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1.
A new perspective on the regional and global strategies of multinational services firms 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Abstract and Key Results
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| • | We explore the differences in international strategy between multinational enterprises (MNEs) in services and manufacturing, especially in terms of their international diversification, as measured by their sales and asset dispersion. |
| • | Our longitudinal data show that the largest MNEs in services have a much stronger home-region orientation than manufacturing MNEs. Large MNEs in the services sector average 83.9 percent of their sales in their home region, which is significantly higher than large manufacturing firms at 65.6 percent. |
| • | We explore the possible reasons for the relative lack of globalization of services firms. The two main reasons are: the difficulty of adapting separately upstream activities and downstream activities in high distance host environments, and the difficulty of selecting activity locations as a function of supply side criteria. |
| • | We offer a refinement of regional strategy theory applicable to services MNEs. |
2.
Understanding Decisions to Internationalize by Small and Medium-sized Firms Located in an Emerging Market 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
| • | We examined perceptions differentiating key Colombian decisionmakers in 168 SMEs who decided to either internationalize or remain domestic. An integrative model compares managerial perceptions of competitive, macro-environmental and neo-institutional factors. |
| • | Foreign MNEs in the home market significantly differentiated decisions to internationalize, as well as the presence of internationalizing domestic competitors, anticipated product acceptance, and internationalizing suppliers. |
| • | The lack of findings for some institutional and macro-environmental factors may reflect important contextual features of the Colombian business environment. |
3.
Abstract and Key Results
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| • | MNEs are moving away from a ‘centralised hub’ to a ‘multi-hub’ network of R&D units. Using evidence from European pharmaceutical MNEs, this study analyses the challenges associated with promoting and integrating knowledge flows in multi-hub R&D organisational structures. |
| • | While these new structures provide greater potential for cross-fertilization of technologies and access to location-specific competences, firms also need to overcome greater levels of inter-unit geographical, organisational and technological distance. Firms also suffer from organisational inertia, which further hinders lateral communication and inter-unit knowledge transfer. |
| • | There are important variations in the way in which integrated network structures have been implemented, but in general, these new structures have increased the need for coordination mechanisms, but ironically most companies have reduced or eliminated this ‘traditional’ headquarters function. |
| • | While socialization mechanisms help to overcome some of these bottlenecks, there remain a number of obstacles in optimising knowledge flows in physically and technologically dispersed R&D facilities. |
4.
Factors affecting perceptions of the choice between acquisition and greenfield entry: The case of Western FDI in an emerging market 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Abstract and Key Results
相似文献
| • | This study provides a comprehensive account of foreign establishment mode strategies of firms investing in Turkey. The results of the logistic regression modeling provide support to the hypothesized relationships that take into account the impact of host country specific motives of MNEs on their choice between acquisitions and greenfield investments. |
| • | The host country motives quality of inputs and market potential have significant negative coefficients, indicating that an MNE will favor the acquisition mode over a greenfield mode as the relative importance of both motives increases. |
| • | The host country motive of investment risk has a significant positive coefficient, which increases the likelihood of the venture being a greenfield investment. |
| • | Our results also show that the main investing firm specific and subsidiary level determinants of FDI modal choice identified in prior research also influence the establishment mode choice of Western MNEs when investing in Turkey. Parent diversity, previous commercial association, ownership pattern and resource-intensiveness of the target industry have the expected impact on the foreign investor’s choice between a greenfield investment and an acquisition. |
| • | No support is found, however, for the impact of cultural distance and foreign parent size on establishment mode choice. Similarly, the control variables of home region of the investing firm, timing of entry and industrial sector of investment do not affect modal choice. |
5.
6.
Robert Pearce 《Management International Review》2009,49(1):81-94
| • | The processes of globalisation open up new potentials for MNE participation in the development of small economies. Thus the pursuit of global competitiveness by MNEs, operating through a range of strategic motivations, can be supported by different types of affiliates that can be based on the potentials of small economies. |
| • | Efficiency seeking operations of MNEs can benefit from cost-effective inputs of small economies (as, for example, in export processing zones) and activate their export potentials. |
| • | Knowledge seeking by MNEs can be generated interdependently with the creation of localised systems of innovation that support bases of sustainable development in small economies. |
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7.
| • | This paper revisits the mainstream academic perspective on the relationship between multinationality and performance (MP). We argue that most, if not all, past empirical work on this international management topic is flawed from a conceptual perspective since there is no valid theoretical rationale that would predict a generalizable MP relationship. |
| • | We suggest that useful empirical work on the MP linkage requires prior analysis of the key parameters underlying the substance of the multinationality concept in specific empirical settings. We revisit the MP relationship, and elaborate on three key parameters underlying the substance of the multinationality concept: Variety of strategic motivations for FDI, environmental complexity resulting from bundles of discrete FDI decisions, and organizational complexity. |
8.
