Results of electric vehicle demonstration at TEPCO

Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), in cooperation with Mitsubishi Motors Corporation, has developed the “Libero” electric vehicle, offering performance and comfort comparable to those of gasoline‐powered vehicles. TEPCO carried out demonstration tests, allocating 28 vehicles to its branch offices for onsite business use in March 1993, and a considerable volume of data was collected. This paper analyzes the results of research in the areas of energy consumption and impact on the natural environment. The evidence obtained suggests that electric vehicles are capable of energy efficiency superior to that of gasoline vehicles, and have less of an impact on the environment. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 127(4): 52–63, 1999     

Analysis of Energy Saving and Environmental Characteristics of Electric Vehicles in Regionally Disaggregated World Energy Model

This paper investigates the impact of an extensive introduction of electric vehicles (EV) and plug‐in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) into the global energy system by 2050. The significant growth of automobile ownership in emerging countries is likely to increase world oil demand and the associated carbon dioxide emissions. In order to address these energy, security, and environmental concerns, the deployment of clean energy vehicles, such as EV and PHEV, is expected to play a crucial role due to their high fuel efficiency. Consequently, we develop both a global energy system model and a world vehicle penetration model, which can explicitly analyze the impact of EV introduction into the seasonal daily electric load curve, with consideration of the specific electricity charging profile through 2050. The simulation results confirm that EV deployment contributes to energy conservation, because oil demand reduction outstrips the growth in electricity demand and the associated fuel input into the power generation mix. Concerning carbon dioxide abatement, the magnitude of the impact relies on the carbon intensity of the power generation mix. If the intensity is low enough to guarantee a carbon mitigation effect due to EV fuel saving, emissions reduction is well assured. It should be noted, however, that in regions with high carbon intensity in the power generation mix, carbon emissions per mileage of EVs is almost equivalent to that of efficient gasoline vehicles such as hybrid vehicles, and the figure for PHEV is slightly higher than for hybrid vehicles. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(4): 20–36, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.22373     

电动汽车在河南的发展

随着能源危机和节能减排的影响,电动汽车作为新能源汽车发展的主流方向之一,越来越受到社会各界的关注。本文对电动汽车和传统汽车进行了对比,从电动汽车在国内外的发展出发,立足河南,对电动汽车产业发展和充换电设施建设进行了介绍。     

新一代电动汽车智能车载终端设计

为支撑当前电动汽车的运营,需要设计新一代的电动汽车智能车载终端。通过借鉴传统车载终端的设计思路,并考虑电动汽车的特性,分析了电动汽车车载终端在当前应用中应实现的基本功能以及未来的功能愿景;在功能需求分析的基础上,设计并实现了新一代电动汽车智能车载终端的软件及硬件架构;为电动汽车车载终端在电动汽车产业中的应用提出了新的思路,为当前电动汽车及动力电池的研究提供了宝贵的实验数据。     

虚拟电厂聚合电动汽车参与碳市场的优化调度策略

虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)作为电网分布式能源管理的重要解决方案,参与碳交易能够充分发挥其环境效益并提升VPP整体收益。结合电动汽车参与核证减排市场的需求,文中提出VPP聚合电动汽车参与碳市场的协调调度优化策略。首先,设计VPP代理电动汽车参与核证减排市场的方案和流程,并通过收取服务费的方式提升VPP收益;然后,分析VPP不同聚合资源的碳排放特性,并采用场景生成法评估新能源出力的波动性;最后,以VPP收益最大为目标,设计VPP参与碳市场的优化模型,同时电动汽车作为可控负荷和储能装置,进一步增加了VPP运行稳定性。算例分析表明,通过VPP对包括电动汽车在内的多类资源进行聚合并参与碳市场交易,不仅可以激励VPP减少传统火电机组的发电量,降低VPP运行时产生的碳排放,还可以利用电动汽车提升VPP运行稳定性,增加VPP收益及社会效益。     

Internally Self‐Sustaining Electric Power Generation

The electrical double layer capacitor‐electrostatic induction electric power generation system (EDLC‐ESIG) undergoes an electric cycle consisting of three steps: energy storage by electrostatic induction, power generation, and initialization by electromechanical coupling. An internally self‐sustaining electric power can be generated by repetition of cycles with periods of the order of seconds. The objective of this paper is to show the design of EDLC‐cell configuration for practical use to produce constant power output. On the basis of energy densities of the conventional EDLCs for energy storage, the volumetric power density has been estimated to be 450 W/L for the discharge time of 10 s. Possibilities of commercial applications of the EDLC‐ESIG system to vehicles and high power generations in central station have been considered with respect to the power densities of the EDLC‐cells consolidated into a generation system.     

