转炉高效化生产实践

通过开发应用智能物流高效衔接技术、精准留渣冶炼技术、钢中有益元素高效利用技术、转炉均衡冶炼控制技术，使转炉生产效率、各项指标明显提升，实现了转炉高效低成本冶炼，使炼钢工序成本达到国内领先水平。     

大型转炉炼钢新技术系统开发、创新与应用

武钢第三炼钢厂自投产达产以来，以生产高技术含量，高附加值产品为目标，瞄准国际先进水平，依靠本厂的力量，围绕洁净钢生产技术，转炉计算机控制炼钢技术，转炉长寿炉龄和长寿复吹技术、转炉负能炼钢技术，全连铸生产组织动态管理技术等进行了一系列的技术开发，创新和应用，使大型转炉炼钢的整体技术水平不断提高，扩大了品种，改善了质量，降低了消耗，提高了武钢的核心竞争力。     

广钢45t转炉四孔氧枪的设计及应用

根据转炉炉型的工艺参数，设计出满足实际工况的四孔氧枪，保证了转炉的冶炼特性，改善了转炉的综合技术经济指标，提高了转炉的经济效益。     

提高30t氧气顶吹转炉炉龄实践

介绍了转炉高作业率条件下，通过优化工艺操作，改善溅渣效果，强化炉型控制等技术和管理措施，在确保转炉安全、高效、经济运行的前提下，实现了转炉炉龄的大幅度提高。     

计算机网络技术在转炉生产中的应用

主要介绍转炉生产的工艺流程以及计算机网络技术在转炉生产中的应用。着重分析PLC工作站、HMI操作站之间的数据交换，建立分布式I／O的思想和方法，一级机和二级机网络的构成及功能，以及网络技术在我厂应用后对转炉生产产生的效益。     

高炉龄条件下转炉复吹透气元件使用寿命的改善

在转炉炉龄大幅度提高后，针对复吹技术应用出现的问题，采取了一系列有效措施，使转炉复吹透气元件寿命达2000炉以上，冶金效果明显，为高炉龄条件下转炉复吹技术的应用创造了条件。     

转炉炼钢发展趋势

从世界范围来看，自从顶底复吹技术取得成功后，转炉炼钢技术还没有取得革命性的进步；可以预见，在相当长的一段时间内，转炉炼钢技术将不会有革命性的突破。今后，转炉炼钢的发展将主要在一些重要技术方面取得进展，概括起来有以下几个方面：     

转炉双联法冶炼新工艺技术及其特点

本文主要阐述转炉双联法冶炼工艺，重点介绍和分析转炉法脱磷、转炉顶底复吹和少渣冶炼等有关技术及其特点。文中列举和引用了部分日表钢铁企业采用转炉双联法冶炼工艺的技术参数，说明转炉双联法冶炼工艺在提高生产效率、提高产品质量、降低生产成表和减轻环境污染等方面具有一定优势。     

综合节能新技术在铜镍卧式转炉改造中的推广应用研究

卧式转炉是铜镍冶炼的重要设备之一，我国几乎全部铜镍冶炼产品都是通过卧式转炉吹炼的。本研究报告对我国老式转炉存在的主要问题、新型转炉的技术特点以及科研开发成果进行了调查研究；对新老转炉产生的社会经济效益进行了对比分析，提出了推广应用新设备的建议。     

电除尘在太钢转炉煤气净化系统的应用

转炉煤气电除尘技术普遍应用，介绍了太钢回收转炉煤气的工艺技术特点、运行故障和处理方法，总结了运行经验。     

某铀矿区水稻土—地表水铀含量对稻米铀含量的影响

以水稻土—地表水铀含量为视角,从水稻土剖面铀含量分布规律、水稻土与下伏岩体稀土元素特征、不同河流不同河段水稻土—地表水—稻米铀含量特征、水稻土与稻米铀含量关系4个方面研究721铀矿区稻米铀含量成因。结果表明,水稻土剖面铀含量从表层至半风化花岗质基岩层呈明显降低的特征,说明水稻土铀含量高的原因不是土壤母质铀含量高;岩石与水稻土稀土元素标准化模式均表现为向右倾斜型,均属轻稀土富集型,轻稀土分馏明显,表明水稻土为还原环境,吸附作用较强;不同河流不同河段水稻土—地表水—稻米铀含量平均值的特性均为上游最低、中游最高、下游次之。铀矿区地表水环境符合铀元素在水稻土中被平衡吸附的动力学条件,有利于铀元素在矿区内河流中游地区的水稻土中沉淀富集;正在采矿区水稻土与稻米铀含量具有高度的空间耦合性,呈指数正相关关系,相关系数0.749。矿区内河流沿岸稻米铀含量的分布特征是由铀元素的迁移途径决定的"采矿活动(铀尾矿露天堆放)→地表水→水稻土"。     

Introduction to the special section on cognitive processes and psychotherapy.