Abstract and Key Results
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| • | This study discusses the underlying reasons for the variant nature of the relationship between multinationality and firm performance in the context of service firms. |
| • | To date, this line of research has mostly used evidence from manufacturing firms, despite the ever-increasing contribution of service firms to national and global economies. |
| • | We conduct an exploratory study using case analyses of large European retail banks. We argue that the nature of the multinationality-performance relationship for services is moderated by industry characteristics, market-based factors and firm-specific factors. |
| • | We conclude that the shape of the curve depicting the multinationality-performance relationship of retail banks experiences substantial variations on a single case level. |
| • | Our exploratory study of retail banks shows that the multinationality-performance relationship varies significantly depending on banks’ strategic decisions regarding branch network configurations, product portfolios, branding strategies, organizational architecture (HQ-subsidiary relationship), and social networks. Any generalization of the relationship is difficult and prone to error. |
9.
| • | This paper examines the conditions under which corporate social responsibility (CSR) is related to value creation in the multinational enterprise (MNE). |
| • | Following prior work by Burke and Logsdon (1996), we examine the relationship of centrality, appropriability, proactivity, visibility, and voluntarism to value creation. |
| • | The results of a survey of 111 MNEs in Mexico suggest that centrality, visibility, and voluntarism are related to value creation. |
10.
Abstract and Key Results
相似文献
| • | This paper focuses on the overall themes of the issue to examine the interrelationships between innovation, competition and regulatory change in international business. |
| • | It provides a synthesis by highlighting recent interlinked developments in two contrasting industries dominated by large multinationals — pharmaceuticals and automotives, with specific reference to cars. |
| • | This industry based assessment highlights the technical, economic and regulatory forces that have together changed the business environment, innovation processes and nature of competition in the pharmaceutical and automotive industries. |
11.
Abstract and Key Results
相似文献
| • | This study examines the performance impacts of entry mode choice based on the perceptions of managers of a large sample of foreign MNEs in South Korea. Using an extended transaction costs model, an evaluation of performance relative to predicted entry mode is carried out. |
| • | We find that affiliate performance is a multidimensional and complex phenomenon, which may be properly explained by multiple factors, including the coordination and control of the affiliate by the MNE, that go beyond initial entry mode choices. |
| • | Foreign MNEs following the entry mode predicted by the extended transaction costs model showed poorer performance than non-followers in respect of non-financial performance. However, no significant differences were found for financial performance. The findings appear to reinforce a recent call to re-examine transaction costs theory and lend further support for incorporating additional potentially important determinants of affiliate performance. |
12.
L. Vasil’ev D. Nikanpour A. Antukh K. Snelson L. Vasil’ev A. Lebru 《Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics》1999,72(3):572-577
Conclusions The conclusions are summarized as follows:
Finally the advantage of no moving parts makes this cooler/heater attractive for space and domestic applications.
Academic Scientific Complex “A. V. Luikov Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus,”
Minsk. Published in Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 595–600, May–June, 1999. 相似文献
| – | • The operation of a new three-salt-carbon chemical heat pump was experimentally verified. |
| – | • A heat output of 1.5 kW was tested with a temperature lift near 100°C with a COP equal to 1.44 without heat recovery. |
| – | • With heat-pipe heat recovery the COP of this system can be increased to 1.62. |
| – | • The efficiency of this heat pump can be increased if for the bottom cycle a condenser and a capillary pumped evaporator are used. |
| – | • To increase the cycle efficiency it is necessary to improve the design of the adsorber, increase the number of salts with different temperature lifts, and use a convective mode for sorbent-bed heating. |
| – | • A four-salt heat pump could potentially be used to increase the COP of the system further, provided other parasitic losses can be reduced. |
13.
