共缩聚型可溶性聚酰亚胺的合成与性能研究（1）

采用，３，３′－二甲基－４，４′－二氨基二苯甲烷，４，４′－二氨基二苯醚或４，４′－二氨基二苯甲烷为共缩聚二胺单体与二苯醚３，３′－，４－４′四酸二酐进行缩聚型聚酰亚胺。当３，３′－二甲基－４，４′二氨基二苯甲烷与４，４′－二氨基二苯醚的摩尔比为１：０￣４：６或３，３′－二甲基－４，４′－二氨基二苯甲烷与４，４′－二氨基二苯甲烷的摩尔比在１０：０￣５：５时，所得聚酰亚胺可溶解于强极性有机溶剂。所得     

共缩聚型可溶性聚酰亚胺的合成与性能研究（II）

采秀３，３′－二甲基－４，４′二氨基二苯甲烷，４，４′－二氨基二苯醚或４，４′二氨基二苯甲烷为共缩聚二胺单体与二苯甲酮３，３′，４，４′－四酸二酐进行缩聚制备共缩聚型亚胺，当３，３′－二甲基－４，４′二氨基二苯甲烷与４，４′－二氨基二苯醚的摩尔比为１０：０～８：２或３，３′二甲基－４，４′－二氨基二苯甲烷与４，４′－二氨基二苯甲烷的摩尔比为１０：０～７：３时，所得聚酰亚胺可溶解于强极性有机溶剂，所     

共缩聚型可溶性聚酰亚胺的合成与性能研究(Ⅱ)

采用３，３′－二甲基－４，４′－二氨基二苯甲烷，４，４′－二氨基二苯醚或４，４′－二氨基二苯甲烷为共缩聚二胺单体与二苯甲酮３，３′，４，４′－四酸二酐进行缩聚制备共缩聚型聚酰亚胺。当３，３′－二甲基－４，４′－二氨基二苯甲烷与４，４′－二氨基二苯醚的摩尔比为１００～８２或３，３′－二甲基－４，４′－二氨基二苯甲烷与４，４′－二氨基二苯甲烷的摩尔比为１００～７３时，所得聚酰亚胺可溶解于强极性有机溶剂。所得可溶性聚酰亚胺在ＮＭＰ中的特性粘度在０．６２～０．８０ｄＬ／ｇ。它们在氮气中的热降解起始温度在５３０℃左右，并且在研究范围内与共聚二胺的结构及比例无关。     

可溶性聚酰亚胺的合成与性能研究

采用“柔顺性”二胺单体４，４＇－二（４－氨基苯氧基）二苯砜与二氨基二苯砜及二苯甲酮四甲酸酐进行共缩聚并在高温溶液亚胺化合成了可溶于ＮＭＰ、ＤＭＡｃ、ＤＭＦ等强极性溶剂的可溶性聚酰亚胺，并发现在本研究体系中，单纯提高分子链柔顺性并不能很好地提高ＰＩ的可溶性，必须结合共缩聚方法以破坏分子链规整性，所得ＰＩ只有在４，４’－二（４－氨基苯氧基）二苯砜与二氨基二苯砜的摩尔比在３：７～６：４时才可溶。所得可溶性ＰＩ的特性粘度为０．２１～０．３８ｄｌ／ｇ（ＮＭＰ为溶剂，Ｔ＝３０℃），以ＤＳＣ测得的玻璃化转变温度在２５０～２９０℃，氮气中热分解温度在５００℃以上。     

以脂肪二胺为单体的聚酰亚胺的合成与性能研究

以α,ω－二氨基ｎ烷及二苯醚３,３′,４,４′－四甲酸二酐为单体,在ＮＭＰ中及室温下进行缩聚,然后在１６０℃进行溶液热亚胺化６ｈ得到聚酰亚胺,所得到的聚酰亚胺不能溶于有机溶剂,聚酰亚胺的玻璃化转变温度随结构中－（ＣＨ２）ｎ－基团长度的增加而线下降,这一系列聚酰亚胺具有较高的热稳定性,热降解起始温度在５００℃左右。     

脂环族聚酰亚胺的性能研究EI

以脂环族酸酐－３，５，６－三羧基－２－乙酸基－二环［２，２，１］庚烷２∶３，５∶６二酸酐为二酐单体，二氨基二苯醚为二胺单体，在强极性有机溶剂中缩聚，并以乙酸酐进行化学亚胺化制得了脂环族聚酰亚胺，并对它的性能进行了测试研究。此聚酰亚胺为无色透明，可溶于强极性有机溶剂，氮气保护下的热分解温度为４６０℃，玻璃化转变温度为２１７℃。     

可溶性含羟基聚酰亚胺的制备及其性能研究

合成了含羟基的二胺单体4,4′-二氨基-4″-羟基三苯甲烷(DHTM),并将该单体分别同六氟异叉丙基二苯四羧酸二酐(6FDA),3,3′,4,4′-二苯醚四羧酸二酐(ODPA)和4,4′,-二(4,4′,-异丙叉二苯氧基)四羧酸二酐(BPADA)反应制备了3种结构的聚酰亚胺。溶解性实验表明,这3种聚合物在非质子极性溶剂中均显示出良好的溶解性。此外,还对聚酰亚胺薄膜进行了拉伸和动态机械热性能测试。     

合成方法对芳香共聚酰胺性能的影响 Ⅰ.共聚酰胺的对数比浓粘度

就对苯二甲酰氯、对苯二胺、４，４′－二氨基二苯醚低温共缩聚体系中的二胺、二酰氯、吡啶的加料顺序和初始投料比对共缩聚物的对数比浓粘度的影响进行研究。得到了一些进行分子设计的基本思想，制备出各种改性要求的共缩聚物。     

大分子二胺的合成研究

介绍了一种大分子二胺的合成方法 ,该方法采用均苯四酸二酐与 4,4′-二氨基二苯醚作为反应单体 ,在控制单体摩尔比条件下 ,于 DMF中进行缩聚 ,可得到不同链段长度的大分子二胺。由于在二胺分子中含有大量苯环及亚胺环 ,其本身具有较高的耐热性 ,可望用于合成耐更高温度的双马来酰亚胺以及提高环氧树脂耐热性的固化剂     

聚醚酮酮/聚醚酮醚酮酮无规共聚物的合成与表征

以二苯醚,４,４‘－二苯氧基二苯甲酮,对－苯二甲酰氯和间－苯二甲酰氯为单体,在无水三氯化铝存在下,通过低温溶液缩聚合成了一系列聚醚酮酮／聚醚酮醚酮酮无规共聚物。经ＩＲ,ＷＡＸＤ,ＤＳＣ,ＴＧ及耐溶剂抗化学腐蚀试验等方法研究表明,共聚物的对数比浓粘度随４,４’－二苯氧基二苯甲酮含量的增加而增大;共聚物是半结晶性能聚合物,具有比聚醚酮酮更高的玻璃化学转变温度,而其热分解温度和耐溶剂抗化学腐性能则与聚醚     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...