Application of the symbolic mathematics system to the finite element program

The stiffness matrix of a 4-nodes insoparametric element for the two dimensional finite element analysis is evaluated using the symbolic mathematics systems, called REDUCE. The results are compared with those obtained by numerical integration. It is shown that there exist some differences between the numerical values of the stiffness matrix by symbolic and numerical integrations. The differences become smaller as the integration points of the numerical integration increases, which means that the results obtained by symbolic integration give accurate values. The stiffness matrix in elastic-plastic state is also evaluated using symbolic mathematics, and it is shown that the results agree with those obtained by numerical integration. It is pointed out that there is a possibility to decrease the CPU time by using the symbolic mathematics system.     

降阶积分中刚度的奇异性分析

本文研究了薄厚板壳有限单元统一性理论中，由于采用降阶积分而使得刚度矩阵产生奇异的问题。得到了根据插值函数来计算刚度矩阵秩的计算公式，并对几种降阶积分单元进行了验算。     

Finite element analysis of laminated composite plates

A finite element analysis technique for an arbitrarily laminated anisotropic plate is described. A superparametric quadratic plate element with five degrees-of-freedom per node is used in the analysis. A stress-strain relation is derived from a three-dimensional approach to the problem. The volume integration of the stiffness matrix is evaluated by numerical integration using the Gauss quadrature formula with 2 × 2 × 2 sampling points. A variety of laminated plate problems is solved and the results are compared with the exact solutions, which demonstrate the validity of the method.     

几何非线性复合材料层合固体壳单元

通过定义广义应力,提出了一个改进的刚度矩阵,以克服固体壳元的厚度自锁问题,并能保证沿复合材料层合结构厚度方向上的连续应力分布;将应力插值函数分为低阶和高阶两部分,建议了一个新的非线性变分泛函,推导了一个用于几何非线性分析的九节点固体壳单元,该单元的计算精度和效率基本上与九节点减缩积分单元相当,与同类型其他单元相比,该单元显著提高了计算效率。     

An analysis of alternatives for computing axisymmetric element stiffness matrices

This note compares the use of numerical and closed form integration in computation of element stiffness matrices for axisymmetric finite element analysis. Only constant strain elements are considered. Results obtained with Gaussian quadrature and closed form integrators are compared mutually and with an exact solution obtained from classical methods. The FEM global equations estimate the force-displacement behaviour of an elastic continuum with an accuracy that depends on the integration method used. Selection of an integration order minimizing error is particularly critical in the presence of high stress gradients. Best results in the vicinity of the axis of revolution may be obtained with single-point integration rather than higher order approximations or exact integration of the element stiffness matrix. This phenomenon and its consequences are subsequently discussed.     

A finite element formulation with stabilization matrix for geometrically non-linear shells

An assumed strain finite element formulation with a stabilization matrix is developed for analysis of geometrically non-linear problems of isotropic and laminated composite shells. The present formulation utilizes the degenerate solid shell concept and assumes an independent strain as well as displacement. The assumed independent strain field is divided into a lower order part and a higher order part. Subsequently, the lower order part is set equal to the displacement-dependent strain evaluated at the lower order integration points and the remaining higher order part leads to a stabilization matrix. The strains and the determinant of the Jacobian matrix are assumed to vary linearly in the thickness direction. This assumption allows analytical integration through thickness, independent of the number of plies. A nine-node element with a judiciously chosen set of higher order assumed strain field is developed. Numerical tests involving isotropic and composite shells undergoing large deflections demonstrate the validity of the present formulation.     

论对称与非对称的Biot固结有限元方程组的一致性

论述了对称与非对称的Biot固结有限元方程组间的一致性,发现Biot固结有限元方程组系数矩阵是否对称是与平衡方程中与孔隙水压力有关的项是否进行分部积分有关。如果不对其进行分部积分,则得到非对称的系数矩阵;如果对其进行了分部积分,则得到对称的系数矩阵,此时两种情况下与之对应的结点力的意义也不相同。如果把结点力的意义处理成一种情况,则会发现这两种情况下的Biot固结有限元方程组是一致的。     

