Differential emotions theory and the facial feedback hypothesis of emotion activation: Comments on Tourangeau and Ellsworth's "The role of facial response in the experience of emotion."

Argues that R. Tourangeau and P. C. Ellsworth's (see record 1981-00499-001) version of the facial feedback hypothesis cannot be equated with the feedback hypothesis elaborated in differential emotions theory. There were also problems in research strategy and in drawing inferences from the data. Their procedure for manipulating facial expressions could not be expected to produce expression-specific emotions, and their conclusions did not adequately consider such uncontrolled factors as differences in voluntary and involuntary expression and the existence of micromomentary and covert expressions. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The real role of facial response in the experience of emotion: A reply to Tourangeau and Ellsworth, and others.

10 published studies indicating that manipulated facial expressions do produce corresponding emotional experience are contrasted with R. Tourangeau and P. C. Ellsworth's (see record 1981-00499-001) failure to demonstrate this relation. Six other studies using a different but theoretically consistent paradigm also demonstrate facial feedback effects. Related results in many of these 16 studies effectively rule out experimental demand as an explanation and instead suggest similarities in process between facial feedback and hunger, attitude change, and self-evaluation. (41 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Methodological problems in Tourangeau and Ellsworth's study of facial expression and experience of emotion.

Argues that flaws in the method of R. Tourangeau and P. C. Ellsworth's study (see record 1981-00499-001) undermined their test of hypotheses derived from theories of emotion. Tourangeau and Ellsworth did not manipulate facial movements into valid analogs of emotional expressions, so failure to confirm the sufficiency hypothesis is uninformative. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The role of facial response in the experience of emotion: A reply to Tourangeau and Ellsworth.

Replies to R. Tourangeau and P. C. Ellsworth (see record 1981-00499-001), who tested a hypothesis about the role of voluntarily innervated facial responses in the experience of emotion and disconfirmed that hypothesis. The present author's theory would also have predicted that their hypothesis would be disconfirmed. The value of the technique of voluntary simulation of facial responses for the study of innate affects is seriously questioned. (5 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A rejoinder to Notarius.

Responds to C. I. Notarius's (see record 1984-11607-001) rebuttal of the present author's (see record 1984-11616-001) criticisms of a study by Notarius et al (see record 1983-05644-001) which supported the discharge model of the facial expressivity/physiological reactivity relationship. It is concluded that only when all data from the Notarius et al study are examined will one know what their results have shown. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Bridging the research traditions of task/ego involvement and intrinsic/extrinsic motivation: Comment on Butler (1987).

In an experiment on the effects of different feedback conditions on motivationally relevant variables, R. Butler (see record 1988-21628-001) tested the hypothesis that the effects of feedback on intrinsic motivation would depend on whether that feedback promotes a task-involving or ego-involving orientation. She interpreted the findings as they relate to J. G. Nicholls's (see record 1984-28719-001) theory of task/ego involvement and our cognitive evaluation theory (E. L. Deci and R. M. Ryan, 1985). Although the data were very interesting, Butler failed to review a series of highly relevant studies, she misportrayed cognitive evaluation theory, and she drew conclusions that were not necessarily warranted given her experimental manipulations and data. This article provides a commentary on that research and presents a discussion of the relation between the two theories that Butler claimed to have tested. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Neuropsychological correlates of asthma: Effect of hypoxia or drugs?

The neuropsychological deficits seen in asthmatic children are thought by W. M. Suess and H. Chai (see record 1981-10731-001) to be possibly a function of certain antiasthma medication. It is argued that a study by the author and L. E. Baade (see record 1980-12219-001) on neuropsychological adaptive behavior patterns of asthmatic children does not support this hypothesis. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some comments about cognitions as causal variables.

Notes problems with the position forwarded by I. S. Schonfeld (see record 1990-31203-001) that cognitive behaviors may play a role in antisocial behaviors. A longitudinal study by L. R. Huesmann et al (see record 1987-15097-001) is cited that is not consistent with Schonfeld's hypothesis but is consistent with the hypothesis presented by G. R. Patterson et al (see record 1989-26278-001) that achievement failures are the result of antisocial behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Illusory correlation and the MMPI controversy: Reply to some of the allusions and elusions in Block's and Edwards' commentaries.

