高流动性大掺量粉煤灰混凝土配合比设计试验研究

试验研究了早强剂掺量、水胶比和粉煤灰掺量对高流动性大掺量粉煤灰混凝土抗压强度的影响。正交试验结果表明,高流动性大掺量粉煤灰混凝土7d抗压强度的最主要影响因素为粉煤灰掺量,其次为早强剂掺量及水胶比;28d和90d抗压强度的最主要影响因素为粉煤灰掺量,其次为水胶比及早强剂掺量。通过正交设计可以得出高流动性大掺量分粉煤灰混凝土的配合比设计方法。     

塑钢纤维轻骨料混凝土轴心受压应力-应变全曲线试验研究

通过研究不同水胶比、塑钢纤维掺量和轻骨料种类对塑钢纤维轻骨料混凝土应力-应变全曲线影响,得到了各影响因素对全曲线的影响规律.研究结果表明:随着水胶比的增大,塑钢纤维轻骨料混凝土轴心受压应力-应变曲线的峰值应力有不同程度的降低,但峰值应变稍微增大,韧性和延性有所提高;而塑钢纤维轻骨料混凝土轴心抗压强度随着塑钢纤维掺量的增加先增大后减小,其随着筒压强度的提高峰值应力呈增大趋势.     

大掺量粉煤灰再生混凝土配合比试验研究

试验研究了水胶比、粉煤灰掺量和再生粗骨料取代率对大掺量粉煤灰再生混凝土抗压强度的影响。正交试验结果表明,大掺量粉煤灰再生混凝土7d、14d、28d、56d、90d抗压强度的最主要影响因素为粉煤灰掺量,其次为水胶比及再生粗骨料取代率,通过正交设计可以得出大掺量粉煤灰再生混凝土的配合比设计方法。     

水胶比、锂渣掺量和细度对混凝土抗压强度的影响研究

为了研究不同影响因素对锂渣混凝土抗压强度的影响,本文以水胶比、锂渣掺量和锂渣细度为考察因素,设计正交试验;通过极差和方差分析法分析各因素对锂渣混凝土抗压强度的影响大小,并进一步分析水胶比和锂渣掺量对锂渣混凝土抗压强度的影响规律.结果表明:水胶比是影响锂渣混凝土抗压强度的主要因素,其次是锂渣掺量,最次是锂渣细度;随着龄期的增长,锂渣掺量的影响逐渐显著,锂渣细度的影响逐渐消失.锂渣混凝土前期的抗压强度低于普通混凝土或与其相当,其28 d和60d抗压强度均大于普通混凝土.锂渣混凝土抗压强度随着锂渣掺量的增加而先增大后减小,锂渣的最佳掺量为20％.当水胶比分别为0.466、0.404(0.466)和0.530时,锂渣掺量为10％、20％和30％的混凝土抗压强度增长率为最大.     

塑钢纤维-橡胶混凝土应力-应变关系试验研究

对3种水胶比、6种塑钢纤维掺量的橡胶混凝土进行了单轴受压试验研究,测得不同水胶比、不同塑钢纤维掺量的橡胶混凝土应力-应变曲线.根据曲线特点,提出了含有本构参数A、B的塑钢纤维橡胶混凝土单轴压缩本构模型.对应力-应变试验结果进行最小二乘法非线性回归分析,求出本构参数值和纯橡胶混凝土本构参数A、B的数学表达式,明确了立方体抗压强度、橡胶混凝土本构参数及塑钢纤维特征参数与本构参数A、B的关系,得到了塑钢纤维-橡胶混凝土的本构方程.     

活性粉末混凝土(RPC180)的试验研究

影响活性粉末混凝土抗压强度的因素主要由四种:水胶比、硅灰掺量、砂胶比和钢纤维掺量.在国内外研究的基础上,通过试验分析了四种因素对活性粉末混凝土抗压强度和流动性的影响,再通过正交试验优化配合比,成功配制出RPC180级活性粉末混凝土.     

高韧性水泥基复合材料抗压强度正交试验研究

利用正交试验设计原理,对9组不同配合比的高韧性水泥基复合材料进行了抗压试验,研究了粉煤灰掺量、水胶比、砂胶比和减水剂掺量这四种因素对高韧性水泥基复合材料抗压强度的影响,并定量分析了各个因素影响的显著性.试验结果表明:各因素对抗压强度影响的主次顺序为水胶比＞粉煤灰掺量＞减水剂掺量＞砂胶比,其中水胶比对强度的影响远大于其他因素,而砂胶比的影响并不明显;抗压强度随水胶比的增大而减小,随砂胶比的增大而缓慢增加;当粉煤灰掺量或减水剂掺量增大时,抗压强度先增大后减小,粉煤灰和减水剂存在最佳掺量.     

基于正交试验设计的透水混凝土关键性能研究

通过正交试验,研究了孔隙率、水胶比以及硅灰掺量对透水混凝土抗压强度、抗弯拉强度、透水系数的影响.试验结果表明,孔隙率和硅灰掺量对透水混凝土的力学性能影响显著,水胶比影响较小.随着孔隙率的提高,透水混凝土的抗压强度和抗弯拉强度均显著降低,透水系数显著提高;随着硅灰掺量的增加,抗压强度和抗弯拉强度有升高趋势,透水系数降低不显著.随抗压强度的增加,透水系数有下降趋势,抗弯拉强度有增加趋势,折压比(ff/fc)在0.10 ～0.14之间.最后,通过多元线性回归,建立了不同因素对透水混凝土抗压、抗弯拉强度和渗透系数的数学表达式,通过权重评价不同因素的影响规律.     

不同材料组成及温度对水工混凝土抗压强度影响试验研究

本文主要研究不同水胶比、不同粉煤灰掺量及不同温度条件的养护过程对水工混凝土强度的影响。制作不同水胶比、不同粉煤灰掺量的标准混凝土试件,利用人工环境模拟室模拟不同温度条件对其养护,对各试件进行室内抗压强度试验。试验结果表明:掺加粉煤灰会影响混凝土28d抗压强度,影响程度将随掺量变化而变化;其次,水胶比对抗压强度也有较大影响,二者关系符合Abrams’水胶比准则;另外,温度对混凝土抗压强度有着不可忽视作用,即使温度变化幅度相同,但作用龄期时间节点不同,强度仍有差异。同时综合对比发现,各因素对混凝土强度的影响强弱不同。因此,实际应用中应首先对主要影响参数合理设计,其他影响条件则根据混凝土的功能要求而设计。     

矿物掺合料对绿色高性能混凝土强度的影响

采用正交试验的方法,研究水胶比、硅灰、粉煤灰和石灰石粉掺量对GHPC(绿色高性能混凝土)强度的影响。研究结果表明,GHPC抗压强度的影响因素次序依次为水胶比、硅灰掺量、粉煤灰掺量及石灰石粉掺量。当水胶比为0.28、硅灰掺量为5%、粉煤灰掺量为20%、石灰石粉掺量为10%时,可配制满足抗压强度在C60~C80且绿色环保的GHPC。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.