多边形比例边界有限元非线性高效分析方法

比例边界有限元法作为一种高精度的半解析数值求解方法,特别适合于求解无限域与应力奇异性等问题,多边形比例边界单元在模拟裂纹扩展过程、处理局部网格重剖分等方面相较于有限单元法具有明显优势。目前,比例边界有限元法更多关注的是线弹性问题的求解,而非线性比例边界单元的研究则处于起步阶段。该文将高效的隔离非线性有限元法用于比例边界单元的非线性分析,提出了一种高效的隔离非线性比例边界有限元法。该方法认为每个边界线单元覆盖的区域为相互独立的扇形子单元,其形函数以及应变-位移矩阵可通过半解析的弹性解获得;每个扇形区的非线性应变场通过设置非线性应变插值点来表达,引入非线性本构关系即可实现多边形比例边界单元高效非线性分析。多边形比例边界单元的刚度通过集成每个扇形子单元的刚度获取,扇形子单元的刚度可采用高斯积分方案进行求解,其精度保持不变。由于引入了较多的非线性应变插值点,舒尔补矩阵维数较大,该文采用Woodbury近似法对隔离非线性比例边界单元的控制方程进行求解。该方法对大规模非线性问题的计算具有较高的计算效率,数值算例验证了算法的正确性以及高效性,将该方法进行推广,对实际工程分析具有重要意义。     

非线性动力方程的精细时空有限元方法

根据Hamilton变作用定律构造了时空有限元矩阵;并根据传递矩阵原理,利用时间的一维性将时空有限元矩阵变换为时间方向的传递矩阵,将初值问题转化为一般矩阵相乘问题以方便求解。为了保证计算的稳定性,参考了精细积分的思想提出精细时空有限元方法,并给出线性问题在时间级数荷载作用下的计算式。数值分析结果证明该方法在线性问题分析上非常准确并可以推广到非线性动力方程的求解;只需将非线性解看作初始解和增量解的叠加,通过精细时空有限元线性求解方法计算增量解,逐步修正后即可得到非线性解。结果表明该方法是一个有效的求解非线性动力方程的方法。     

A large-scale three-dimensional finite element analysis of incompressible viscous fluid flow

An efficient finite element scheme for large-scale three-dimensional flow analysis is proposed. Focus of attention is placed on the time integration algorithm and some techniques for the reduction of the storage requirement, including the one-point quadrature technique and an iterative matrix solver. Application to large-scale three-dimensional problems is given to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed scheme.     

Application of the fundamental solutions by Ganowicz in a static analysis of Reissner’s plates by the boundary element method

In this paper the direct non-singular formulation of the boundary element method using the fundamental solutions given by Ganowicz (1966) [6] and its application to a static analysis of plates with intermediate thickness is presented. A more exact calculation of almost singular integrals is possible, thanks to the applied modification of the Gauss integration procedure with the inversed distribution of integration points. The non-singular method is based on an offset of collocation points from a plate boundary. The accuracy of results depends on this offset, so the analysis of a relation between the distance of the collocation point from the plate and the conditioning of the matrix of integral equations is carried out. The optimal distance equal to 0.01 of the boundary element length was determined. The presented approach allows to carry out the static analysis of plates with arbitrary shapes including plates with holes. Solution of thin plates is also possible.     

A sixteen node shell element with a matrix stabilization scheme

A sixteen node shell element is developed using a matrix stabilization scheme based on the Hellinger-Reissner principle with independent strain. Initially the assumed independent strain is divided into a lower order part and a higher order part. The stiffness matrix corresponding to the lower order assumed strain is equivalent to the stiffness matrix of the assumed displacement model element with the reduced integration scheme. The spurious kinematic modes of the element are suppressed by introducing a stabilization matrix associated with a judiciously chosen set of higher order assumed strain fields. Numerical results show that this element is free of locking even for very thin plates and shells.     

基于共旋三角形厚薄通用壳元的几何非线性分析

基于共旋列式方法发展了一种用于复合材料层合板结构几何非线性分析的简单高效的三结点三角形平板壳元。该壳元由具有面内转动自由度的广义协调膜元GT9与假设剪切应变场和假设单元转角场的广义协调厚薄通用板元TMT组合而成。为避免薄膜闭锁而采用单点积分计算与薄膜应变有关的项, 同时增加一个稳定化矩阵以消除单点积分导致的零能模式。基于层合板一阶剪切变形理论, 给出了考虑层合板具体铺层顺序的修正的横向剪切刚度, 使该壳元可用于中厚层合板结构的分析。由于共旋列式大转动小应变的假设, 共旋列式内核的几何线性的单元刚阵可仅计算一次而保存下来用于整个几何非线性求解的过程以提高计算效率。数值算例表明提出的壳元进行包括复合材料层合板结构的厚薄壳结构的几何非线性分析的精度高且效率高。     

Vibration analysis of fluid–solid systems using a finite element displacement formulation

This report presents a finite element solution for the vibration interaction between an inviscid fluid and a solid. The equation of motion governing the inviscid fluid is expressed in terms of the displacements. This ensures that compatibility and equilibrium will be satisfied automatically along the interface of the coupled systems. To suppress circulation modes with non-zero energy, reduced integration is used when computing the element stiffness matrix contributed by the fluid. In addition, a projection is used on the element mass matrix in order to remove the spurious modes which result from the use of reduced integration. Numerical examples for both fluid and coupled fluid–solid systems are performed and the results are shown.     