Theoretical models featuring cognitive processes have played a fundamental role in advancing knowledge of psychopathology and its treatment and have emphasized the importance of cognition in psychotherapy. Recognition of the importance of cognition in psychotherapy has led to a number of questions that are addressed by the articles in this special section of the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. Cognitive therapy is well represented in the articles in this special section, but therapeutic procedures that do not represent typical cognitive therapy are also examined. The articles in this special section focus on homework in the modification of cognition, cognition in the treatment of anxiety in adults and in children, change in depressive cognitions in children, cognition and rapid change in the treatment of depression, and the role of cognition in the treatment and prevention of depression that is recurrent. Examination of these types of questions holds the possibility of advances in existing treatments and the possibility of innovations in new treatments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

氯元素在高炉软熔滴落带分配规律

为了解氯元素在软熔滴落带的分配规律,对高炉内氯元素的反应行为进行热力学分析,同时研究了氯元素入炉量和炉料碱度对氯元素在高炉软熔滴落带渣、铁及焦炭中分配规律的影响。结果表明:随着入炉氯元素含量的增加,软熔滴落带铁和渣中的氯元素含量均不断增加,且渣中氯元素含量的增加幅度大于铁中氯元素含量的增加幅度。随着入炉氯元素含量的增加,软熔带总特征值(S值)逐渐减小,透气性逐渐增强,焦炭中的氯元素含量逐渐降低。随着入炉炉料碱度的增加,软熔滴落带铁中的氯元素含量无明显变化,渣中的氯元素含量增加,焦炭中的氯元素含量的大小主要受软熔带透气性的影响。     

国内外冷轧电工钢尺寸公差分析及探讨

大多数工业化国家的冷轧电工钢都采用IEC标准制定本国标准,在铁损、磁感相同的情况下,评价标准水平高低和质量优劣的主要指标就是电工钢的尺寸公差。经对IEC、欧洲、日本、中国、美国标准尺寸公差的比较得出:取向钢的同板差,IEC、欧洲、日本、中国相同;美国ASTM标准较严。无取向钢的同板差,美国最大,中国、日本中等,IEC、欧洲最小。取向钢的横向厚度差,IEC、欧洲标准严于日本、中国标准0.010mm;美国ASTM没有规定。无取向钢横向厚度差,IEC、欧洲标准较严,日本、中国较松。美国没有规定。宽度偏差,IEC、欧洲标准最小,美国最大,日本、中国中等。     

The use of seawater in mining

This article reviews the use of seawater in mining with an emphasis on its use in Chile. The importance of the use of seawater in mining is highlighted in the introduction, then the main characteristics of seawater are reviewed, especially its potential effects on its use in mining. Subsequently, the consumption of seawater in Chile, especially in the regions located in the Atacama Desert, is analyzed based on statistics developed by Cochilco (Chilean Copper Commission). Later, the alternatives for the use of seawater and the distribution system are considered. The effect of seawater on the sulfide minerals flotation, the sulfide copper minerals leaching, and Caliche leaching is analyzed. We can conclude that the use of seawater has been increasing in Chile, which is already a reality, but there are challenges and opportunities that arise from the need to use seawater as a water resource.     

Flow Distribution Parameters in Relation to Flow Resistance in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor System

The use of flow resistance in the distribution of flows is well known in traditional hydraulics. To evenly distributed flows, flow resistance forms the basis of flow distribution in pipes connected in parallel. Flow distribution in different zones of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors is well documented in existing literature, and so far modeling of flow distribution parameters, i.e., the fraction of inflow entering into the bed, the fraction of flow bypassing over the bed and entering into the blanket, and the fraction of inflow to the bed entering into the blanket, has remained empirical in nature. The role of flow resistance in the distribution of flows in UASB reactor systems is still unexplained. In this study, some of the available data on flow distribution parameters are analyzed to assess if there is any correlation between these parameters and flow resistance. It is found that with an increase in flow resistance in the UASB reactor system, the magnitude of short-circuiting flows at the reactor bed increases. Also, the flow distribution at the blanket and settler levels of UASB reactor systems is related to parameters influencing flow resistance. Some of the functional forms derived in this study are expected to form the basis for representing flow distribution in the simulation studies of UASB reactor performance.     