| • | We pursue the previously-noted association between brands and counterfeiting one step further to examine the relationship between brand positioning and anti-counterfeiting, based on a study of 130 well-known foreign brands in China. |
| • | We test hypotheses about managerial perceptions as to the effects of different brand positioning strategies on the effectiveness of their actions to counter counterfeiting, in other words, whether branding positioning can help to stop counterfeiting, limit damage to firms and maintain brand reputation. |
| • | Our findings confirm that brand positioning affects anti-counterfeiting effectiveness. Specifically, product reliability and customer services are compatible with efforts to stop counterfeit production, but innovative technologies and product features and functions appear to exacerbate the problem. |
14.
| • | Employing detailed industry-level data, this paper examines the country-of-origin effects of foreign direct investment in China. |
| • | The analysis demonstrates that there are significant differences in behaviour between investors from non-Chinese Western (NCW) source countries and those from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan (HMT). |
| • | The findings show that NCW investors target local market, while HMT investors are export-oriented. Furthermore, NCW firms are more responsive to local labour quality and technological capability than their HMT counterparts. |
15.
Yoshitaka Yamazaki 《Management International Review》2010,50(1):81-108
| • | This study investigates expatriate adaptation using a sample of Japanese expatriates in the US. For a comprehensive understanding, home managers in Japan and host managers in the US were also used. |
| • | This study is unique in that it examines expatriate adaptation through an analysis of the change of a fit between 12 learning skills and the skills demands. |
| • | The degree of expatriate adaptation increased in accordance with the length of the current overseas assignment tenure in the host country, along with an increase in job satisfaction. |
16.
| • | This paper explores the organizational adjustment in host regions when MNCs switch from their original strategy to a regional strategy. |
| • | MNCs set up sub-regional headquarters (e.g., Greater China sub-regional headquarters) under a regional headquarters (e.g., Asia regional headquarters). A sub-regional headquarters replaces a regional headquarters directly managing subsidiaries within the sub-region. |
| • | The emergence of sub-regional headquarters is in response to the need for a balance between global integration and local responsiveness. An increasing number of decisions are made by sub-regional headquarters, instead of by subsidiaries, a parent, or regional headquarters. |
| • | Industry characteristics and firm’s specific advantages (FSAs) affect the delegation of authority from a parent to regional and sub-regional headquarters. |
17.
The importance of language in international knowledge transfer 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Abstract and Key Results
相似文献
| • | In this article, we examine the effects of language on the transfer of knowledge within multinational companies. We unbundle language from the culture box and use the basic communication model to show how language affects all stages. |
| • | We also examine a range of influences — cost, transfer medium, teams, networks, trust, staff movements and motivation — on international knowledge transfer to demonstrate how language effects their operation. |
| • | We develop the concept of language as a “reconfiguration agent” to explain its extensive, pervasive, on-going and system-altering characteristics. |
18.
Christos N. Pitelis 《Management International Review》2009,49(1):95-120
| • | We explore the role of foreign direct investment and (its relationship to) clusters for the competitiveness (and catching-up) of small(er) developing countries. |
| • | We suggest that while size per se need not matter, small(er) developing countries need to explicitly account for any liabilities of smallness when devising and implementing strategies for competitiveness and catching-up. |
| • | We claim that international strategic management scholarship can add insights on this important issue, by complementing extant literature and contributions by international trade and economic development scholarship. |
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19.
Abstract and Key Results
相似文献
| • | This paper introduces innovation, competition and regulatory change as dominant themes in international business. |
| • | These themes represent focussed trajectories for future research despite diversity in their causes, processes and consequences and the interactions between them which reflect the increasingly complex environment in which managers operate. |
| • | This diversity and the significant interactions between the three areas pose a challenge to scholars, with current research both shedding light on particular aspects and on the interactions between the elements in applied settings as demonstrated by the contributions to this focused issue. |
20.
| • | Analyzing the nature of competitive interaction among multinational firms in the tire industry, we find that the histories of the interactions between particular rivals matter. |
| • | The decision to enter a new foreign market in the era of global consolidation is related to the identities of rivals in the market, characteristics of the firm and the market, and the extent of past competitive interactions with the international pioneering firm. |
| • | Results suggest that, in an oligopolistic environment, aspects of multimarket competition are important to foreign direct investment decisions. |