基于URLLC技术在电动汽车的应用

电动汽车技术的不断发展和电动汽车应用规模的增大使得研究电动汽车及V2X互动具有重要的意义。同时,随着5G技术的成熟,由5G无线技术的出现带来的超可靠低延迟通信(URLLC)技术,以其超可靠低延迟的特性,将广泛应用于无人驾驶电动汽车领域。文中研究讨论采用F-OFDM降低URLLC时延及应用于无人电动汽车的可行性,提出了5G+V2X网络实现无人驾驶电动汽车的生态网络。采用F-OFDM在原有OFDM载波带宽基础上,划分多个不同参数的子带,对于子带进行滤波。5G+V2X生态网络快速的机动性和下一代无人驾驶电动汽车网络的密集交通推动无人驾驶电动汽车的发展,基于URLLC进行超可靠、低延迟的数据交互服务。     

Optimization strategy for aggregating electric vehicles through VPP to participate in the carbon market北大核心

Virtual power plant (VPP) is an important solution for distributed energy management of power grid. VPP's participation in carbon emission trading can give full play to its environmental benefits and improve the overall income of VPP. Based on the demand for electric vehicles to participate in the certification and emission reduction market, a coordinated scheduling optimization strategy for aggregating electric vehicles through VPP to participate in the carbon market is proposed. Firstly.design a scheme for VPP to represent electric vehicles in the certification and emission reduction market, and increase VPP revenue by charging service fees. Then, analyze the carbon emission characteristics of different aggregated resources in VPP and evaluate the volatility of new energy output by scenario generation method. Finally. with the goal of maximizing VPP revenue.design an optimization model for VPP participation in the carbon market. The aggregation of electric vehicles as controllable loads and energy storage devices can increase the stability of VPP operation. Example analysis shows that aggregating multiple types of resources including electric vehicles through VPP and participating in carbon market can not only incentivize VPP to reduce the power generation of traditional thermal power units and reduce carbon emissions generated during VPP operation, but also improve the stability of VPP operation.increase VPP revenue and social benefits through the use of electric vehicles. © 2023, Editorial Department of Electric Power Engineering Technology. All rights reserved.     

含分布式电源及电动汽车的园区微网优化运行方法

随着分布式发电技术的不断成熟和电动汽车的普及,多能互补微网越来越广泛地应用于各类工业区、商业综合区等独立园区。为实现园区微网内的优化运行,本文针对含风、光、气、电动汽车的微网,建立了考虑经济性和环保性的两阶段优化模型,计及了分布式电源发电约束、电动汽车的充放电约束、出行约束等条件,以达到园区微网内经济性最好且可再生能源利用率最高的优化目标。本文采用自适应遗传算法对优化目标进行求解,通过对算例进行仿真计算,验证了上述模型在不同运行方式下均能实现经济环保优化运行。     

电动汽车充电对区域电网电能质量的影响

随着全球变暖、臭氧层破坏、酸雨以及能源危机所带来的影响日益显著,能源和环境问题已经逐步成为全球关注的焦点,低碳节能已经成为共识。在交通运输方面,汽车尾气排放成为了越来越需要解决的问题,从而推动了新能源汽车的发展,特别是电动汽车的发展。大量电动汽车从电网充电,必然会对电网产生影响。研究大规模电动汽车充电对区域电网电能质量的影响,主要包括谐波影响和电网电压影响。     

配电网对电动汽车可接纳能力分析

随着新能源汽车保有量持续上涨,大规模电动汽车接入对城市配电网的安全稳定运行带来了一定影响,研究配电网对电动汽车可接纳能力十分迫切。该研究基于不同类型电动汽车性能参数和驾驶者行为特性建立了电动汽车充电功率需求模型,分析了一定规模电动汽车接入对配电网日负荷曲线的影响。设置了含电动汽车V2G和DG并网发电4种不同场景,从电压偏差和静态电压稳定极限两个方面定量分析了配电网对电动汽车的接纳能力,以IEEE33节点配电系统为例,对比了4种不同场景下配电网对电动汽车的接纳能力。     

含风电和电动汽车的VPP现货市场投标鲁棒优化模型

当风力发电商(WPG)和电动汽车(EV)聚合商组成的虚拟电场(VPP)参与市场投标时,风电出力的不确定性、预测出力偏差以及市场价格的波动性,都是VPP在参与市场投标时需要考虑的因素。在计及上述因素的影响下,文中研究了由WPG和EV聚合商组成的VPP在日前市场和实时市场的联合竞价模型:假定VPP是价格的接受者,综合考虑日前和实时价格的不确定性,在日前市场中根据风电出力和市场价格的预测结果进行日前竞价,然后在实时市场上参与实时竞价。VPP不但可以通过EV充放电平抑WPG投标偏差,还可以根据价格信号进行充放电投标,实现削峰填谷。通过引入偏差考核机制,在日前和实时市场结束后进行统一结算。基于合作博弈理论,利用Shapley值法将总收益在WPG和EV之间根据各自的贡献进行合理分配。最后,通过算例验证了模型的可行性和有效性,结果表明VPP参与日前和实时市场可以增加收益,降低出力和价格不确定性带来的风险,为新能源参与现货市场的建设提供参考。     