从能力验证结果看我国土壤重金属元素检测情况

根据2013—2018年期间土壤重金属元素(Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As)检测能力验证项目实验室参与情况,对各重金属元素检测的评价结果及采用的标准和检测方法进行了综合比较,分析了我国土壤中重金属检测的水平和发展趋势。结果表明,2013—2018年,我国土壤重金属检测实验室的检测水平逐年提高,参与能力验证的评价结果不满意率从2013年的8.6%降到了2018年的3.8%;获得认可的实验室能力验证平均满意率为92.9%,而非认可实验室平均满意率为88.3%;实验室检测所采用的标准以国家标准和环境标准为主,分别有57%和20%的实验室采用,其次是地矿、城建和农业等行业标准,国际标准的采用渐呈增长趋势,能达到4%。     

从能力验证结果看我国土壤重金属元素检测情况

根据2013—2018年期间土壤重金属元素(Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As)检测能力验证项目实验室参与情况,对各重金属元素检测的评价结果及采用的标准和检测方法进行了综合比较,分析了我国土壤中重金属检测的水平和发展趋势。结果表明,2013—2018年,我国土壤重金属检测实验室的检测水平逐年提高,参与能力验证的评价结果不满意率从2013年的8.6%降到了2018年的3.8%;获得认可的实验室能力验证平均满意率为92.9%,而非认可实验室平均满意率为88.3%;实验室检测所采用的标准以国家标准和环境标准为主,分别有57%和20%的实验室采用,其次是地矿、城建和农业等行业标准,国际标准的采用渐呈增长趋势,能达到4%。     

Bridge Seismic Retrofitting Practices in the Central and Southeastern United States

This paper conducts a detailed review of the seismic hazard, inventory, bridge vulnerability, and bridge retrofit practices in the Central and Southeastern United States (CSUS). Based on the analysis of the bridge inventory in the CSUS, it was found that over 12,927 bridges (12.6%) are exposed to 7% probability of exceedance (PE) in 75-year peak ground acceleration (PGA) of greater than 0.20 g, and nearly 3.5% of bridges in the CSUS have a 7% PE in 75-year PGA of greater than 0.50 g. Since many of the bridges in this region were not designed with explicit consideration of the seismic hazard, many of them are in need of seismic retrofitting to reduce their seismic vulnerability. While several of the states in the CSUS have retrofitted some of their bridges, systematic retrofit programs do not currently exist. The review of retrofit practices in the region indicates that the most common retrofit approaches in the CSUS include the use of restrainer cables, isolation bearings, column jacketing, shear keys, and seat extenders. The paper presents an overview of the common approaches and details used for the aforementioned retrofit measures. This paper serves as a useful tool for bridge engineers in the CSUS as they begin to perform systematic retrofit of vulnerable bridges in the region.     

小秦岭典型地段植物重金属污染特征分析

在研究区采集了132组植物样品,并对样品中As、Hg、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni 8种重金属含量进行了测试,采用环境指数作为植物重金属污染评价方法来描述受污染程度,得出了不同种类植物的重金属污染状况。通过对比分析富集系数,研究了重金属在植物中的富集特征。其研究结果表明:不同植物中重金属含量超标倍数和吸收量明显不同,显示出选择性富集特征。该次采集的所有植物中As、Hg的含量都不超标;红薯中Cd和Pb的含量超标倍数最高,玉米中Zn的含量超标倍数最高,Cu也比较容易在粮食作物中累积且以红薯最为突出;蔬菜中Pb、Cd、Zn的含量超标倍数最高,以白萝卜、白菜最为突出;水果中Pb的含量超标倍数最高,且苹果和柿子都较为突出。该次采集的植物对Pb的吸收能力都很强,只有玉米对Zn的吸收能力比其对Pb的吸收能力略强。受到重金属污染的土壤所种植的粮食、蔬菜和水果均有不同程度的富集,其对重金属吸收强弱的排序分别为:白菜、白萝卜和胡萝卜中,PbZnCuNiCrCdHgAs;红薯和茄子中,PbCuZnNiCrHgCdAs;南瓜和苹果中,PbCuZnNiCrHgAsCd;柿子中,PbNiCuZnCrHgAsCd;玉米中,ZnPbCuNiCrHgAsCd;西红柿中,PbZnCuNiCrAsCdHg。