and free access to pasture; and T4, feedlot (concentrate based on corn, alfalfa hay and soybean meal without access to pasture). At slaughter weight, samples of LD at the 11th rib were used for intramuscular lipid analysis. The diet was shown to be more important than breed in determining FA composition. Pasture beef had higher percentages of saturated fatty acids (SFA), n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and lower percentages of IMF, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), n-6 PUFA and n-6/n-3 ratios than feedlot beef. HA beef presented lower percentages of SFA and more MUFA with a higher n-6/n-3 ratio than A and CHA×A. Comparing grass and feedlot beef the amounts of FA in muscle (mg/100g) were, respectively 18:3 n-3 (44 vs. 11mg), CLA (20 vs. 12mg), 20:5 n-3 (20 vs. 11mg), 22:5 n-5 (20 vs. 11mg), 22:6 n-3 (12 vs. 6mg) and n-3 PUFA (84 vs. 32mg). Feedlot beef has more SFA (1372 vs. 1081mg), MUFA (1574 vs. 1078mg), PUFA (350 vs. 227mg) and n-6 PUFA (318 vs.143mg).     

Heavy metal contents and chemical compositions of atlantic (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Scomber scombrus</Emphasis>), blue (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Scomber australasicus</Emphasis>), and chub (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Scomber japonicus</Emphasis>) mackerel muscles

The heavy metal contents and chemical compositions among mackerel species were investigated. Atlantic and chub mackerel had higher mercury, but lower lead than blue mackerel. Chub mackerel had the highest crude fat (18.62%) and the lowest moisture (58.29%), whereas blue mackerel had the highest moisture (70.10%) and the lowest crude fat (2.89%). Atlantic and blue mackerel had total saturated fatty acids (SFA)>polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)>monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), whereas chub mackerel had PUFA>SFA>MUFA. The main SFA of the 3 mackerels were 16:0 and the main PUFAs were 22:6n-3 and 20:5n-3. The total amino acid contents in Atlantic, blue, and chub mackerel were 190.63, 169.49, and 172.97 mg/g, respectively. The major amino acids of the 3 mackerels were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, and leucine.     

Fatty acid profile and proximate composition of Pacific mullet (Mugil so‐iuy) caught in the Black Sea

This study demonstrates proximate composition and fatty acid profile of Pacific mullet caught in Turkey. The highest moisture and protein contents were observed with muscle tissues as 83.74 and 10.52%, while the highest fat and ash contents were attributed to female gonads as 11.80 and 0.94%, respectively, with a significant variation amongst months (P < 0.05). Significant variation (P < 0.05) usually occurred amongst months within the same sex for total saturated fatty acids ( ∑ SFA), monosaturated fatty acids ( ∑ MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids ( ∑ PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in muscle, although overall mean values between sexes were not found significant. Except for EPA, no variation observed for gonads while significant changes occurred (P < 0.05) with liver samples amongst months. Overall total values of ∑ SFA, ∑ MUFA, ∑ PUFA, DHA and EPA in muscle samples were 29.59, 29.26, 18.06 and 4.48%, respectively, while in gonads ranged as 30.26–33.23%, 35.17–37.47%, 11.87–14.88%, 4.38–5.34% and 3.02–5.02%. These FAs were 21.57–33.11%, 32.89–50.96%, 14.78–20.08%, 0.89–9.94% and 5.85–9.54% for liver, respectively. The results of this study showed that muscle and gonads of Pacific mullet were rich in n‐3 PUFA, especially, EPA, DHA, increasing the value of this species for human consumption.     

蒙古斑点马不同部位脂肪和肌肉组织中脂肪酸组成的比较研究

通过对蒙古斑点马不同部位脂肪和肌肉组织中脂肪酸组成进行分析比较,旨在明确蒙古斑点马体脂脂肪酸组成特点。选择3 匹成年蒙古斑点马,屠宰后采集肾周、肠周和皮下脂肪以及肩肌、背最长肌和臀肌样品,利用气相色谱法测定脂肪酸组成及含量。结果表明：蒙古斑点马不同脂肪组织中均检出19 种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸（saturated fatty acid,SFA）含量34.77%～37.38%,不饱和脂肪酸（unsaturated fatty acid,UFA）含量达60%以上,UFA中单不饱和脂肪酸（monounsaturated fatty acid,MUFA）含量33.04%～36.39%,多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA）含量26.47%～27.51%,其中皮下脂肪C10:0、C18:0、C20:0含量显著低于肾周和肠周脂肪（P＜0.05）;MUFA在皮下脂肪的沉积程度较其他2 个部位高,但均无统计学差异;PUFA中C18:3 n-3含量最高,其在各脂肪组织间无显著差异。3 个不同部位肌肉中均检出15 种脂肪酸,其中SFA含量占总脂肪酸含量的38.32%～40.04%,MUFA含量占35.70%～40.19%,PUFA含量占15.25%～20.33%;SFA中背最长肌和臀肌C12:0含量显著高于肩肌（P＜0.05）,其余SFA在不同部位肌肉间无显著差异;MUFA中背最长肌C16:1含量显著高于肩肌和臀肌（P＜0.05）;肩肌n-6/n-3 PUFA比值显著高于背最长肌和臀肌（P＜0.05）;皮下脂肪的C18:3 n-3和总PUFA含量显著高于背最长肌（P＜0.05）。综上所述,蒙古斑点马不同部位脂肪和肌肉组织脂肪酸组成各具特点,但UFA含量均较高。     

Determination of the seasonal changes on total fatty acid composition and ω3/ω6 ratios of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) muscle lipids in Beysehir Lake (Turkey)

The muscle lipid and fatty acid composition of carp, Cyprinus carpio in Beysehir Lake the largest freshwater lake in Turkey, was determined. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of carp, the most abundant fish species in Beysehir Lake, were found to be higher than those of saturated fatty acids (SFA) in spring, summer and autumn and also the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in spring and summer. Palmitic acid was the major SFA (14.6–16.6%) in all seasons. Oleic acid was identified as the major MUFA (15.1–20.3%). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was the major PUFA in summer and winter, whereas linoleic acid (LA) was the major PUFA in spring and autumn. The percentages of total ω3 fatty acid were higher than those of total ω6 fatty acid in the fatty acid composition of carp in winter. It was shown that the fatty acid composition in the muscle of carp was significantly influenced by feeding period and seasons.