电动汽车与电力系统的交互作用

发展电动汽车产业已成为许多国家应对能源危机和环境污染这两大难题的战略选择, 可入网电动汽车的规模化应用会对电力系统的多个方面带来新的问题甚至挑战。在此背景下, 首先介绍动力电池的研究现状和发展动向, 详细评述现有考虑时空分布的电动汽车集群负荷特性方面的研究进展。之后, 阐述电动汽车规模化应用对电力系统多方面可能带来的影响与挑战, 着重分析电动汽车接入对配电系统的影响, 电动汽车与电力系统的交互与协调问题, 概述对电动汽车充放电管理以改善电力系统运行的安全性与经济性的可能途径。最后, 从用户侧和系统侧简要评述大量电动汽车与电力系统交互所能带来的经济价值。     

计及电动汽车和柔性负荷的微电网能量调度

针对近年来电动汽车(electric vehicle, EV)数量的不断增加和分布式发电的快速发展对电网造成巨大冲击的问题，提出了综合考虑电动汽车和柔性负荷等可控资源的优化调度方案，降低微电网运行成本并减少了对电网的冲击。首先建立考虑电动汽车和各种柔性负荷的“源-网-荷-储”微电网典型拓扑结构。然后对微电网中可调节资源进行建模，并考虑不同渗透率及电动汽车数量下峰谷平时段的重新划分，求解不同渗透率、储能容量及电动汽车数量下微电网的最低运行成本，同时确定最优微电网配置方案。最后通过仿真验证表明，所提优化方案可以在微电网运行成本降低8.1%的同时，将联络线功率波动维持在50 kW以内并且保持较高的柔性负荷用户满意度。     

电动车电池的发展现状

介绍了铅蓄电池、金属氢化物-镍蓄电池、锂离子蓄电池及聚合物锂离子蓄电池、锌-镍蓄电池、锌空电池和氢燃料电池作为电动自行车、电动汽车以及混合电动车动力电源的优缺点;分析了上述蓄电池在电动车上的应用现状和应用前景。     

Charging Load Aggregation Potential of Multiple Electric Vehicles Based on Road Traffic Census Data

High penetration of renewable generation systems will lead to supply–demand imbalances, and will also require output curtailment of renewable power plants. We focused on management of electric vehicle fleet charging which can promote charging during specific time zone for reducing this curtailment. In this study, we evaluated the Charging Promoting Potential (CPP) of passenger electric vehicles (EVs) using optimization model based on the mixed‐integer linear programming. In addition, we also evaluated the CPP of other EVs, such as electric buses and electric trucks. We found that wider zone of the charging promoting time led effective concentration of charging load. Furthermore, we found that the CPP of the electric buses is higher than those of the passenger EVs and electric trucks.     

电动汽车产业发展模式的探索与研究

电动汽车以电代油,能够实现＂零排放＂,是解决能源和环境问题的重要途径。然而,当前电动汽车产业发展仍受诸多技术因素影响,面临很多不确定性,如电池技术、充换电技术、服务定价机制、商业推广模式等,制约着整个电动汽车产业的发展。结合电动汽车产业发展现状,分析当前电动汽车产业发展遇到的问题,提出了电动汽车产业发展的新模式。     

基于电动汽车负荷预测的台区变压器选型策略

电动汽车凭借其特殊的能源驱动方式,可以有效地降低污染排放和提高能源利用效率,但作为一种新型负荷在带来社会效益的同时,也给电网的运行带来了诸多挑战。电动汽车渗透率的提高将引起电力系统整体负荷的增长,进而推动配电网提前改造。因此在进行配电网的扩容与升级时,有必要充分考虑电动汽车的影响。首先分析了电动汽车发展对电力系统的影响以及工程实际中配电网扩容需要考虑的因素。然后分析了电动汽车充电负荷的影响因素,并建立相应的预测模型,基于分析过程选择既可以反映模型参数,又方便采集的可观测量,从而为实现区域内电动汽车的负荷预测提供方向。在此基础上,进一步建立区域的配电网经济模型,指导供电台区内的变压器选型和评价指标的调整,在满足供电可靠性的前提下,提高电网的适应性和经济性,进一步促进电动汽车与电网的协同发展。     

基于V2G技术的电动汽车实时调度策略

随着电动汽车逐渐普及,其对电网的影响也不断扩大。为加强电动汽车与电网间协作,充分利用电动汽车在电网能量调度中的高度灵活性,提出一种基于V2G技术的电动汽车实时调度策略。首先以降低充电成本和网损成本为目标,建立电动汽车调度模型。然后通过构建网损灵敏度指标分析电网节点性能,基于电网负荷制定分时电价,通过潮流计算和凸优化算法实时求解得到电动汽车充放电策略。最后以IEEE 33节点配电网为例验证了所提策略可以有效降低充电成本与网损成本,同时分析了电动汽车渗透率、V2G占比对车网协作效果的影响。     

电动汽车基础设施投资成本—效益动态综合评估框架

构建了一个以政府部门为主导的多部门的电动汽车基础设施投资成本—效益动态评估框架,综合评估电动汽车规模化发展对交通运输部门和电力企业以及整个社会的成本—效益影响。