In 1890 J. G. Frazer described magical thinking as a failure to distinguish between the concepts of similarity and contiguity on the one hand and the concept of causation on the other. Objects and events that resemble one another or have been in contact are thought to influence one another. The "illusory correlation" interpretation discussed in the present author's paper (see record 1978-20145-001) is a more recent version of Frazer's magical thinking hypothesis. Resemblance is not a good predictor of co-occurrence likelihood in the real world; nonetheless, objects and events that resemble one another are said to go together despite experience to the contrary. The illusory correlation interpretation is explicated with reference to A. L. Edwards's (see record 1978-20107-001) and J. Block's (see record 1978-20097-001) critiques. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effects of age and gender on perceived facial attractiveness: A reply to McLellan and McKelvie.

Comments on B. McLellan and S. J. McKelvie's study (see record 1993-45212-001) investigating the effects of age and gender on attractiveness of photographs of faces. The results of this study are challenged in the context of sociobiological theory for the following reasons: (1) the implicit assumption that facial attractiveness can be used as an indicator of human mate choice is questionable; (2) age categories of Ss choosing photographs of faces were too broad to test the validity of a sociobiological hypothesis; and (3) results were not accurately interpreted. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Support for the discharge model of emotion: A reply to Zuckerman.

Responds to criticisms by M. Zuckerman (see record 1984-11616-001) of a study by the present author et al (see record 1983-05644-001) which reported evidence in support of the discharge model of the relation between facial expressivity and physiological reactivity. It is argued that Zuckerman's challenge to the Notarius et al study and conclusions is unfounded for 2 reasons: (a) Zuckerman's critique contains several interpretative errors of the Notarius et al study, and (b) subsequent data analysis, recommended by Zuckerman, overwhelmingly supports the original interpretation of the study. (2 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Academic expectations, attributed responsibility, and teachers' reinforcement behavior: A suggested integration of conflicting literatures.

Replies to W.-U. Meyer's (see record 1979-29550-001) criticisms of the methodology of the present authors' (see record 1978-08780-001) study of teacher performance expectations and reinforcement behavior. Several counter-arguments are presented, and an integrative interpretation of the conflicting feedback literature is offered. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Context and serial-order effects in personality measurement: Limits on the generality of measuring changes the measure.

It has recently been argued that the process of measuring personality constructs changes the consistency of responses to items. E. S. Knowles (see record 1989-00043-001) showed that items appearing later in a questionnaire are more related to total score than items appearing earlier. J. C. Hamilton and T. R. Shuminsky (see record 1991-08792-001) offered empirical support for the hypothesis that level of self-awareness is responsible for this serial-order effect. The present study investigated the generality of the proposition that measuring personality constructs using a self-report questionnaire changes the construct measured. With techniques of item response theory (IRT), it was found that the findings of previous investigations may be explained by more specific item-context effects due to both the item's content and serial position. These findings are discussed within a framework that uses IRT to test hypotheses about item-context effects and personality measurement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Response expectancy and phobic anxiety: A reply to Wilkins and Bandura.

Responds to W. Wilkins's (see record 1987-09397-001) and A. Bandura's (see record 1987-09389-001) comments on the present author's (see record 1986-13702-001) study of expectancy modification, suggesting that (1) the procedures used as expectancy controls by Wilkins render implausible his hypothesis that expectancy changes are epiphenomena caused by Ss' observation of their improvement and (2) Bandura has misrepresented the present author's position and then argued against it. (33 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Innate and universal facial expressions: Evidence from developmental and cross-cultural research.