A co-rotational weak-form quadrature planar beam element for geometric nonlinear static and dynamic analysis

The co-rotational formulation of quadrature planar beam element undergoing large displacement and large rotation is presented. A local frame co-rotates with the differential element and decomposes the motion into a rigid body movement and a strain-producing deformation. General explicit formulations of elemental vectors and matrices, including internal force vector, external force vector, tangent stiffness matrix, and mass matrix, are derived via the numerical integration together with the differential quadrature law. Thus, the element nodes and numerical integration method can be chosen arbitrarily based on the accuracy requirement and problem type. A number of case studies on the static, postbuckling, and dynamic response of beams and frame structures are conducted. The convergence study shows that the co-rotational quadrature element has an exponential rate of convergence and the reduced Gauss integration yield the highest accuracy. It is seen that the proposed co-rotational quadrature beam element is simple in formulations, computationally efficient, and capable of capturing the complex nonlinear behavior of beam and frame structures with high precision.     

An efficient 3D enhanced strain element with Taylor expansion of the shape functions

Further development of three dimensional tri-linear elements based on a modified enhanced strain methodology is presented. The new formulation employs Taylor expansions of the derivatives of the isoparametric and enhanced shape functions in local coordinates. With this approach, only nine enhanced modes are needed for developing a dilatational-locking free element. Furthermore, the formulation permits a symbolic integration of the element tangent matrix, and more efficient static condensation procedure due to uncoupling of the enhanced modes. Good results in the analysis of thin shell structures, using only one 3D element in the thickness direction of the shell, are also presented.     

ITERATIVE METHOD USING CONSISTENT MASS MATRIX IN AXISYMMETRICAL FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HYPERVELOCITY IMPACT

We present in this paper an iterative method using consistent mass matrix in axisymmetrical finite element analysis of hypervelocity impact. To retain the advantage of integration on an element-by-element basis which is at the heart of modern hydrocodes, we suggest that the first step should be to solve for accelerations at an advanced time step by using the lumped mass approach, then iterate using a consistent mass matrix to improve the estimate. Examples are given to show the improved resolution with the new method.     

An assumed strain finite element model for large deflection composite shells

A nine node finite element model has been developed for analysis of geometrically non-linear laminated composite shells. The formulation is based on the degenerate solid shell concept and utilizes a set of assumed strain fields as well as assumed displacement Two different local orthogonal co-ordinate systems were used to maintain invariance of the element stiffness matrix. The formulation assumes strain and the determinant of the Jacobian matrix to be linear in the thickness direction. This allows analytical integration in the thickness direction regardless of ply layups. The formulation also allows the reference plane to be different from the shell midsurface. The results of numerical tests demonstrate the validity and the effectiveness of the present approach.     

A sub-stepping approach for elasto-plasticity with rotational hardening

Within the framework of the finite element method, this paper presents new algorithms implementing implicit stress integration and consistent tangent matrix calculations for an elasto-plastic model with rotational hardening. The sub-stepping technique is used for both the numerical integration of the constitutive relations and determination of the consistent tangent matrix in order to overcome the convergence difficulty arising from the complexity of the elasto-plastic model with rotational hardening. The integration of the constitutive relations and the computation of the consistent tangent matrix are incorporated into a unique procedure. Numerical tests are carried out and discussed to demonstrate the global accuracy and stability of the presented algorithms.     

考虑剪滞变形时箱形梁广义力矩的数值分析

为了简化变截面箱梁等复杂结构的剪滞效应分析,在明确定义相应于剪滞位移的广义力矩和有关几何特性的基础上,提出一种梁段有限元数值分析方法。选取控制微分方程的齐次解作为单元位移函数,以各积分常数为中间转换变量,推导梁段单元刚度矩阵和等效节点力向量的具体表达式,并给出用单元节点力直接计算应力的一般公式。编制了箱梁梁段有限元程序,对简支、悬臂、连续箱梁3个有机玻璃模型进行计算并与实测结果对比,验证了该文方法及公式的正确性。用所编程序对箱梁的剪滞广义力矩进行数值分析,并揭示了其变化规律。研究表明,在竖向荷载作用下,剪滞力矩与弯矩具有相似的分布规律,而且数值大小也接近。