The idea of innate and universal facial expressions that have links with human emotions was given the scientific hypothesis by Darwin (1872/1965). Substantial evidence, old and new, supports his hypothesis. Much of the evidence is independent of language, but J. A. Russell's (see record 1994-20274-001) criticisms of the hypothesis focus on language-dependent data. It is argued that Russell's critique was off target in that his arguments relate only to a hypothesis of the universality of semantic attributions and overstated in that he used questionable logic in designing studies to support his claims. It is also argued that Russell misinterpreted the relation between the universality hypothesis and differential emotions theory. Finally, new evidence is presented that supports the Darwinian hypothesis of the innateness and universitality of the facial expressions of a limited set of emotions and the efficacy of the most commonly used method of testing it. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Formulations théoriques contemporaines en motivation intrinsèque: Revue et critique.

Reviews recent theoretical formulations on explaining and predicting the effects of reinforcement on intrinsic motivation. Included are the overjustification hypothesis of M. R. Lepper et al (see record 1974-10498-001), cognitive evaluation theory of E. L. Deci and R. M. Ryan (1975, 1980), the competing response hypothesis of S. Reiss and L. W. Sushinsky (see record 1975-28914-001), and the delay of gratification hypothesis of W. Mischel et al (see record 1972-20631-001). Cognitive evaluation theory was found to provide the most complete theory in that it generates predictions of both decreases and increases in intrinsic motivation. Little conceptual evidence was found for the major theoretical formulations, and the use of an interactional paradigm in future research is stressed. (73 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Comments on three recent subliminal psychodynamic activation investigations": Rejoinder to Oliver and Burkham and to Porterfield.

Considers the replies of A. L. Porterfield (see record 1986-11991-001) and J. M. Oliver and R. Burkham (see record 1986-11985-001) to the critique of the present author (see record 1986-12007-001). The original criticisms are seen as valid. A critical deficiency in the design of Porterfield and S. L. Golding's (see record 1986-11992-001) study is viewed as disqualifying it as a fair attempt at replication. It is suggested that although Oliver and Burkham's (see record 1983-01571-001) study was well-designed, statements made in their write-up are unwarranted. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Depression and the search for negative evaluations: More evidence of the role of self-verification strivings.

W. B. Swann et al (see record 1992-27469-001) suggested that depressed and dysphoric persons verify their self-conceptions by seeking rather negative appraisals. J. M. Hooley and J. E. Richters (see record 1992-27439-001) and L. B. Alloy and A. J. Lipman (see record 1992-27420-001) have worried that (1) idiosyncratic features of the Swann et al participants and design may have produced their effects and (2) Swann et al presented no evidence that self-verification strivings are motivated. The authors address these issues empirically. Study 1 showed that 20 dysphoric participants preferred interacting with a person who appraised them unfavorably over participating in another study, in comparison with 30 nondysphorics. Study 2 revealed that 26 dysphoric persons responded to feedback that challenged their negative self-view by working to reaffirm their low self-esteem, in comparison with 47 nondysphorics. These findings support the notion that at some level depressed and dysphoric persons want rather negative appraisals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Proprioception versus motor outflow in timing: A reply to Jones.

Discusses B. Jones's (see record 1973-20006-001) argument that the motor outflow hypothesis should be considered a rival to the proprioceptive feedback interpretation of the motor response timing data reviewed by Schmidt. However, with no data ruling in favor of motor outflow over proprioceptive feedback for timing, and with other peripheral feedback channels (e.g., vision) known to be mechanisms for timing, the proprioceptive feedback explanation is favored over motor outflow. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Voice recognition and self-deception: A reply to Sackeim and Gur.

H. A. Sackeim and R. C. Gur (see record 1985-22770-001) rejected the present authors' (see record 1983-29703-001) claim that voice recognition is inadequate as a demonstration of self-deception and presented evidence to support their position, especially with reference to the motivational aspects of self-deception. It is argued that Sackeim and Gur's (see record 1979-26213-001) data do not necessarily require the operation of a self-deception process. Sackeim and Gur argue that Ss' reports and their GSRs are both measures of recognition. They claim that when people are faced with their own tape-recorded voices, the overt and covert measures of recognition often do not coincide, and this lack of agreement implies that self-deception is operating. It is asserted that the evidence cannot be regarded as watertight, because almost exactly the same results are obtained when the target is a voice that is not their own. It is also contended that motivational manipulations fail to provide firm evidence for the self-deception hypothesis. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)